Setting Context for Reading

The Scarlet Letter

by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Setting Context for Reading

When we read in this course, and hopefully for all future academic purposes, our reading involves three elements:

The experience of literature The subjective or personal dimension we feel when we

read The interpretation of literature

The analysis of a work through close reading to arrive at an understanding of multiple meanings (rhetoric – the tool of analysis)

The evaluation of literature An assessment and evaluation of the work in terms of its

artistic and social achievements.

A Few Reminders about Reading Students MUST read actively. Selected works require

careful, deliberative reading and abundant ANNOTATION Analyzing and interpreting the material involves

Students in learning how to make careful observations of textual detail

Students establishing connections amidst their observation

Students will draw from these connections a series of inferences leading to an interpretive conclusion and “the meaning”

Getting to “the Meaning”The What

Reading on a literal level, noting what is told within the text.

When While researching biographical and

historical context While reading

This involves Deliberate reading Liberal annotation Rereading Asking questions Making connections See Reading Strategies for English

Students Practice

Identify Review

The How

Reflecting on a non-literal level and inferring the abstract elements within the works and the abstract elements the work suggests .

When During and after reading While reading Upon discussion

This involves Reviewing annotations Discussion with teacher and classmates Consideration of literal elements and

noting similarities and differences Noting emerging patterns analyze how meaning is embodied in

literary form Practice

Infer Discuss Analyze Reflect Review Synthesize

Setting Context

In addition to considering a literal and abstract meaning, beyond its artistry, students reflect on the social and historical values the work reflects and embodies

Understanding who is behind the work, the sensibilities of its creator likewise greatly influences a reader’s understanding and appreciation of the work.

Careful consideration of both textual detail, historical context, and biographical information provides a foundation for interpretation.

Puritanism and The Scarlet Letter

Ms GerberEnglish 11 Honors

Understanding Context While our study of American literature hinges on the understanding that

history informs the narrative, it is important to clarify that this novel, set in Puritan society in 17th century New England, does not immediately comment on this period.

Rather Nathaniel Hawthorne use this primary setting to reflect the cultural, intellectual and philosophical climate of the period in which he was writing: America during the Romantic and Transcendental period. Still, it is fair to say that given Hawthorne’s own background we can very much infer that it is for the author, a dialogue with the past.

Recall how Playwright Arthur Miller also enlisted Puritan society to comment on his own times, drawing a parallel between the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials and the panic that took hold of America during McCarthyism.

Therefore, it is important we understand both periods to draw out themes and enduring understandings.

So the Question is …

Why Puritan New England? What about this period

supports Hawthorne’s themes?

What about the people? Their history? Their society? Their beliefs Their legacy?

Hawthorne’s Own Time

What about Hawthorne’s own time summoned such a brooding and fatalistic reflection on human nature? Is the novel a confirmation

or a repudiation of prevailing philosophy?

How does Hawthorne’s own personal history and beliefs appear in the novel?

How does the Puritan social and historical context add to Hawthorne’s thematic message?

Let’s Start with the Denizens of 17th Century New England The Puritans:

Wanted to reform their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence

Attempted to “purify” the Church of England. They aimed to separate from the rituals and extravagance of the major denominations of Europe.

Practiced their faith with a fervor that alienated them from their neighbors

In a time when hatred and persecution existed between many denominations, every denomination in Europe hated and persecuted the Puritans.

In spirit, philosophy, practice, and culture, the Puritans had already separated from the majority population. In 1620, this separation became physical reality when they left for the New World to escape religious persecution.

Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The Puritans

In the 1600s, Puritans settled on the East coast of the United States. They brought with them the hope of religious freedom.

The Puritans aimed to establish a sort of heaven on earth, a religious utopia for believers. At the same time, they were keenly aware that this experiment in theocracy was not a solitary pursuit. Puritan John Winthrop alerted Puritans to their duty in his 1632 sermon “A Model of Christian Charity”, saying

For we must consider that we shall be a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us....

Primary Setting: 17th Century New England

In essence, the Puritans faced a “crucible” even as they stepped foot upon the new land. If they followed God’s will, they would prosper, if they defied him, they would fail.

The idea of morality tied to survival and to the goals of a higher cause, created in Puritan society a sense of vigilance, a constant and uncompromising watch for signs of sin.

People were completely INTOLERANT of sin. They believed that any sin committed in the community would cause God’s wrath to be visited on them. An illness or misfortune would show God’s disapproval

Merging of Public and Private Life Puritans actually sought out sins

that had been committed in the community so that the sin could be brought out in the open and the members of the community could express their scorn for that sin.

So ultimately and ironically, instead of extending even an ounce of the tolerance denied them in England – rather than setting an example for the world - the Puritans became disparaging, nosey, rigid, even cruel in their estimation of others

The Puritans traded idealism for what they perceived as obedience and loyalty. They created a society that aimed to control, judge, and punish its citizens.

Puritan Beliefs

Puritan beliefs can be summed up in the acronym TULIP:

Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin.

Unconditional Election - God "saves" those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination.

Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.

Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.

Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God - something impossible in Puritanism.

Essentially…

Puritanism can be perceived as a stern and uncompromising belief.

The central tenet is God’s supreme authority over human affairs

Man is corrupt and bent on doing evil Salvation comes through a developing

personal relationship with God Man’s purpose is to bring glory to

God in everything he does.

Secondary Setting: Hawthorne’s Time Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804-1864) wrote (1804-1864) wrote during two important during two important and overlapping literary and overlapping literary movements: movements:

Romanticism – a Romanticism – a sweeping term that sweeping term that embraced several embraced several subcategoriessubcategories

Transcendentalism – a Transcendentalism – a subcategory of subcategory of RomanticimRomanticim

Romanticism

Name given to those schools of thought that value feeling and intuition over reason

Reaction to logic and reason of the Enlightenment period.

Return to natureReturn to nature Goodness of humanityGoodness of humanity Imagination discovers truths not

available to the rational mind Youthful innocence to educated

sophistication Inspiration in myth, legend, and

folklore Artist is vehicle to reach the

sublime

Transcendentalism

Boston-centered movement, Boston-centered movement, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and practiced by Henry David and practiced by Henry David ThoreauThoreau

Man is the spiritual center of Man is the spiritual center of the universethe universe

The structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self—all knowledge, therefore, begins with self-knowledge

Nature as a living mystery, full of signs - source of enlightenment and spirituality

Emphasis on individual choice Emphasis on individual choice and responsibilityand responsibility

Confirmation or Repudiation?

Hawthorne’s life and career straddled two artistic periods that emphasized Optimism and Idealism The power of human intuition The innate divinity within all people The transcendent qualities to be found in nature The inherent goodness in all men

The Historical Time Period

Hawthorne befriended the two most pivotal figures in the Transcendentalist movement: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Hawthorne was marginally associated with Transcendent-alism, having lived on Brook Farm, a Transcendentalist utopian commune.

Despite his close association with Transcendentalism, Hawthorne would come to reject it, finding its optimism absurdly naive and simplistic

Hawthorne came to embrace the movement’s opposite, or Anti-Transcendentalism.

ANTI-TRANSCENDENTALISM

Anti-transcendentalists• Dark view of human and elemental

nature• Realists• Decisions – arrived at through

internal conflict and moral struggle• Experience over intuition• Spirituality based on

Puritanism/Calvinism• Nature is indifferent; • Man is prone toward selfish

impulses and indifference.

Influences Anti-Transcendentalist took their

philosophical cues from the times. They remained discontented with circumstances in America (poverty/unjust and cruel treatment of factory workers, poor educational system, lack of women’s rights, slavery…) so they focused on moral dilemmas and society’s ills

Hawthorne likely came to Anti-Transcendentalism due to his skeptical nature.

Additionally, Hawthorne was driven by an obvious and powerful influence:

His Puritan Past As The Scarlet Letter suggests,

Puritanism was the source of great ambivalence for Hawthorne

Biographical Information Nathaniel Hawthorne

Born in Salem, Massachusetts to a family with a long New England history.

Original name of the family was Hathorne, he added a 'w' to distance himself from the history which included John Hathorne, a prominent judge in the Salem witch trials of 1692-3

The Hathorne legacy was one of strict Puritanism which Hawthorne grappled with in his stories and novels, the most prominent example being The Scarlet Letter.

1804 – 1864

Biographical Information Hawthorne was sent by his

uncle to Bowdoin College in Maine where he supposed to pursue a traditional career path.

But Hawthorne had had aspirations to be a writer at an early age.

Commenting on the conflict between his family’s expectations and his own aspirations Hawthorne wrote

“I do not want to be a doctor and live by men's diseases, nor a minister to live by their sins, nor a lawyer and live by their quarrels. So, I don't see that there is anything left for me but to be and author.”

This sentiment reveals the direction Hawthorne's writing would follow; one of encountering those aspects of humanity (diseases, sins and quarrels) through a lens which would bring them into a focus highlighting their ambiguities and the conflict of man within their paradoxes.

Hawthorne’s Puritan Influence The influences of

Hawthorne's upbringing in Salem, Massachusetts and his rejection, guilt and conflict over his Puritan ancestry are evident in his literary works.

Many of his writings are expressions of Puritan ideals and the connection of those ideals with human nature.

Hawthorne’s work focus on such Puritan themes as Salem - early childhood,

later work at the Custom House.

Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692.

Belief in the existence of the devil or an active evil

Belief in determinism.

A Dialogue with the Past

The Scarlet Letter shows Hawthorne both haunted and intrigued by his ancestors. He portrays Puritan society as self-righteous,

hypocritical and cruel, yet elevates the ideals and morality on which it was founded.

He confirms Total Depravity, or original sin, in his characters, yet insists on compassion for its victims.

It appears as if Hawthorne and his narrator are anxious to leave the past but appear inextricably tied to it.

A Point of Reference The introductory chapter to The Scarlet Letter is called “The Custom House”. It takes

place 200 years after the main story of Hester Prynne.

The “Custom House” is largely a semi-autobiographical sketch describing the life as an administrator of the Salem Custom House. It is a stand-alone section of the novel that resembles more a tract or a personal essay than an introduction to a piece of fiction, but it offers plenty of insights that will support the rest of The Scarlet Letter.

For one thing, we gain a sense of why the narrator feels the need to tell the story. As a man of youth and vigor, he feels somewhat at odds with the Puritan nature of his society. He himself seems to feel a deep resentment for the strict fidelity to rules and values that would deem his whole personality, and his ambition to write, as frivolous or even sinful.

The real drama comes when the narrator, bored and curious, wonders the upper floors of his work place and discovers a scarlet letter on a small piece of cloth along with the set of papers that become the foundation of his novel

The narrative technique of introducing a story at the beginning of a novel that sets the stage for a fictitious narrative (think Princess Bride) is called a frame story. This story within a story leads readers from the first story into the smaller one within it.

While You Read…

Take note of: The setting The narrator’s musings on rules The history of Salem The physical effects of the letter on the narrator The narrator’s reflections on his ancestors

What might we infer about the legacy of the Puritans from the condition of Salem as the story begins? In what way does the author draw a parallel

between himself and Hester Prynne?

Happy Reading

Please read the entire chapter of “The Custom House” this weekend.

Please actively engage with the novel by liberally annotating the text. Use Your “Reading Strategies” Handout to inform

your reading. See the website for The Scarlet Letter reading

schedule.

ENJOY!