MIRIAM

Mätmetoder och vägyteegenskaper relaterade till rullmotstånd

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Av Ulf Sandberg

Statens väg- och transportforskningsinsititut (VTI)

Föredrag vid Transportforum 2011 i Linköping

13 januari 2011

Foto av Ulf Sandberg

över Connecticut Ave

Washington, DC

MIRIAM

What is MIRIAM?

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Project started in 2009, now with 11 partners from Europe, and 2 from USA

Pooled, internal funding (so far)

Aims at providing a sustainable, environmentally friendly road infrastructure …….

by reducing rolling resistance – hence lowering CO2 emissions and increasing energy efficiency

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„Tire Technology Expo 2006”7, 8, 9 March 2006, Stuttgart, Germany

What is rolling resistance?What is rolling resistance?

Load Arm axle

CR = Pf/Fz = tg

Direction of travel

Pf

Fz

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Rullmotståndskoefficient = ~ 0,5 – 1,5 %

Phase 1: 2010-2011 Sub-projects

1 Measurement methods and source model(s) (Leader: VTI, Sweden)

2 Influence of pavement characteristics on energy efficiency(Leader: AIT, Austria)

3 Importance of Rolling Resistance on efficiency within an LCA framework (Leader: UC Davis, USA)

4 Constraints / Requirements to implementation in Asset Management and LCA systems (Leader: DRI, Denmark)

5 External funding and raising awareness(Leader: DRI, Denmark)

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SP 1 justification

SP 1 will provide the data on rolling resistance (RR), as part of road surface properties in general, which forms the foundation on which MIRIAM is based

If the RR data are inaccurate, insufficient or not representative, the entire project will fail

It follows that the methods and equipment used to collect RR data must be relevant and correct

In order not to start from scratch, SP 1 shall start by compiling present knowledge and experience (State-of-the-Art)

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SP 1 partners

Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)

Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT)

Belgian Road Research Centre (BRRC)

Danish Road Institute (DRI)

Federal Highway Research Institute, Germany (BASt)

Technical University of Gdansk, Poland (TUG)

Institut français des sciences et technologies des transports, de l'aménagement et des réseaux (IFSTTAR) (= previously LCPC and INRETS)

University of California at Davis, Pavement Research Center (UCPRC), USA

(Nokian Tyres, Finland)MIRIAM

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22Description of work 2010-2011

1 Terminology and definitions related to rolling resistance (incl

discussion about what energy losses that should be considered as part of RR )

2 State-of-the-Art report: measurement of rolling resistance

3 Experimental work (see next page)

4 Production of a testing programme (for collection of RR data of road surfaces)

5 Using data to model the RR properties versus basic road surface characteristics (such as texture, unevenness, etc)

But most work spent producing a project plan for an EU project

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22Measurement methods and equipment

Four main methods in our work:

Rolling resistance: Measurement on drum (ISO 18164)

Fuel consumption: Measurement with instrumented car

Rolling resistance: Measurement with test tyre on trailer

Rolling resistance: Coast-down with car or truck

Measurement of rolling resistance according to ISO 18164

…. intended mainly for tyre testing

Facility at the Technical University of Gdansk (TUG),

Poland

Drum surfaces(ISO assumes only steel or sandpaper surfaces)

Chip seal (surface dressing) max 12 mm aggr

Sand paper (”Safety Walk”)

New RR facility recently constructed at TUGdesigned for truck tyres

Ready for use in 2011

2.5 m

Trailer constructed at TUG used for measurements at VTI in Sweden

Technical University of Gdansk

Somewhat similar but less advanced trailers exist at BRRC and BASt

Bränsleförbrukning och utrullning

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22Problems to be solved

1 Select and define reference tyres for road surface studies

2 Consider the relevance of the existing drum surfaces and needed supplementary surface

3 Effect of drum curvature

4 Effect of temperature

5 Effect of speed

6 Effect of tyre load and tyre inflation

7 Stable calibration

8 Avoid disturbing effects of road gradient, curves and wind

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22Experimental activities in 2011

MEASUREMENT METHODS

• Repeatability of RR measurements on drums, and with trailers

• Minimum test length, and min. number of runs needed for a certain accuracy

• Speed influence on RR measurements

• Drum curvature influence on RR measurements

• Study regarding reference tyres that should be used for road surface RR classification

• Study on calibration issues and effects of tyre inflation and inflation medium

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22 Source model development

• Model describing RR as a function of basic surface properties, such as macrotexture (MPD), megatexture, unevenness (IRI), etc.

• Why? RR is extremely difficult to measure directly. It is better to use existing data of the road networks and calculate the RR effects

• MPD, IRI and some other parameters are already collected by many road authorities

• But we will also attempt to assign typical RR values for major pavement types and conditions

www.vti.se

ECRPD – Influence of IRI and MPD on RR

Increases in car RR based on ECRPD results for the same changes in IRI and MPD as used in (Sandberg, 1997):

at speed of 54 km/h: - IRI: increase in RR by 19 % - IRI: increase in RR by 19 % - MPD: increase in RR by 46 %MPD: increase in RR by 46 %

at speed of 90 km/h: - IRI: increase in RR by 48 % - IRI: increase in RR by 48 % - MPD: increase in RR by 72 % - MPD: increase in RR by 72 %

The results for MPD at 90 km/h fit perfectly the trailer RR results !

Results of coast-down measurements on 34 test sections

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Specification of methods perhaps to become draft standards

Rolling resistance: Measurement on drum (ISO 18164)

Fuel consumption: Measurement with instrumented car

Rolling resistance: Measurement with test tyre on trailer

Rolling resistance: Coast-down with car or truck

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22EU FP 7 projekt?Ansökan inlämnad

Budget: 32 milj kr 4 år

y = 0,0017x + 0,0087R2 = 0,7604

y = 0,002x + 0,0098R2 = 0,9466

y = 0,0017x + 0,0121

y = 0,0016x + 0,0079R2 = 0,7712

0,0060

0,0070

0,0080

0,0090

0,0100

0,0110

0,0120

0,0130

0,0140

0,0150

0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60 1,80 2,00

MPD [mm]

RR

C f

or

aver

age

tyre

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22 Examples of already collected data

Results of all RR measurements in 2009 by TUG/VTIAverage for 3 tyres, normalized to 80 km/h

22 Examples of already collected dataResults of RR measurements in 2010 by TUG/VTI

Average for 3 tyres, and of 50 and 80 km/h (Sites RV13+E22)

y = 0,1623x + 0,8801

R2 = 0,7707

0,920

0,940

0,960

0,980

1,000

1,020

1,040

1,060

0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

MPD [mm]

RR

[%

]

ABS16

ABS11

ABT11

ABT8

ABS8

y = 0,0017x + 0,0087R2 = 0,7604

y = 0,002x + 0,0098R2 = 0,9466

y = 0,0017x + 0,0121

y = 0,0016x + 0,0079R2 = 0,7712

0,0060

0,0070

0,0080

0,0090

0,0100

0,0110

0,0120

0,0130

0,0140

0,0150

0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60 1,80 2,00

MPD [mm]

RR

C f

or

aver

age

tyre

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22 Examples of already collected data

Results of all RR measurements in 2009 by TUG/VTIAverage for 3 tyres, normalized to 80 km/h

+ 30 % for worst vs best roads

Measurements 2010 (RV13+E22)

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THE END