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Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason orreasons for engaging in a particular behavior, especially human behavior as studied in psychology andneuropsychology 

 A motive is something that moves an organism to act .

Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and

sustains behavior .Motivation refers to a presumed internal state that causesan organism to move toward some goal.

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These reasons may include basic needs such as food or adesired object, hobbies, goal, state of being, or ideal.

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Motivation is the Key to

Performance Improvement!

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 Y ou can take the horse to the Water, but youcannot force it to Drink! so with people.

They will do what they WANT to do or otherwisemotivated to do. They MUST be motivated eitherby themselves, or by external stimulus.

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T ypes of Motivators

1. Intrinsic {is when people engage in an activity, withoutobvious external incentives, such as a hobby. }

2. Extrinsic { with external incentives, money, club memberships,

car etc }

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How to Identify Motivation

Energy 

CommitmentStaying Power

Skill

Single mindedness

EnjoymentResponsibility 

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Reference Reading and Assignment:

 1. Driver Reduction Theory 2. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

 3. Affective Arousal Theories

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Drive reduction theory states that when we do something  which reduces the tension associated with a biologicaldrive (that is in a state of arousal ), then that action isreinforced.

  As a result, drive reduction theory states that our

biological drives play a big role in how we learn..

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If a rat is hungry and by pressing the lever it gets food, then thisaction (lever pressing) is reinforced because it has satisfied abiological drive that was in a state of arousal (hunger ).

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Everything we experience is either good, bad, orsomewhere in between. This is called value orvalence)

  And our experiences always occur somewhere inbetween being asleep or really excited. To some extent,our pre-existing physical states determine howintensely we feel good or bad. Emotion researchers call

it the level of arousal in the body, and define it as therange between anxiety and boredom (or arousal vs.

sleepiness its a measure of our physical state).

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 Arousal commands attention, and is closely related to otherconcepts such as anxiety, attention, agitation, stress, andmotivation. The arousal level can be thought of as the

capacity you have available to work with. Too little arousalmay make a user inert. Too much has a focusing affect, andcan lead to tunnel vision.

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1). We can also tell emotions apart based on how they areexpressed. Public expressions of emotion communicate ourfeelings to others. This includes changes in how we appear (ourfacial expressions and breathing), what we say (our conversationor interaction), and how we behave. If the same publicexpressions of emotion occur again and again over time, what

 was once seen as an emotion will be seen as a personality trait.

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From these perceptions, the mind creates body mapsthat describe the parts and state of the body atparticular times. Body maps are another form of internal representation. Using these body maps allows

the mind to ignore certain aspects of the body whennecessary for survival. For example, it may be useful forthe mind to ignore the experience of pain in the body  when the most urgent need is to flee from danger.

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Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of aperson's thought processes. It also looks at how these thoughtprocesses influence how we understand and interact with the

 world. We can say that it is the feeling of uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicts thought in the mind atthe same time.

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 When we believe something about ourselves and do somethingagainst that belief. If I believe that I am good but do somethingbad , then the discomfort I feel as a result is cognitivedissonance. The discomfort often feels like a tension betweentwo opposite thoughts.

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Change our behavior

Justify our behavior by changing the conflict

Justify our behavior by adding new cognition

Dissonance increases with the importance and impact of the

decision, along with the difficulty of reversing it..

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1) Discomfort about making wrong choice of a car is bigger than when choosing a lamp.

2) Smokers find all kind of reasons to explain away theirunhealthy habit. The alternative is to feel a great deal of dissonance.

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