Session 6- "What are the public health benefits associated with mode shifts to nonmotorized travel?"...

8/6/2019 Session 6- "What are the public health benefits associated with mode shifts to nonmotorized travel?" by Andy Dannenberg

1/27

What Are the Public Health

Benefits Associatedwith Mode Shifts to

Non-Motorized Travel?Andrew L. Dannenberg, MD, MPH

National Center for Environmental Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

[email protected]

Transportation Research Board Workshop #139

Non-Motorized Transportation Pilot Program

Washington, DC, January 11, 2009


2/27

What is Health?

Physical health

Mental health

Well-being

Livability

a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being

and not merely the absence of

disease or infirmity World Health Organization


3/27


4/27

Physical Activity

A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of

overall mortality (2 to 3-fold)

cardiovascular disease (3 to 5-fold)

some types of cancer, including colonand breast cancer

The effect of low physical fitness is

comparable to that of hypertension, highcholesterol, diabetes, and even smoking.

Sources: Wei et al., JAMA 1999;

Blair et al., JAMA 1996


5/27

Increasing weight is associated with:

o risk of overall mortality

o risk of cardiovascular mortality o risk of diabetes

o risk ofhypertension

o risk ofgall bladder disease

Obesity

Sources: Willett et al, NEJM, 1999; JAMA, Vol. 282, 1523.


6/27

Determinants of Physical Activity

More likely to exercise if: Walking trails, parks and gyms accessible

Sidewalks present and scenery enjoyable

Many people exercising

Friends available with whom to exercise

Less likely to exercise if:

Too little time

Too tired

Unmotivated

Perceived traffic, crime or danger

Long distance to exercise location

Source: Brownson RC et al, AJPH 91:1995, 2001

HealthStyles Survey, 1999


7/27

Walkable Community Designs:

Connectivity and Physical Activity

Suburban

Development

TraditionalNeighborhood

Drawing by Duany Plater Zyberk,

in ITE Journal 1989;59:17-18


8/27


9/27


10/27

SHOPPINGCENTERS

HOMES

IMPREGNABLEBORDER


11/27

Access to Parks


12/27


13/27

Durham, NC


14/27


15/27


16/27


17/27

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Year:

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

12,500

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Bridge Bicycle Traffic

Bikeway Miles

Bridge Bicycle Traffic 2,850 3,555 3,885 3,830 3,207 4,520 5,225 5,690 5,910 6,015 7,686 8,250 8,562 8,875 10,192 11,956Bikeway Miles 78 83 86 103 113 144 166 183 213 222 235 252 254 260 262 263

Increasing Bicycle Use, Portland, ORCyclists Per Day Bikeway Miles

1991:

78 miles of bikeways2,850 daily trips

2006:

263 miles of bikeways

11,956 daily trips


18/27

Children Walking to School

Parental reported barriers to walking/biking toschool: 55% distance, 40% traffic danger

Source: MMWR 2002;51(32):701-704


19/27

Hubbard Lake Elementary SchoolHubbard Lake Elementary School

Hubbard Lake, MichiganHubbard Lake, Michigan

"Outstanding in Its Field""Outstanding in Its Field"


20/27

Safe Routes to School:

Benefits for the Larger Community

Watson M and Dannenberg AL, submitted for publication


21/27

Friedman et al. JAMA 2001;285:897

Asthma and Air Pollution

Asthma-related emergency room visits bychildren decreased 42%

Childrens emergency visits for non-asthmacauses did not change during same period

Natural experiment during1996 Summer Olympicgames in Atlanta

Peak morning trafficdecreased 23% and peakozone levels decreased 28%


22/27

Deaths and Injuries to Motor Vehicle

Occupants and Pedestrians

Leading cause of deaths among persons 1-34 years old

Annual U.S. toll from motor vehicle crashes:

42,000 deaths

3 million nonfatal injuries $230 billion in costs CDC 2000; NHTSA 2002


23/27

Walking and Bicycling:

International Comparisons

7

34

46

0

10

20

30

40

50

USA

Germ

any

Netherland

s

Percent

Percent of trips by walking and biking,1995

17

5.2

1.1

0

10

20

USA

Germ

any

Netherland

s

Fatalities

Pedestrian fatalities per 100 milliontrips, 2000

Pucher, AJPH 93:1509,2003


24/27

Complete Streets

Definition: a safe, comfortable and

convenient route designed for travel

via automobile, foot, bicycle, and

transit.

Oregon state law: Footpaths and

bicycle trails shall be provided

wherever a highway, road or street is

being constructed, reconstructed, or

relocated.

Source: www.AmericaBikes.org


25/27

Development Patterns

http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/smartgrowthintro.htm


26/27

Minutes of Walking To and From

Public Transit Per Day

10

19

31

0

10

20

30

40

25%ile

MED

IAN

75%ile

Minutespe

rday

Besser LM, Dannenberg AL

Amer J Prev Med 29:273, 2005

Data from National HouseholdTravel Survey, 2001, USDOT

N= 3312 transit users


27/27

Transportation and

land use choices can

either promote or harm

human health

www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces

www.epa.gov/smartgrowth

Date post:	08-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	pbriresearchlibrary
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Session 6- "What are the public health benefits associated with mode shifts to nonmotorized travel?"...

Documents