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Sex Discrimination
Michael ItagakiSociology 102, Social Problems
Problem in Sociological Perspective
Women viewed as the minority group Not a numerical minority Patriarchy
Scope of the Problem
Is male dominance universal? Debateable Biological support Cultural support
Dynamic Element of Social Problem
Major areas of sex discrimination (Hacker, 1951) Political and legal Education Economic Social
Theoretical Analysis of Social Problem
Symbolic Interaction Socialization into gender/sex
roles? ex. Toys
Symbolic Interaction
Our toys
Socialization into Gender Roles
Feminine Nurturers Dependent Attractive = Looks
Masculine Doers Independent Attractive =
Achievement
Socialization
Erving Goffman and the Presentation of the Self Dramaturgy—Social
Interaction asTheatre
Impression management Front Stage Back Stage
Stereotypes
Deeply influence how we act Form expectations shapes
actions Person receiving our actions forms
ideas of how we’re thinking (looking-glass self)
Person’s behavior changes to match expectations, conform to stereotype
Functionalism Male dominance rooted in
biological and social factors Response to warfare Response to childbearing
Theoretical Analysis of Social Problem
Conflict Theory Power, privilege and resources Who has ownership? Equality attained only when men
yield
Theoretical Analysis of Social Problem
Natural differences between the sexes Biological differences? SAT scores, aggressive behavior Biological differences? Socialization? Does socialization reinforce
biologicaldifferences?
Research Findings
Discrimination “You throw like a girl.” Devaluation
discrimination Education: college example
Research Findings
Table 9.2 (p. 294)Doctorates in Science, by Sex
Agents of Socialization
Mass Media
Socialization
Mass Media One female for every two
maleson prime time television.
Video games, one female for every seven males
Socialization Mass Media
How realistic areportrayals of women?
Socialization Mass Media
Breaking the mold
Research Findings
Working world Gender pay gap
Figure 9.3 (p. 299)How Much Will You Earn? Cash Penalties and Rewards for Being Male or FemaleSource: By the author, based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2003: Table 230.
Research Findings
Working world Gender pay gap Employers value maleness Dual labor market
Gender Inequality Glass Ceiling
Who is in leadership? Iron Law of Oligarchy
Gender Inequality CEOs for Fortune 500 list (2006):
Gender Inequality Women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies:
10 out of 500 (2%) Sara Lee Corp. President and CEO:
Brenda Barnes
Gender Inequality Glass Ceiling
Who is in leadership? Iron Law of Oligarchy
Lack of mentors Stereotype of “support role” Breaking through the glass
ceiling
Gender Inequality Glass Escalator
Gender driven Men in traditionally female
jobs Given promotions
Higher pay Higher job position
ex. Sociology faculty: CSUF,Fullerton College