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8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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PV Research atNorthumbria
University:Putting PV into
Practice
Prof. Nicola Pearsall
Northumbria Photovoltaics Applications Centre (NPAC)School of Computing, Engineering and Information
SciencesNorthumbria University
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Putting PV into Practice Activities at NPAC
PV cell development NPAC works on new semiconductor materials within the
Supergen project
Transfer of technology to production
We are involved in environmental impact assessment to assistin defining the route to sustainable module production withEuropean industry
Maximising system performance NPAC undertakes system performance analysis and is
currently leading the work on updating the Europeanmonitoring guidelines
Integrating into a smart electricity grid Our power group considers the integration of renewable
energy into the grid distribution network
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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ATHLET is an EC funded integrated project looking at thin filmphotovoltaics (based on silicon and chalcopyrite materials) being
undertaken by a consortium of European research institutes and industries NPAC considers the environmental impact of the processes being
developed in this project
For a renewable energy supply technology, it is important to consider thebalance of energy input to energy output and the emissions arising fromthe production process
We have developed a methodology for applying environmental impactassessment to help decision making in regard to research directions - thiscomplements decisions made in regard to potential technical andeconomic advances
We have considered cumulative energy demand, global warming potential,emission of particulates, acidification potential etc.
In most cases, the process energy is the dominant source of impacts dueto the assumption of a conventional energy mix
Assessing Sustainability in the ATHLET Project
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Methodology for Environmental Impact Assessment inResearch Planning
Most published environmental assessments of PV use establishedproduction processes and are carried out for:
Comparison of the impact of PV with that of other electricity generationtechnologies
Comparison of the impact of different PV module technologies
Three main differences can be identified when using EIA for research and
development purposes: The process may not be fully proven and so the process parameters may vary
we use ranges of parameters to understand the sensitivity to each parameter
The scale of the process is small and must be increased to consider productionlevel the parameter ranges are selected to be representative of knownproduction processes
The balance of the production sequence may not have been previouslyassessed - the change in environmental impact assessed as a function of thechange in performance resulting from the new process
Assessing Sustainability in the ATHLET Project
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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PV in Practice some observations about
use
in the built environment PV is an elegant solution for the renewable generation of electricitywithin the built environment
It is technically proven many systems exist around the world and
are working well
The challenge is financial, but new UK feed-in tariffs will alter thesituation and make it much more attractive
From the design viewpoint, it does not require any increase in landuse and only needs minor amendments to building design
From the user viewpoint, it requires little attention and is notdisruptive in terms of noise or emissions
Like most renewable technologies, it will need to be used inconjunction with other energy sources to meet demand fully
However, we do need to learn how to use it to maximum advantage
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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A Real Example: UK PV DomesticField Trial
The UK Domestic PV Systems Field Trial
(DFT) commenced in 2000 and was fundedby the UK Department of Trade andIndustry
Undertaken by project teams comprisinghouse builders, housing associations, PVcompanies, electricity companies etc.
Clusters of 5 31 systems on each site,usually of similar design and so allowingdirect comparisons between systems
Total of 28 sites and 474 systems, typicalsystem size 1-2 kWp
NPAC undertook the performance analysisfor all the systems
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Domestic Field Trial Sites
15 new build, 12refurbishment, 1 combined
Mostly brownfield sites
Range of house andapartment type, ownership(public and private),module type andintegration method
Systems were monitored fortwo years after installationto determine performanceand contribution to thehouse electricity demand
Analyses use different datasets depending on thequality of the data
The DFT also consideredbuildability, reliability andmaintenance, acceptabilityand user satisfaction
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Measured Annual Yield 358 systems, 24 sites(average system size = 1.6 kWp, average daily irradiation = 2.7
kWh/m2)
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Annual Solar Fraction 303 systems, 21 sites(average system size = 1.6 kWp)
Average SF is 50%
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Observed loss mechanisms
Inverter Faults
Trips due to e.g. voltage spikes
Threshold
Periods of outage due to high grid voltage
Failure to restart after deliberate shutdown
Array temperature due to poor ventilation of the modules
Shading Trees and other vegetation (often characterised by
increasing effect year on year)
Nearby buildings
Self-shading (i.e. by part of the same building)
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Example of Inverter Drop-out
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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The System Deployment Challenge
Technologists develop
new PV cells Increase efficiency,
reduce materialsusage, reduce cost
Transfer technology tomodule production
Fabricate andmeasure under
controlled conditionsSYSTEM DESIGNER
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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The System Deployment Challenge
The system designer
selects the location, thecomponents and theinstallation methods
Losses are minimised
within the constraints ofthe application
The output is predictedover the lifetime of the
system
W/m2?
kWh/k
Wp?
Shading?
USER
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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The System Deployment Challenge
The Users
Want an easy, highoutput, low effortsystem
Are not expert insolar systems andhow they operate
Now, theprofessionals areno longer incontrol!
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Maximising Operational Performance
PV is a very reliable technology but any problems that do occur areoften observed in operation rather than at installation
Need engagement of users to be able to identify losses and rectifythem rapidly
User needs to understand how issues such as shading can developduring the system lifetime
NPAC is currently involved in the European project PERFORMANCE andleading the study of monitoring of PV systems over their lifetime so asto be able to pick up losses that might occur
The European PV Monitoring Guidelines are being updated to includelifetime monitoring and state-of-the-art monitoring and analysisprocedures
Customised guidelines will be available for each user category
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Establishing Probability of Loss
Long term monitoring (measurement and analysis) can
be considered as an insurance against substantiallosses in energy output due to system faults
The amount of money spent on monitoring should beproportional to the potential loss that may be incurred ifthere is no monitoring
The potential loss is related to the probability ofparticular failure modes as a function of time, systemtype, system size etc.
We carried out a Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) forthe monitoring process to establish which faults are the
most important and how to identify them Experts from industry and academia with direct field
experience were consulted for this process
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Monitoring Guidelines Delivery Approach
Setting the guidelines:The measurement and analysis requirements havebeen considered for a wide range of users, based on field experience oftypical loss mechanisms
Preparing the puzzle:The requirements are turned into sets of axioms for PVmonitoring (based on existing JRC Guidelines and IEC 61724 standard butmodified and added to according to the project results)
Preparing the identification interface: A set of key questions has been
defined the user questionnaire to allow the user category to be defined
Selection rule - Guidelines genetic code: A string of numbers is producedaccording to the answers to the questionnaire. Each axiom has a pre-defined code/string and is selected as appropriate to make up the finalguidelines
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Performance Analysis
The new guidelines also include an extended section on
analysis of the monitoring data For example, there is guidance on using comparison
between parts of the system or between similar systems toidentify when and where you have a problem
Most of the analysis for grid connected systems is based on
the performance ratio which allows us to set a target value
For stand alone systems, there are some new approachesinvolving the battery index (relating to how much of thetime the battery is fully charged)
It is important to have rapid and consistent fault diagnosisand that it is as informative in regard to severity, locationand cause as possible
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Janu
ary
Ma
rch
M
ay
July
Septem
ber
Novem
ber
00:00:00
02:00:00
04:00:00
06:00:00
08:00:00
10:00:00
12:00:00
14:00:00
16:00:00
18:00:00
20:00:00
22:00:00
80-90
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40
20-30
10-20
0-10
Example of AnalysisMethod(cont.)
Performance ratio contour plot forUK domestic system with outputreduction in summer months
Clear performance problems timing pattern gives some cluesas to the cause but furtherinvestigation needed
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
8/7/2019 Session 5 - PV Research at Northumbria University Putting PV Into Practice Presented by Nicola Pearsall
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Summary
NPAC is working on both PV device development and the
issues that arise from putting PV into practice This has been illustrated with examples of three projects,
either ongoing or recently completed
As new technology is developed, we will need to addresshow it can be used in practice and make sure that the
maximum benefit is gained in both energy andenvironmental terms
Solar Flair 0919 November2009
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