Session 3.1: Cryogenic Storage Systems M · PDF fileSession 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M....

Session 1.2: IntroductoryLectures

K. Hall

Session 3.1: Cryogenic Storage Systems

M.Bauer

25th – 29th September 2006Ingolstadt

Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 2

3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems

CV – M. Bauer

Address:BMW GroupResearch and TechnologyHanauerstr. 4680788 Munich

Michael Bauer, Dipl.-Ing. (FH), was educated as a mechanical engineer at the University of applied Sciences in Ingolstadt. Afterwards he worked as a PhD-Student at BMW Group Research and Technology in cooperation with the Technical University in Dresden and the University of applied Sciences in Ingolstadt. Since 2006 he is responsible for the BMW contribution (Design and Requirements) in the Subproject Cryogenic within the EU 6th Framework Project StorHy.


Lectures on Liquid H2 Storage TechnologyM. Bauer

Abstract:Within this session an overview about liquid H2 storage technology isgiven. This includes state of the art design, materials, challenges, characterisation techniques, laboratory tools, simulation methods, up-scaling, production process and testing.

3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems


Lectures on Liquid H2 Storage Technology

Table of Content

• Liquid Hydrogen (LH2)• LH2 Storage System• Insulation• Refueling• Supply (example: Internal Combustion Engine)• Safety • Outlook: Series Production


Hydrogen StorageLiquid Hydrogen

20K

25K30

K

33K35K40

K

50%

50K

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Density [kg/m3]

CriticalPoint

2 Phase Region:

100 % Gas

100 % Liquid

Density [kg/m³]

Pre

ssur

e [b

ara]


E68

H2 Storage Mass [kg] (Volume 150dm³)

Sto

rage

pre

ssur

e [b

ara]

LH2, 2bar

CGH2, 350bar

LH2, 4bar

CGH2, 700bar

Hydrogen StorageVolumetric Storage Density of H2

0 % 100 %50 %


1,34

-183

O2

1,17

-196

N2

Human beings cannot sense the presence of hydrogen!

Gas density(@15°C,1bar) [g/l]

Boiling temperature(@1 bar) [°C]

Minimum ignition energy[mJ]

Flammability limits in air[Vol.-%]

0,24

1-6,7

ca. 800

310-478

Gasoline

0,084

-253

0,02

4-75

H2

light

deep-cold

low

wide

Hydrogen StorageProperties of Hydrogen


Hydrogen StorageSummary Liquid Hydrogen

• Density increase with decreasing pressure

• Liquid phase only exists below 12,8 bara and 33K

• Higher density in contrast to pressurised hydrogen

• Constant pressure at different filling levels

• Liquid- and gas extraction possible


Hydrogen StorageSchematic LH2 Tank System

Inner Vessel

GH2

LH2

Piping

Support

Multi Layer InsulationOuter Jacket

Vacuum


Hydrogen StorageTank Insulation


Inner tank- Inner vessel- Level measurement- Pipework- Cryogenic shut-off valves- Inner tank support

Outer jacket- Outer vessel- Thermal insulation- Refueling interface- Outer support

Auxiliary System Box- Shut-off valves- Control valve- Safety relief valves- Sensors (p, T, H2)- Heat exchanger

Hydrogen StorageLiquid Hydrogen Storage System


Hydrogen StorageRefueling

BMS

nozzle

2

P Engine

Coolant circle


Hydrogen StorageH2 Supply

BMS

nozzle

2

P Engine

Coolant circle

p↓p→

TSRV

BEV

MAVBOV

SV1, SV2


LH2 Storage and Internal Combustion Engine

+

=9 International Speed Records


Hydrogen Combustion EngineResearch Activities

High-pressure direct injection(~ 200 bar)

Cryogenic mixture formation(~ –200°C)


Hydrogen Combustion EnginePotentials of Specific Power

fuel

concept

charge temp. [K]

spec. power [%]

external inj.

Gasoline

293

100

Hydrogen“state of the art”

external inj.

293

82

stoichiometricalmixtures

Hydrogen

cryogenic

external inj.

210

115

direct inj.

Hydrogen

293

117


Hydrogen Combustion EnginePotentials of Specific Power

Specific Power Output [kW/dm3]

Spe

cific

Tor

que

[Nm

/dm

3 ]

Charged diesel engine

Naturally aspiratedgasoline engine

Potential charged diesel engine

Naturally aspirateddiesel engine

Charged gasoline engine

Charged H2PFI,Naturally aspirated H2DI,Naturally aspirated cryogenic H2PFI

Potential charged H2DI

H2PFI

93kW/l


Hoerbiger ValveTec GmbH (HVT); Austria

Technical University Graz; Austria

BMW Group Research and Technology;

Germany

Ford Centre of Research Aachen GmbH; Germany

University of Armed Forces Munich

(UBW); Germany

Institut Français du

Pétrole ; France

Mecel AB, Sweden

ANSYS Germany GmbH; Germany

Volvo Technology Corporation;

Sweden

MAN Commercial vehicles AG;

Germany

Hydrogen Combustion Engine Cooperation with HyICE

• Start: January 2004 Duration: 3 Years• Budget: 8.1 Mio. Euro Funding: 5 Mio. Euro

• Partners:


Tank Integration Possible Tank Positions

…

Roof

Trailer

Trunk

Center Tunnel

Below PassengerCompartment

Leve

l of V

ehic

leIn

tegr

atio

n


Tank Integration Influences on the Geometry

>40% 35-40% 30-35% 25-30% 20-25% 15-20% 10-15% 5-10% <5% 2% 1%

Accident Research Power Train Concept


Tank Integration State of the Art / Future Tank System

Future SystemStainless steelCylindrical vesselsPlant specific design

Lightweight materialsFree form geometryAutomotive design Reduced heat entry

Challenges::Vacuum stabilityMaterial propertiesThermal shockRecyclingState of the Art


Tank System PerformanceEnergy Equivalent Gasoline / Hydrogen

Any shape

~ 15 kg 165 kg < 40 kg170 kg 126 kg

3xCFRP-TankQuantum Typ IV

2xCFRP-TankLincoln

Gasoline43 MJ/kg

Gaseous Hydrogen120 MJ/kg

Liquid Hydrogen120 MJ/kg

CGH2350 bar

CGH2700 bar

LH2-253 °C, 3-5bar35 l

430 l 256 l 160 l

~ 27 kg 10 kg 10 kg

=^700km range„5l-car“ =^

SteelH2R

CFRP(StorHy)

Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 23Volumetric system energy density [kWh/l]

Gasoline(7 series):8 kWh/kg, 7 kWh/L

Gra

vim

etri

c sy

stem

en

erg

y d

ensi

ty[k

Wh

/kg

]LHLH22 physical @ 1 physical @ 1 barabara

33.33

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.0000 1.0000 2.0000

2.37

0.5

0.0NiMHNiMH batterybattery

3.0

3.5

4.0

LHLH22lightweight lightweight constructionconstruction

long termlong termPotential LHPotential LH22

Potential CGHPotential CGH22

currentlycurrently

CGHCGH22(350 bar)(350 bar) currentcurrent

LHLH22next gen.next gen.

MHMHcomplex MHMH

(350 bar)

CGHCGH22(700 bar)(700 bar)

Tank System PerformanceWhy Liquid Hydrogen?


Mass comparison of Gasoline and LH2 Tank Systems

Energy content: 10 kg Hydrogen

Tank System PerformancePotential of Liquid Hydrogen

3010 10 10

10 kg

100 kg

30 kg 25 kg

65

65

303

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

Gasoline 38 dm³ LH2 SteelE 68

LH2 LightweightStorHy

LH2 Lightweight2010

Wei

ght

[kg

]

Auxiliary System

Tank

Fuel


Hydrogen Safety Safety Concept

Crash-proofcomponent layout

Impermeability of gas-conveying parts

System monitoringand cut-off

Measures:

Highly reliabletank vacuum

Safe boil-off utilization

Prevention of uncontrolledgas emissions

Protective objectives:

No bursting of tank, fuel lines or components

No ignitablemixture(outside of engine)


Hydrogen Safety Challenges

Filling Stations

Homologation

Emergency Service

Parking Tunnel

AccidentsH2 garage

Driving


Hydrogen Safety Storage System Tests

LH2-test bench vacuum- fracture-trial

crash test fire trial


Hydrogen SafetyCrashtest: Vehicle with LH2 Tank


FMVSS 301, 70% Offset righthandside, 80 km/h, deformable US-Barrier

Results:

H2-shut-off valves in closed position

No loss of vacuum.

H2-System thight.

Goal

Safe operation mode of the LH2Tank system.

Tank system must be tight after test.

Hydrogen Safety Results Crash Test


Hydrogen Safety Worst Case: Penetration of a LH2 / LNG Tank


FZK

Hydrogen Safety Cooperation with HySafe

• Start: March 2004 Duration: 5 Years• Budget: 13 Mio. Euro Funding: 7 Mio. Euro

• Partners:


BMW CleanEnergy - The Way from Demonstration to full Production

Subsequent generations

Realization of limited production and improvements on the way to full production regarding

→ technical criteria→ economic criteria→ ecological criteria

Increasing quantity of units

Improvements on the way to customer-oriented H2 vehicle package→ significant advancements in H2-storage

Harmonization of codes & standards

Initial phase of infrastructure

First steps from demonstration to limited production

First experiences on the way to series production

1st vehicle in customer’s hands

Starting phaseof codes & standards

Pilot phase of infrastructure

7 Series

Market offensive

Optimization offull production

Optimization of costs

Optimization customer-friendliness

Infrastructure in development

Future

Demonstration Limited Production Full Production


Thank you for your attention !!!

Session 1.2: IntroductoryLectures

K. Hall

Session 3.1: Cryogenic Storage Systems

M.Bauer

25th – 29th September 2006Ingolstadt

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