SESSION III: PRECURSORS FOR THE NEXT WAVE IN COMMUNICATIONS

SESSION III:PRECURSORS FOR THE NEXT WAVE IN

COMMUNICATIONS

Session III Precursors for the Next Wave in Communications

Symposium Keynote: Raouf Y. Halim, Convergence Trends in Communications: Implications for CPCC and Southern California

Ender Ayanoglu, Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks: How to Achieve 15 dB Improvement Over Today's Standards Proposals

Ahmed Eltawil, Wireless Broadband Systems: From Theory to Silicon

Payam Heydari, Novel Ultra-Broadband Communications Circuits

Syed A. Jafar, Generalized MIMO: Promises and Limitations

Hamid Jafarkhani, Recent Advances in Space-Time Coding and Beamforming

Raouf HalimCEO, Mindspeed Technologies

Convergence Trends in Communications:Implications for CPCC and Southern California

4 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.

Corporate Highlights

•Public since 06/2003

•Fabless communication semiconductor provider

•Grew revenues 46% to $119 million in fiscal 2004

•>550 Employees Worldwide, >400 Engineers

•Headquartered in Newport Beach, California

•Leading positions in high-growth enterprise and carrier infrastructure markets

•A broad product portfolio designed into top-tier customers worldwide

•Strategic suppliers: TSMC, Jazz, Amkor, ASE

NASDAQ: MSPD


Serving Top-Tier Customers Worldwide


Our Strategic Focus

Enterprise (Private) Networks

Mindspeed Product PortfolioMindspeed Product Portfolio

PSTNPSTNNetworksNetworks

WirelessWirelessNetworksNetworks

Packet Packet NetworksNetworks

Small/Branch OfficeEnvironments

EnterpriseEnvironments

Access/Metro (Public) Networks

Delivering highly optimized, software-rich solutions

Leader in VoIP, FTTx, SONET, . . .


Consumer Convergence Is Real !

Cell phone

Calculator

PDA

Walkman

Portable TV

Quad Play

Game console

VoIP, IP Video, Data, and Mobile = Quad Play


Mixed physical media = Cable, HFC, FTTx, Twisted Pair, and Wireless

VoIP is the single greatest enabler to the communication

convergence phenomenon

End Customer Quad-Play Service Providers(Voice, IP video, Data & Mobile)

Transport

Residential

RBOC

Wireless

IP Core

Carrier Convergence: The Advent of VoIP/Quad Play

MSO

SOHO

Enterprise

Mobile

VoIP is the single greatest enabler to the communication

convergence phenomenonMixed physical media = Cable, HFC,

xPON, FTTx, Twisted Pair, and Wireless



Residential

RBOC

Wireless

Enterprise Convergence: The Advent of VoIP/Quad Play

MSO

SOHO

Enterprise

Mobile

TDM / LAN / WLAN Convergence



Residential

RBOC

Wireless

. . . Creating A Plethora of New Opportunities

MSO

SOHO

Enterprise

Mobile

Voice Gateway

IADs

Converged Switch / PBX

MultilMode

Handsets

IP Phones

SoftIP

Phones

IP Phones

VoDSL

DSL Home

Gateway

C5 Switch / Acces Gateway

POTs Card / Acces Gateway

BSC & Media GW

SOHO/ROBO Gateway

IP TV

Soft IP Phone

Packet Cable

Dual cellular/wifi phone

A new generation of converged SD/HD video systems, wireless/wireline equipment, and consumer devices

Trunking Gateway

Trunking Gateway


Implications for Semiconductor Platforms

The Rise of Multi-Core Computing

1 2 3

4 5 6

TDMUTOPIAEthernet

MII/GMII/RGMIIPCIDDRUSB

Flexible Interfaces:6x VLIW / 64bit DSP2x 32bit RISC CPU

EMACMulti Mb SRAM

UARTUSB Host

IPSEC

Embedded Cores:

1

2

3rd generation Mindspeed VoIP SOC - over 300M transistors in 90nm


Challenges for 90 nm SOCs

• Economics– Escalating mask costs: >$500K for 0.15 m; >$750K for 0.13 m; and > $1M for 0.09 m

– Longer development time: 9-18 months from feasibility to first sample

– Increasing total development cost: ~$10M -> $20M

• Design– Power delivery: 2 amps to the core at less that 25 mV drop!

– Yield, leakage, redundancy, and Soft Error Rate

– 1.0V and below pose major analog design and power delivery challenges

• Packaging– Signal integrity aware routing reaching practical limits

– Almost 3 orders of magnitude difference in minimum spacing on the die and the substrate of the package

– Finer pitch peripheral pad arrangement increasing wire bond inductance and resistance


Block Diagram for VoIP / Data Routing SoC Software Stack

Over 2 million lines of code

MSP Supplied Software CSP Supplied Software CSP Customer Software

PC

I D

river

Virtual Ethernet driver (control, data)

Host Kernel (Linux) including packet filtering, crypto API

T.38FOIP

V.27, V.29, V.17

Networking and Routing Stacks (IP,TCP,UDP, PPP, HTTP,ICMP,IPSec etc)

Shared Memory Interface driver

Open Source Router Code (e.g.Linksys)

RTP/RTCP or CPS

Enet Driver WAN ATM

Driver(WAN Utopia)

Du

al P

ort

Seri

al D

river

US

B D

river

Hard

ware

Cry

pto

Mod

ule

s

TDM Driver

Voice Packet classifier & switching/bridging

MPoA

G.168 Echo Cancel

G.711,729a/b/eG.726,723a

MPoFR

AAL5 FRF.12

SP

I D

river

Enet Driver

LAN

Caller

ID G

en

& D

et

DTM

F

Gen

& D

et

TDMSignaling

POTSSignaling

Packet Signaling(eg SIP, H.323)

Comcerto Device Driver

Comcerto Channel Module

PBXSwitching

Asterisk Open Source PBX

HDLC Driver (WAN HSSI)

Eth, PPP Framing, IP, UDP Framing


Implications for Southern California & CPCC

• Unique with rich communications expertise

– Built primarily from defense legacy

• Unique with deep semiconductor and software expertise

• Unique with five world leading universities (e.g. UCI, Caltech, UCLA, UCSD, and USC)

• However, we need :

- Tighter coupling between universities and industry- An ecosystem for entrepreneurial culture

Convergence Brings a Plethora of Exciting New Opportunities to SoCAL & CPCC

CPCC: Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing

www.cpcc.uci.edu

Ender Ayanoglu, Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks: How to Achieve 15 dB Improvement Over Today's Standards Proposals

Ahmed Eltawil, Wireless Broadband Systems: From Theory to Silicon

Payam Heydari, Novel Ultra-Broadband Communications Circuits

Syed A. Jafar, Generalized MIMO: Promises and Limitations

Hamid Jafarkhani, Recent Advances in Space-Time Coding and Beamforming

Next Generation Wireless Local Area Networks: How to Achieve 15 dB Improvement Over Today's

Standards Proposals

Ender Ayanoglu

UC IrvineThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering

Research Symposium 2005May 23, 2005

25 30 35 40 4510

-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

Original High Complexity DecodingModified low complexity bit metrics using CSI FactorLow complexity bit metrics without CSI factor

BICM-OFDM• BICM-OFDM can achieve the full

frequency diversity order of L over L-tap frequency selective channels

• It has a simple Viterbi decoder with modified metrics

• If an equalizer is used, then the channel state information should be included at the bit metric level

• Modified bit metrics are given as2 2min | | | |

: Channel gain

: Equalized signal

: Constellation point

xy x

y

x

> 18 dB

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 3610

-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

2 bits/sec/Hz per tone 2 Transmit 2 Receive Antennas over IEEE Channel Model D

SNR in dB

Bit

Err

or R

ate

4-state QPSK STTC4-state 1/2 rate 16 QAM BICM-STBC-OFDM64-state 1/2 rate 16 QAM BICM-STBC-OFDM

BICM-STBC-OFDM

• Multiple antennas can be added at the transmitter and receiver using Space Time Block Codes to BICM-OFDM

• BICM-STBC-OFDM with N transmit and M receive antennas achieves the maximum diversity order of NML in space and frequency over L-tap frequency selective channels

6 dB

8.5 dB

Single Beamforming• The channel is known at the

transmitter• Only one symbol is transmitted at a

time over all the transmit antennas• Single Beamforming achieves the

full spatial diversity of NM over flat fading channels when N transmit and M receive antennas are used

• When used with BICM-OFDM, BBO (BICM-Beamforming-OFDM) achieves the full spatial and frequency diversity order of NML over L-tap frequency selective channels

• Beamforming provides coding gain compared to STBC based systems

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 2810

-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

BBO vs BICM-STBC-OFDM over 50 ns channel

SNR in dB

Bit

Err

or R

ate

STCB 16 QAMBBO 4x4 QPSKBICM-STBC-OFDM 2x2BICM-STBC-OFDM 4x4 1/2 rate STBC 16 QAM

6.5 dB

BICM-Multiple Beamforming(BICM-MB)• More than one symbol is

transmitted over N transmit antennas

• The diversity order of uncoded multiple beamforming decreases with increasing number of symbols transmitted. The diversity order of N transmit M receive antennas multiple beamforming system is (N-S+1)(M-S+1) when S symbols are transmitted

• BICM-MB achieves full spatial diversity order of NM while achieving full spatial multiplexing of S=min(N,M). We designed an interleaver/code design criterion which satisfies full spatial diversity while maintaning full spatial multiplexing

10 15 20 25 30 35 4010

-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

BICM-MB vs Zero Forcing with BICM over a flat fading channel

SNR in dB

Bit

Err

or R

ate

ZF w BICM 2x2BICM-MB w 11a int 2x2ZF w BICM 2x3BICM-MB w 11a int 2x3BICM-MB w new Int 2x2BICM-MB w new Int 2x3BICM-MB w new Int 3x3-2subs

> 20 dB18 dB

14 dB

BICM-MB-OFDM• If the channel is

frequency selective, then OFDM is used to combat ISI

• BICM-MB-OFDM can achieve full spatial and frequency diversity of NML while maintaining full spatial multiplexing of S=min(N,M), by using an appropriate convolutional code.

20 25 30 35 40 4510

-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

BICM-MB OFDM vs ZF with BICM-OFDM using new Interleaver Design, 16 QAM 1/2 rate, IEEE Channel Model D

SNR in dB

Bit

Err

or R

ate

BICM-MB-OFDM 2x2BICM-MB-OFDM 2x3BICM-MB-OFDM 3x3 2 streamsZF w BICM-OFDM 2x2ZF w BICM-OFDM 2x3

15 dB9.5 dB

California: Prosperity Through Technology Symposium

May 2005

Ahmed M. Eltawil

State of the Wireless Industry

MobileInternetsubscribers

Subscriptions worldwide (millions)

Mobilesubscribers

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1995 2000 2005 2010

Mobile

Fixed

Mobile Internet

Fixed Internet• In 2004 mobile

subscribers exceeded fixed subscribers

• Can we do even better ?

• If so, why isn’t the potential fully realized yet ?

Sources: Wireless-world-research organization

State of the Wireless Industry

• 3G Services are an example of a technology that “slipped” by more than two years !!

• There are numerous reasons for this delay.

• A prominent reason is the gap between expected theoretical performance and practical issues.

Sources: Siemens Organization

SourceCoding

Channel Coding

Mod. RF

Wireless Channel

SourceDecoding

ChannelDecoding

Demod. RFADC

DAC

Communication System Design Develop, understand and evaluate comm. algorithms Accurately model transceiver impairments Tradeoffs between performance and constraints

CommunicationSystemDesign

SoC Architectures Identify VLSI architecture Identify memory hierarchy Study Hw/Sw Partitioning

SoCArchitecture

Circuit Architectures Map functionality to optimal circuit topology For example, DDFS, Cordic’s etc. Study performance vs. power vs. area

Circuit Architecture

Device Level? Study feasibility of dynamic power control Voltage and frequency scaling Effects of leakage (e.g. Multi-Vth )

Device Level

Experimental Approach to Wireless Communications

Prototype Testbeds

Diversity Gains for WCDMA• Intention:

– Study the impact of space diversity on WCDMA mobile terminals.

• Issues:– Robustness of

communication algorithms under stress conditions.

– Tradeoff between time and space diversity.

– Power consumption (2 RX chains)

Measured Gains• Speed: 3 Km/h• Ior/Ioc=9 dB

• 384 Kbps DCH• Flat Fading

• Speed: 120 Km/h• Ior/Ioc=9 dB

• 384 Kbps DCH• 3 Multipath

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4

BL

ER

DPCH_Ec/Ior (dB)

1 Rx2 Rx

10 dB

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6

BL

ER

DPCH_EC/Ior (dB)

1 Rx2 Rx

2..5 dB

Current and Future Projects• Opportunistic communication

– Spectrum is highly congested within shared bands and there is a need to study radios that can optimally utilize the available spectrum.

• Co-operative radios within Ad-hoc networks– Within an ad-hoc network, different radios experience different fading

conditions to a base station.

– In a co-operative scheme a multi-hop network can be utilized to improve aggregate throughput.

• Wideband channel modeling and emulation– Increasingly important in advanced wireless standards especially those that

depend on MIMO.

• Yield issues ?– Wireless integrated circuits are becoming dominated with memory,

specially in standards that utilize OFDM.

– Yield issues should be revisited in an effort to improve “effective” yield based on knowledge of desired application, namely wireless.

Novel Ultra-Broadband Communications Circuits

Payam HeydariBroadband IC Lab

UC Irvine EECS/CPCC/Cal-(IT)2

5/23/2005UCI Research Symposium

Challenges in Ultra-Broadband IC Design

• Circuit level: Design of silicon-based RF circuits with

BW >500MHz: challenging The conventional design techniques (e.g.,

matching for the optimum power gain and NF) must be revisited

• Transistor/device level: Parasitics not negligible Lumped models not verified at multi-GHz

frequencies Highly layout dependent Greater accuracy required Passive elements’ losses not negligible Scalable models desired Technology scaling: stacking not possible

Digital AnalogA/D

D/A

p- Epitaxial Layer

p+ Substrate

Non-Uniform Downsized Distributed Amplifiers(2005 IEEE ISSCC)

Ld = Lg = 363pH; Rd = Rg = 50; K = 1.5K=down sizing factor; N = number of stages = 3; VDD=1.8V

; W/L = 180m/0.2m

…

…

…

…

…Vout

Rg

VBIAS

Ld /2KN

CD/KN CD/KN

Ld /2KN

VDD

Vin

Ld /2

Rd

Cc

ISS

(W/L)

CDCD

Ld /2

ISS /K

(W/L)/K

K

Ld 1.

2

Lg /2 Lg /2 K

Lg 1.

2

Measurement Results

Drain-Line InductorsGate-Line Inductors

The die photoArea: 1.025x1.29 mm2

VCLK+

Vin1

VBIAS1

VDD

XY

RD RD

M1 M2

M5

Vout1

VCLK-

M6

M9

VREF

M7 M8

VBIAS1

M10

M3 M4

VBIAS2

M11

Vin2Vout2

Latch 1

Latch 2

A Novel FF-Based Frequency Divider(2004 Transactions on VLSI )

A novel FF-based FD fabricated in a 0.18m CMOS process for a targeting frequency of 40GHz

The latch and the tracking circuits employ two distinct tail currents Makes it possible for simultaneous optimization of delay and gain

Measurement Results

Input signal at 40GHz and output signal at 20GHz

The die photoArea: 650X715m2

Measured input sensitivity vs. frequency

A UWB Mixer Circuit(2005 Trans. VLSI 2005 RFIC Symp.)

ZLO

VRF ZRF

LRF /2

ZLO

LLOLLO /2

VBIAS, LO

ZIF

+

LIF

LIF /2 LIF

LRF

LLO /2 LLO

VBIAS, RF

Cc

Cc

Cc

VBIAS,LO

LIF /2 LIF /2

LIF /2

LLO /2

LRF /2

VDD

LLO /2

VLO

VLO+

M11

M12

M13

M21

M22

M23

Provides a wideband matching for up to 8.72GHz A two-stage distributed mixer was fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS Experiments showed a conversion gain of more than 2.5dB The DC power consumption was 10.4mW

Measurement Results

Measured two-tone test of the mixer at RF=5.016GHz and LO=4.488GHz

The die photo

Measured s11

Generalized MIMO: Promises and Limitations

Syed A. Jafar


Research Symposium 2005May 23, 2005

Research Interests

• Generalized MIMO• Next Generation Technologies• High Mobility Communications• Multi-user Capacity Analysis• Optimality of Simple Transceivers• Low complexity algorithms for optimal

resource allocation.

? ?

Generalized MIMO

• Throughput grows as min(M,N)

M N

M N

M N

M N

M N

Channel Uncertainty, Cooperation and

Usable Degrees of Freedom

– Multiple users, multiple antennas provide additional degrees of freedom.– If these degrees of freedom are usable, tremendous throughput gains

are possible.– The additional degrees of freedom depend on the channel uncertainty at

the transmitter and receiver and the ability to jointly process signals.– With increasing channel uncertainty and without cooperation, the

throughput gains quickly disappear.– Perfect channel estimation, feedback and perfect cooperation are

unrealistic, especially in increasingly mobile scenarios.– The success of future wireless systems requires:

• Shaping the channel uncertainty.• operating at the best point on channel uncertainty-throughput curve.• near-optimal, joint adaptation, resource allocation and scheduling.

Next Gen. Tech. (CDMA, OFDM)

(0,0) (1,0)

(0,1)(1,1)

h1

h2

• Users vary their rates by choosing the spreading factor, number of codes, modulation scheme etc.• Optimal adaptation to maximize throughput ?

• Power loading used to maximize throughput.

• Power loading used to control PAPR.

• Optimal throughput subject to PAPR constraints.

High Mobility Communications

• Rapidly varying channel• Mobility and channel knowledge• Low processing complexity• Comparative analysis of

– Coherent schemes– Non-coherent schemes– Partially coherent schemes

• Impact on cooperative schemes• Optimal transceiver design

Presenter: Li LiuAdvisor: Hamid Jafarkhani


Research SymposiumMay 23, 2005

Recent Advances inSpace-Time Coding and

Beamforming

Research Focus

• High efficiency coding & modulation schemes for wireless communications.• New algorithms for MIMO systems.• Solutions for both open loop and close loop system.• Simple/low-cost implementation. • Strategy: Space-Time Coding

Open Loop Wireless System

Space-Time Encoder

Space-Time Decoder

Coherent S-T Coding: High cost + High performance

Differential S-T Coding: Simple + lower performance

Differential space-time trellis codes based on extended super-orthogonal codes.

Differential space-time trellis codes based on super-pseudo-orthogonal codes.

Features of the Novel Differential Space-Time Trellis Codes

Two classes of S-T trellis codes with high rate and full diversity.

Superior performance, 1dB gain over previous STTCs.

Simple decoding.

Outperform the differential SOSTTCs as well as TC-DUSTM.

Overall, the state of art on differential space-time modulation.

Closed Loop MIMO System

Beamforming Algorithm

Channel Estimation

ML Decoder

Feedback Channel

Space-Time

Modulator

Superior performance + High complexity.

Traditional Beamforming: Requires accurate channel info.

STC + Beamforming: Robust with partial channel info.

Novel Space-Time Trellis Codes Using Channel Phase Feedback

• Flexible design strategy for any constellation, any rate, and any number of feedback bits.

• Simple feedback, no need for full search on VQ codebook• Simple ML decoding.• Low PAPR.• Good performance, 1.5 dB performance gain over existing

schemes.

The state of art on close loop space-time modulations.

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SESSION III: PRECURSORS FOR THE NEXT WAVE IN COMMUNICATIONS

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