1 3/16/2015 High-level Asia-Pacific Policy Dialogue on the Implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the decade 2011-2020 Siem Reap, Cambodia, 4-6 March 2015 Session 5 Human and social development in LDCs for inclusive and sustainable development Mr. Syed Nuruzzaman Chief, Countries with Special Needs Section MPDD, UNESCAP Demographic and socioeconomic indicators, Asia-Pacific CSN, 2013 2 Countries Pop.size (1,000) GDP per capita ($ 2005 PPP) a GDP ($ 2005) growth Average % change per annum 2010-2014 Urban pop (% total ) Life expec. at birth (years) Adult literacy rate (% of pop. aged 15 and above) Under-5 mortality (Deaths per 1,000 live births) d Poverty rate (%) PPP $1.25 a day (latest) Asia-Pacific LDCs Afghanistan 30,552 1,367 7.1 24.1 60.9 98 Bangladesh 156,595 1,622 6.2 29.4 70.7 57.7 c 41 43.3 (2010) Bhutan 754 5,774 7.0 37.1 68.3 45 Cambodia 15,135 2,150 7.0 20.3 71.9 40 22.8 (2008) Kiribati 102 2,294 2.9 44.1 68.9 60 Lao PDR 6,770 2,522 8.0 36.5 68.3 72 33.9 (2008) Myanmar 53,259 7.1 33.8 65.2 92.7 c 52 Nepal 27,797 1,276 4.3 17.7 68.4 57.4 c 42 24.9 (2010) Solomon Islands 561 2,695 6.6 21.4 67.7 31 Timor-Leste 1,133 1,580 9.2 b 29.1 67.5 57 Tuvalu 10 1.2 25.5 30 Vanuatu 253 3,969 2.3 24.1 71.6 83.2 18 Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database. Notes: a. 2012; b. Average % annual growth rate of non-oil GDP; c. 2011; d. 2012.
Transcript
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3/16/2015
High-level Asia-Pacific Policy Dialogue on the Implementation of
the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries
for the decade 2011-2020
Siem Reap, Cambodia, 4-6 March 2015
Session 5
Human and social development in LDCs for
inclusive and sustainable development
Mr. Syed Nuruzzaman
Chief, Countries with Special Needs Section
MPDD, UNESCAP
Demographic and socioeconomic indicators, Asia-Pacific CSN, 2013
Source: Computed from data on children and old age dependency ratios reported in World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision, UN-DESA, extracted from ESCAP website.
Note: Adult population refers to population in the age group 15 to 64, while children are in the age group 0 to 14 years age.
Children population shares
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Country
LDCs
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
Kiribati
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Nepal
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
LLDCs
Source: Computed from data on children and old age dependency ratios reported in World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision, UN-DESA, extracted from ESCAP website.
Note: Adult population refers to population in the age group 15 to 64, while children are in the age group 0 to 14 years age.
Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database and staff computations.
Working poor and unemployment in the AP-CSN
6
Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
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Measures of food security in the AP-CSN
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Source: Prevalence of undernourishment is from FAO, State of food insecurity in the world downloaded from ESCAP Online Statistical Database. GHI refers to Global Hunger Index published
by the International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC. GFI refers to Global Food Security Index published by the Economist Intelligence Unit, available at
httP:://foodsecurity.eiu.com/.
Health outcomes and health sector indicators, 2012
8
Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
Notes: Data on general government health expenditure per capita pertain to 2011; data on number of physicians, nursing personnel, and hospital beds pertain to 2010.
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Health outcomes and health sector indicators, 2012
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Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
Notes: Data on general government health expenditure per capita pertain to 2011; data on number of physicians, nursing personnel, and hospital beds pertain to 2010.
Health outcomes and health sector indicators, 2012
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Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
Notes: Data on general government health expenditure per capita pertain to 2011; data on number of physicians, nursing personnel, and hospital beds pertain to 2010.
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Gender parity indicators
11
Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
Note: Employment sex ratio refers to employed females per 100 employed males; The index of women’s access to credit, land and other assets ranges between 0 (full access) and 1
(impossible to access).
Gender parity indicators
12
Country
LDCs
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
Kiribati
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Nepal
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
LLDCs
Gender wage
gap
[Percentage] Credit Land
Property other
than land
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0
27.4 (2009) 0.5 0 0.5
0.5 0.5 0
12.2 (2008) 0.5 0.5 0
40.5 (2008) 0.5 0.5 0
-1.7 (2010) 1
Index of women's acceess to
Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
Note: Employment sex ratio refers to employed females per 100 employed males; The index of women’s access to credit, land and other assets ranges between 0 (full access) and 1
(impossible to access).
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Access to safe water and sanitation, 2012
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Country
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
LDCs
Afghanistan 64 90 56 29 47 23
Bangladesh 85 86 84 57 55 58
Bhutan 98 99 97 47 75 31
Cambodia 69 91 63 37 82 25
Kiribati 67 87 51 40 51 31
Lao PDR 72 84 65 65 90 50
Myanmar 86 95 81 77 84 74
Nepal 88 90 88 37 51 34
Solomon Islands 81 93 77 29 81 15
Timor-Leste 70 95 61 39 69 27
Tuvalu 98 98 97 83 86 80
Vanuatu 91 98 88 58 65 55
LLDCs
Toilet access (% of population)Water access (% of population)
Source: ESCAP Online Statistical Database.
Progress in reducing the incidence of maternal mortality
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Population growth rate (%)
15
Source: Based on data from World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision, UN-DESA, extracted from ESCAP website.
Note: Annual growth rate (%) is first calculated from the population data (including for the projections up to 2050) and
average of the annual growth rate (%) for decade ending (DE) 1960, 1970, etc., is plotted here.
Life expectancy at birth, years
16
Source: World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision, UN-DESA, extracted from ESCAP website.
Note: Countries are denoted by their 2-letter internet domain code.
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Inequality-adjusted social development index
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Cambodia
Lao PDR
Bangladesh
Nepal
Timor-Leste
Index of social development
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
SD SD-Inequality
Urban population share in total population (%)
18
Source: Based on data from World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision, UN-DESA, extracted from ESCAP website.
Note: Urban population share (%) in each year is first calculated from the population data (including for the projections up
to 2050) and average of the annual share (%) for decade ending (DE) 1960, 1970, etc., is plotted here.
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Under-five mortality: rural-urban disparities
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Maternal health in the Asia-Pacific LDCs
20
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Leveraging the nexus between
employment, growth and poverty reduction
� Significant scope for strengthening EGPR nexus
� Require high growth
� Require improvements in quantity and quality of employment
� Increased integration of the poor with employment opportunities
� growth sectors need to be employment-intensive
� need to be closely linked to other sectors of economy
� What is needed?
� increased investments in poor’s health, education, skills
� equity-focused macroeconomic policies
� increased productivity of informal enterprises21
Social protection in Asia and the Pacific
selected LDCs
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Government expenditure on social protection
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Promoting social protection (contd)� Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP on the social
protection programmes in some LDCs falls below the “Asian average”
and is among the lowest in the world
� Fragmented nature of social safety nets
� Lack the framework of institutionalized welfare systems.
� Not adequately funded in many LDCs
� Do not provide coverage to protect the majority of the vulnerable
populations
� A minimum floor of social security benefits for all citizens could include
(i) guaranteed universal access to essential health services
(ii) guaranteed income security for all children
(iii) guaranteed access to basic means-tested or self-targeted social
assistance for the poor and the unemployed
(iv) guaranteed income security through basic pensions for people in old age and people living with disabilities.
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Reorienting public expenditure
� Spending more on poverty reduction would probably mean diverting resources from other government expenditure
� Half of government expenditure is for the administrative functions
� Some are spending significant sums servicing public debt
a. Reduce domestic debts by privatizing government assets
b. Reduce foreign debts by increased us of concessional international aid
c. Waive debts in the spirit of MDG-8
d. Discourage subsidized use of fossil fuels
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Raising revenue and offering fiscal
incentives� Boost domestic revenue and dedicate to poverty reduction
� Fiscal space exist to raise revenue domestically
a. better tax administration
b. good mix of direct taxes and indirect taxes
c. widen tax bases by ensuring that the wealthy do at least file tax returns
d. simplify tax systems to reduce the range of exemptions and loopholes
e. strengthen the tax administration.
f. use fiscal policy to adjust the pattern of development to promote employment
g. create win-win scenarios for environment and employment through ecological tax reform or similar approaches
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