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Session 4.1 Identifying key intervention points
Summarising the discussion in previous sessionsThe main objective of our discussion
The seed system Dysfunctional seed systems Identified problems Learning from crop seed systems
Sub-sector analysis and follow-up Actors and roles and leveraged interventions
The main objective of our discussion
PATHWAYS OUT OFPOVERTYFarming
Enhance smallholdercompetitiveness.
Facilitate market entry
Improve market access.Establish efficient value
chains
Increase employment inagriculture and the rural non-farm
economy
Improve livelihoods insubsistence agriculture andlow skill rural occupations
AGRICULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENT
World Development Report 2008
• Reputable local seed distributors and dealers are required to provide local knowledge, distribution in the region– Released public varieties not available– Farmers unaware of new varieties– Very few seed companies– Inadequate distribution networks– Uncoordinated seed development efforts
• Policy makers and other seed participants need to accept the development of independent seed delivery through commercial entities
• Create incentives for innovation
• Policies are needed to promote the further development of seed companies
Crop seed system issues for
smallholders
Constraints CROP SEED(Richard Jones,
ICRISAT)
• Seed delivery is the domain of commercial companies not public sector
• Collaboration between public and private sectors
• Enabling regulatory environment
• Availability of support services - “SEEDS”
• Relief interventions/subsidies through market channels
Solutions CROP SEED(Richard Jones,
ICRISAT)
Crop seed system issues for
smallholders
Actors• Research organisations• NGOs• NTSCs• Small seed dealers\ enterprises
Institutional environment• Rules and regulations for seed/ seedling production and distribution• Other laws for: land tenure, business, credit possibilities• Pathways for information exchange between actors• Extension, networks•...
Formal sectorPublic and private organisations with specialised roles
and legal recognition
Informal sectorIndividual farm households, small-scale nursery
owners, seed vendors with no clear policy support and NGOs organising seed production
Learning from the crop seed sector- Analyzing the sectorThe smallholder tree seed system – Formal sector limitations
Formal support to make the
informal sector efficient
Smallholders Traders Retailers
Value chain of agroforestry products
Distributio
n
Procurement
Sources
Production speed and quality
Input supply chain
Two challenges:Output: Smallholders as efficient producers of qualityInput: How smallholders' access quality production machinery
Demand for input
Input supply and value chains in smallholder agroforestry
Cost efficiency of inputNumber of smallholders reached
Customers
© Lillesø & Moestrup ICRAF/FLD
The main objective of our discussion
A well functioning seed system requires
How to make business
Efficient input supply chains
Information must flow within the chain and to customers
Trust in the market
Species availabilityand technical advise
Information
Seed/seedling Procurement
Seed/seedlingDistribution
Seed/vegetativeSources
Seed-Seedlings
Information
Learning from the crop seed sector
NTSC National Tree Seed Centres
NARS National Agricultural Research Systems
NGO Non Governmental Organisations
FD Forest Departments
LG Local Governments
CBO Community Based Organisations
SD Seed Dealers
F Farmers
Major Actors in Tree Seed Supply Systems
Smallholders'value chainsDistributionProcurement
Plantations
Tree seed input supply chains in smallholder agroforestry
Naturalforest
Vegetativepropagation
Farmlandsources
SeedOrchards
Species in sources
Organisationof collection
Distribution to nurseries
and direct users
5 types of seed sources. Different with respect toEvaluation of qualityMost efficient way to procure (and distribute)
Seed sources are particular for seed systems
Different ways of organising the seed supply chain
Enterprise chains are not actively supported by Government
Seed Supply Model
Example of operational Seed Supply Systems
1 CCC Centralised government/large NGO model NTSCs, NARS, NGOs
2 CCD Not applicable.
3 CDD Centralised seed sources, decentralised enterprise model
CBOs and SDs using NTSC’s sources
4 CDC Contract worker model CBO/F collect for NTSC
5 DDD Decentralised seed sources, decentralised enterprise model
CBOs,SDs, Fs
6 DDC Out-grower model, procurement done by producer
NTSCs, NARS, NGOs buying from CBO/F
7 DCC Out-grower model, procurement done by distributor
NTSCs, NARS, NGOs coll./sell from CBO/F sources
8 DCD Not applicable.
Conclusions from partial seed sector analyses
Genetic quality of germplasm is generally not considered
Almost all NGOs and projects distribute seed for free to farmers (some fruit tree seedlings are sold at a subsidised price)
Species selection is almost exclusively based on availability of seed and seedlings
There is no strategy or support to set-up independent structures to deliver tree seed and seedlings
With respect to documentation of origin formal sources are not generally of higher quality relative to informal sources
Protection and maintenance are major constraints for long term survival of formal sources
It is likely that protection and maintenance of informal sources in the long term will require that they can provide income for producers and distributors of seed.
Current tree seed systems are inadequate for supporting smallholders’entry into commercial agriculture based on tree crops
Subsector reviewsThe objective of a sub-sector assessment is toanalyse all of the participants, their linkages, and influential factors in theagribusiness system in order to identify constraints and opportunities forgrowth
The following question should be answered: Which opportunities offer the best chance of reaching the largest number of participantswithin the sub-sector?
Actors’ roles and leveraged interventions
One of the most important criteria for efficient intervention is the presence of a division of labour between public and private actors, including the roles of NGOs (whose activities often substitute for government services).
Relevant government agencies should actively support a process of change towards finding new roles for tree seed sector actors