Shadow Flicker Analysis - History of Submitted Versions ... · turbine locations, it is likely that...

Shadow Flicker Analysis - History of Submitted Versions from Atlantic Design Engineers Version # Date of Report Reason for Revised Version 1 2/16/2009 Original Analysis based upon preliminary 13 turbine plan 2

7/12/2010

Revise the shadow flicker calculations based on the reduction of turbines from 13 to 11 and to reflect the final proposed locations and elevations of the turbines

3 7/27/2010 Re-calculate shadow flicker assuming a 2nd story window 4

8/9/2010

Revised Shadow Flicker Analysis per memorandums received from CDM July 27, 2010 and August 3, 2010

5

9/9/2010

Revised Shadow Flicker Analysis per memorandum received from CDM dated August 19, 2010 and per the recommendations and comments from CDM and Town Engineer discussed at the peer review meeting of 8/31/2010, which was attended by CDM, Atlantic Design Engineers, Rod Jané, Bill Cundiff and Steve Zisk).

6 10/5/2010 Revised Shadow Flicker Analysis per combined comments from CDM and the Town of Douglas, MA, dated September 27, 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page I. Scope of Work/Introduction 1

II. Introduction to Shadow Flicker 1 III. Zoning Bylaws and Legislation 2

IV. Shadow Flicker Modeling and Analysis 3 V. Results and Conclusion 7

VI. Flicker Mitigation Plan 9

VII. Moon Shadow Flicker 11 FIGURES Figure 1 Wind Turbine Locations Figure 2 Shadow Receptor Locations Figure 3 Micro Shadow Flicker Impact Plan Figure 4 Micro Shadow Flicker Impact Plan APPENDICES

Appendix A WindPRO Calculations Appendix B Shadow Flicker Impact Plan

Shadow Flicker Analysis Page 1 Atlantic Design Engineers, LLC Douglas Woods Wind Farm October 5, 2010

I. SCOPE OF WORK/INTRODUCTION American Pro Wind, LLC is proposing to construct eleven (11) 100 meter wind turbines on ±300 acres of land west of the Douglas State Forest and south of Webster Street. The proposed site is located at Webster Street (Assessors Map 205, Lots 2 & 3, Map 206, Lot 1, Map 207, Lots 1, 2 & 5 and Map 230, Lots 2 & 4) in Douglas, Massachusetts. The proposed locations of the turbines are shown on Figure 1. The turbines are anticipated to be Nordex N100 machines (or a physically similar model) with a power output of 2,500 KW, a hub height of 100 meters and up to 100 meter rotor diameters (i.e. 50 meter blades).

At the request of the American Pro Wind, LLC a shadow flicker analysis has been completed by Atlantic Design Engineers in order to assess the potential impacts that shadow flickering from the proposed turbines may have on the surrounding community. Shadow flicker from wind turbines is the effect resulting from the shadows cast by the rotating turbine blades on sunny days. Shadow flicker occurs at such low frequencies that it is not considered a health hazard but it can be considered an annoyance. (See Section II for a more complete description of shadow flicker). Shadow flicker modeling was performed using the software WindPRO, version 2.7.473, developed by EMD International. This modeling uses geometry and site specific data to estimate the number of hours per year that shadows could be cast on general areas, as well as specific locations or "receptors", surrounding the site. (See Section IV for a more complete description of the methodology used for the modeling).

The results of the computer modeling were tabulated and compared to known local, state, federal or industry wide thresholds for flicker impacts in order to determine if any problem areas occur as a result of the turbine siting. The results were also shown graphically on a "Shadow Flicker Impact Plan" of the surrounding area (See Appendix B).

II. INTRODUCTION TO SHADOW FLICKER An important siting criterion that must be considered for wind turbines is the occurrence of shadow flicker. Shadow flicker can be explained as periodic obstructions of light being projected into an area or onto stationary objects, such as windows, due to short reductions in light intensities caused by the turbines rotating blades passing in front of the sun. This strobe-like effect that is created lasts as long as the sun is directly behind the blades and will not occur in conditions where the sun is obscured by cloud cover or heavy fog. Furthermore, any obstacles including terrain, buildings and vegetation that are located between the turbine and the potential shadow flicker receptor significantly reduces or eliminates these effects. In addition, no flicker effect will take place while the blades of the turbine are not turning or when the turbine rotor is oriented parallel to the receptor.

Shadow flicker is most commonly measured in terms of the "hours per year" and "hours per day" during which a receptor would be exposed to flicker from a wind turbine. Other than within a close proximity to the base of the turbine, shadow flicker usually occurs in the morning or evening, closer to sunrise and sunset, when the sun is low in the horizon producing longer shadows. In addition, shadow flicker is often more of an issue in the winter than in the summer due to the sun's lower position on the horizon during the winter in North America.

Shadow flicker intensity, or how "light" or "dark" a shadow appears at a certain location decreases as the viewer moves further away from the turbine. The closer a receptor is to the turbine, the shadows will tend to be darker and wider due to the blades blocking out a larger portion of the sun's rays. At receptor


locations farther away, the blades will not be obstructing as much sunlight and therefore the shadows will be thinner and less distinct. Typically, beyond a distance of 3,280 feet (1,000 meters), atmospheric conditions such as haze or particles in the air will disperse the sunlight and the blades will no longer produce distinct shadows. Therefore, shadow flicker is commonly not considered a concern past this distance. Conservatively, the assessment performed for this report quantifies the total number of "hours per year" that shadow flicker may potentially affect a certain receptor (residential) location, irrespective of intensity level. Therefore, any and all shadow flicker that is generated regardless of how light or dark the shadow is, will be quantified and addressed through mitigation if necessary. Realistically, receptors that are located further away from the turbine are actually likely to experience less shadow flicker impacts than are presented in the model and report. Because all of the receptors (residences) within 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) of the turbines are to the west (specifically west, northwest, and southwest) of the affecting turbine locations, it is likely that all of the Shadow Flicker impacts will be experienced in the early morning hours only.

Shadow flicker frequency is directly related to speed of the turbine rotor and the number of blades on the rotor. The Nordex N-100 wind turbines proposed for the site has three blades with a nominal rotor speed of 14.9 rpm. This translates to a blade pass frequency of .75 hertz (14.9 rpm/60 seconds x 3 blades = 0.75). Shadow flicker frequency this low is considered harmless in terms of health and safety. Flashing lights with frequencies between 5 and 30 HZ are considered to be a potential health and safety issue. The flicker rates that may be realized by the proposed turbines are much lower than this threshold.

III. ZONING BYLAWS AND LEGISLATION The following are current known standards, bylaws or legislation that address or regulate shadow flicker from wind turbines.

Town of Douglas, MA – Zoning Bylaws At the time of the initial Douglas Woods ZBA variance process, the Zoning Bylaws for Douglas, Massachusetts did not contain any requirements or regulations concerning wind turbine siting and any related criteria such as noise and shadow flicker impact. Therefore, many of the siting conditions including setbacks, shadow flicker limits, and noise regulations were established in the variance agreements (ZBA Decisions 2009-04 and 2010-01) between the Town of Douglas and American Pro Wind. In May 2010, a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) Bylaw was adopted by the Town of Douglas. However, an amendment to section 6.7.3.1 of the WECS bylaw exempted any projects for which a variance had previously been granted as of the date of the bylaw adoption. The Douglas Woods Wind Project received its variances in May 2009 and April 2010 respectively. Therefore, the WECS bylaw does not apply to the Douglas Woods Wind Farm Project.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts Recommendations The Commonwealth of Massachusetts does not directly address the issue of shadow flicker in any legislation. However, in October 2008, the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources and the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs prepared a Model Amendment to a Zoning Ordinance or By-law entitled “Allowing Conditional Use of Wind Energy Facilities.” This model bylaw addresses the issue of shadow flicker in Section 3.0 (General Requirements for all Wind Energy Facilities) by stating the following:

(3.9.3) Shadow/Flicker: Wind energy facilities shall be sited in a manner that minimizes shadowing or flicker impacts. The applicant has the burden of proving that this effect does not have significant adverse


impact on neighboring or adjacent uses. Additional Criteria The following condition of the ZBA decision for the Douglas Woods project provides the criteria for which shadow flicker mitigation is required.

Town of Douglas, MA – Zoning Board of Appeals – Decision Case No. 2009-04 American Pro Wind, LLC

Condition #7). During the site plan review process, the Applicant shall present mitigation of shadowing or flicker impacts as follows: As to any residential location existing as of May 6, 2009, where estimated shadowing/flicker exceeds thirty (30) Experienced Hours per year, the Applicant shall provide to the Board with copies to the affected property owners, a Flicker Mitigation Plan for the Board's review and approval, prior to the submission of the building permit application. Said Mitigation Plan shall either (i) provide for mitigation where shadowing/flicker is reduced to (30) Experienced Hours or below per year, or (ii) set forth such other acceptable resolution that may be approved as part of the Mitigation Plan. "Experienced Hours" are defined as hours a residence is in use and the occupants are awake. Common practice is to a) site the wind energy facility in a manner that minimizes significant shadowing or flicker impacts and b) perform an analysis to show that the effect of shadow flicker does not have significant adverse impact on neighboring, on-site, or adjacent uses either through siting or mitigation. Through the use of the data provided in our assessment, the Town of Douglas permitting agency will be able to determine whether or not the proposed turbine layout will have “significant adverse impacts” on the surrounding community and subsequently determine whether the proposed mitigation plan is sufficient to reduce any impact to acceptable levels as defined by the ZBA decision.

IV. SHADOW FLICKER MODELING & ANALYSIS A module of the WindPRO software called Shadow was used to model and calculate the annual hours of shadow impact for areas surrounding the proposed turbine installation site.

The WindPro calculations performed by Atlantic estimate both the astronomical "worst case" and the "expected" (or real) shadow flicker hours per year, as well as the maximum shadow flicker hours per day under both scenarios. The astronomical "worst case" calculations assume the turbine is always in operation, it is constantly sunny, and the turbine rotor is always facing the shadow receptor. The "expected" hours or real value calculation takes into account factors such as cloud cover and wind direction, which reduce the actual shadow flicker hours experienced. This provides more realistic results. These calculated "expected" hours values are still on the conservative side because obstacles that will reduce or eliminate shadow flicker, such as structures or vegetation, are not considered in the model. Therefore, the actual "experienced" shadow flicker hours, in many cases, are likely to be less than the calculated "expected" shadow flicker hours in this study.

The following site specific data inputs are required for the Shadow module of WindPRO:

The location and elevations of the proposed turbines (coordinates) Shadow flicker receptor viewing areas (2nd story window), elevations and locations

(coordinates) USGS topographical information (elevation/height/contours) Hub Heights and Rotor Diameters


Calculation time step (1 minute) Calculation day steps (Every Day) Wind speed and direction frequency distribution Hours of sunshine (monthly probabilities)

The following lists these site specific input parameters along with its source and a brief explanation of the use of the input in the WindPRO model.


Input Parameter Source of Information Explanation

Turbine Locations and Base Elevations

Proposed site layout and grading plans, which are based on the existing conditions field survey, which is based on MA State Plane NAD83 and NAVD 1988

Input for model to determine the proximity of the turbines to the receptors, and the proposed base elevations of the turbines in relation to the elevation of the receptors

Receptor Locations and Elevations

Existing conditions field survey for receptors in close proximity to the site locus and Mass GIS Aerial Imagery overlay (2005) for all others

Input for model to determine the proximity of the receptors to the turbines and the elevations of the receptors in relation to the turbine elevations (2nd Story Window assumed)

Topographical Information

Existing conditions field survey done on site for the project locus and for areas within close proximity of the site locus and Mass GIS for all other areas

Input for model to determine line of sight between turbines and receptors

Hub Heights and Rotor Diameters

WindPRO database of manufacturer’s data - Nordex N-100 on a 100 meter tower selected

Determines dimensional characteristics of the specific Nordex turbines being installed at the Douglas Woods Wind Farm.

Calculation Time Step Input setting = 1 minute

The model simulates the position of the sun relative to the turbines and receptors at 1 minute intervals throughout the day

Calculation Day Steps Input setting = 365 days

The model simulates the position of the sun over an entire year at 1 minute intervals (365 days x 24 hours/day x 60 minutes/hour) = 525,600 total data points

Wind Speed and Direction

Met tower data collected onsite from 6/9/09 to 6-22-10 @ a 60m height

Determines the operational time used in the model to calculate when a turbine is operating and the turbine’s orientation to the receptor.

Hours of Sunshine

Sunshine probabilities were taken from data presented by www.city-data.com for the Town of Douglas, MA

Input for model to determine monthly sunshine probability, which is used in concert with wind speed and directionality inputs to quantify the predicted hours of shadow flicker

The parameters listed above were defined in the program and a model was created that simulates the position of the sun at any given time during the year in relation to a specified location. Through the use of vector geometry, the program examined the proposed wind turbines position in relation to the sun and calculated whether a shadow is generated in a general area or at the specific receptor locations. For each day throughout the year the sun's path with respect to each turbine location is


calculated by the program at 1 minute intervals for the duration of daylight hours. One of the most important considerations that are accounted for by the model is the terrain of the land and how it affects the direct line of sight between the receptor and the turbine or between the turbine and the sun. The sources of topographical information used in the model include a site survey within the property, MassGIS contours for all areas surrounding the property, and design grading for the base elevations of the proposed turbines. In addition, the amount of time the turbine is running and the direction the turbine is facing was calculated based upon long term wind distribution measurements taken at the site. Also, the effect of cloud cover was calculated using average monthly sunshine probabilities derived from readily available on-line sources.

The output from the computer modeling includes a summary of the input data and results, a tabulation of time of day with shadow flicker at each receptor, a tabulation of time of impact from the turbine at each receptor, as well as a color- coded shadow flicker map of the site and surrounding areas, showing iso-lines representing hours per year of potential shadow flicker. Another output of the program are calendars showing the exact time and date that each receptor will be subjected to shadow flicker. Atlantic has also included a supplemental Shadow Flicker Impact Plan of the area, utilizing the data outputs from WindPRO, as well as AutoCAD 2008, to provide a clearer visualization of the shadow flicker impacts on the surrounding area by delineating color coded areas for different ranges of estimated shadow flicker time that can be expected. (See Appendix B)

This Shadow Impact Plan was utilized to develop a list of receptors at which the affects of shadow flicker were specifically analyzed. Upon review of the Shadow Flicker Impact Plan, all of the residences within the area calculated to experience greater than 30 unmitigated hours/year were chosen as receptors, as well as numerous residences just outside the area calculated to experience 30 unmitigated hours/year.

This resulted in a total of 34 receptors chosen for specific analysis. The receptors are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4 and are listed as follows:


LIST OF SHADOW RECEPTORS

Receptor Receptor Name Description/Address

A Neighbor A Single family home at 135 Douglas Road, Webster, MA B Neighbor B Single family home at 78 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA C Neighbor C Single family home at 4 Dream Street, Webster, MA D Neighbor D Single family home at 63 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA E Neighbor E Single family home at 133 Douglas Road, Webster, MA F Neighbor F Single family home at 129 Douglas Road, Webster, MA G Neighbor G Single family home at 127 Douglas Road, Webster, MA H Neighbor H Single family home at 76 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA I Neighbor I Single family home at 74 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA J Neighbor J Single family home at 72 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA K Neighbor K Single family home at 70 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA L Neighbor L Single family home at 68 Old Douglas, Webster, MA M Neighbor M Single family home at 66 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA N Neighbor N Single family home at 64 Old Douglas Road, Webster, MA P Neighbor P Single family home at 61 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA Q Neighbor Q Single family home at 59 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA R Neighbor R Single family home at 57 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA S Neighbor S Single family home at 55 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA T Neighbor T Single family home at 53 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA U Neighbor U Single family home at 51 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA V Neighbor V Single family home at 49 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA W Neighbor W Single family home at 47 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA X Neighbor X Single family home at 45 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA Y Neighbor Y Single family home at 3 Dream Street, Webster, MA Z Neighbor Z Single family home at 41 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA

AA Neighbor AA Single family home at 56 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA BB Neighbor BB Single family home at 54 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA CC Neighbor CC Single family home at 52 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA DD Neighbor DD Single family home at 50 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA EE Neighbor EE Single family home at 48 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA FF Neighbor FF Single family home at 40 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA GG Neighbor GG Single family home at 39 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA HH Neighbor HH Single family home at 37 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA II Neighbor II Single family home at 35 Blueberry Hill, Webster, MA

Including such a comprehensive list of receptors from the affected neighborhoods allows us to identify each individual household that may be subject to greater than 30 hours/year of unmitigated flicker affect. Those households will be included in the mitigation plan required by Condition #7 of the aforementioned ZBA decision.

V. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results of the analysis are provided in Appendix A and are shown graphically on the Shadow Flicker Impact Plan enclosed in Appendix B. The shadow flicker affect from the proposed turbines on each location is shown on the following table.


ESTIMATED SHADOW FLICKER

Receptor Name Astronomical

Maximum Hours/Year

Expected Hours/Year

Astronomical Maximum

Minutes/Day

Expected Minutes/Day

Include In Mitigation

Plan A.- 135 Douglas Road 122:59 hours/year 34:03 hours/year 71 min/day 19 min/day Y B.- 78 Old Douglas Road 101:08 hours/year 32:25 hours/year 45 min/day 14 min/day Y C. - 4 Dream Street 153:28 hours/year 54:02 hours/year 61 min/day 24 min/day Y D. – 63 Blueberry Way 97:49 hours/year 37:19 hours/year 57 min/day 23 min/day Y E - 133 Douglas Road 112:44 hours/year 30:44 hours/year 66 min/day 18 min/day Y F – 129 Douglas Road 74:20 hours/year 20:32 hours/year 55 min/day 15 min/day N G – 127 Douglas Road 84:29 hours/year 23:08 hours/year 55 min/day 14 min/day N H –76 Old Douglas Road 99:22 hours/year 32:25 hours/year 43 min/day 17 min/day Y I – 74 Old Douglas Road 132:39 hours/year 45:18 hours/year 50 min/day 20 min/day Y J – 72 Old Douglas Road 116:51 hours/year 40:29 hours/year 47 min/day 19 min/day Y K – 70 Old Douglas Road 112:04 hours/year 38:55 hours/year 45 min/day 18 min/day Y L – 68 Old Douglas Road 89:03 hours/year 30:15 hours/year 43 min/day 17 min/day Y M – 66 Old Douglas Road 89:38 hours/year 31:53 hours/year 40 min/day 16 min/day Y N – 64 Old Douglas Road 65:55 hours/year 22:06 hours/year 39 min/day 15 min/day N P – 61 Blueberry Hill 99:15 hours/year 37:38 hours/year 56 min/day 22 min/day Y Q – 59 Blueberry Hill 66:58 hours/year 24:52 hours/year 55 min/day 22 min/day N R – 57 Blueberry Hill 56:15 hours/year 20:26 hours year 53 min/day 21 min/day N S – 55 Blueberry Hill 65:50 hours year 23:58 hours/year 61 min/day 23 min/day N T – 53 Blueberry Hill 89:20 hours/year 32:34 hours/year 69 min/day 25 min/day Y U – 51 Blueberry Hill 102:35 hours/year 37:02 hours/year 70 min/day 22 min/day Y

V - 49 Blueberry Hill 120:21 hours/year 43:51 hours/year 60 min/day 24 min/day Y W – 47 Blueberry Hill 97:36 hours/year 34:55 hours/year 48 min/day 17 min/day Y X – 45 Blueberry Hill 65:16 hours/year 22:32 hours/year 44 min/day 14 min/day N Y – 3 Dream Street 115:31 hours/year 41:53 hours/year 49 min/day 20 min/day Y Z -41 Blueberry Hill 49:48 hours/year 17:15 hours/year 37 min/day 12 min/day N AA – 56 Blueberry Hill 45:21 hours/year 16:57 hours/year 48 min/day 19 min/day N

BB – 54 Blueberry Hill 56:16 hours/year 21:03 hours/year 44 min/day 17 min/day N CC – 52 Blueberry Hill 69:36 hours/year 26:03 hours/year 43 min/day 16 min/day N DD – 50 Blueberry Hill 74:17 hours/year 27:32 hours/year 41 min/day 15 min/day N EE – 48 Blueberry Hill 60:00 hours/year 21:31 hours/year 40 min/day 14 min/day N FF – 40 Blueberry Hill 52:04 hours/year 18:12 hours/year 39 min/day 13 min/day N GG – 39 Blueberry Hill 56:11 hours/year 20:01 hours/year 36 min/day 12 min/day N HH – 37 Blueberry Hill 59:48 hours/year 21:38 hours/year 34 min/day 13 min/day N II – 35 Blueberry Hill 58:52 hours/year 21:26 hours/year 35 min/day 12 min/day N

Note: The values presented above are based upon the receptor defined as a typical 2nd story window.

This table provides the calculated astronomical maximum shadow flicker hours/year and the more realistic calculated expected shadow flicker hours/year for each receptor. As stated previously, the astronomical maximum value that WindPro calculates assumes that the sun is always shining, that the


wind is always blowing at sufficient velocity to spin the turbine blades and that the wind is always blowing in a direction which results in the blades being perpendicular to the receptor. Realistically, this scenario will never occur but the results are provided in the report to demonstrate the significant reduction of shadow flicker when considering realistic estimates of sunshine, wind speed and wind direction probabilities, which the "expected" scenario does.

It should be noted that both calculation scenarios do not take into account trees, vegetation, buildings, fences or other obstructions that may exist in the line of site between the receptor and the turbines that would subsequently reduce the amount of actual experienced shadow flicker. In our professional judgment, this reduction is significant, particularly in the area of Old Douglas and Douglas Roads. In many cases, these obstructions will result in actual experienced shadow flicker hours/year being well below the conservative "expected" hours/year calculations. A discount factor to reduce the "expected" hours/year calculation to reflect these obstructions may be appropriate. However, to calculate the exact discount factor to be used for each receptor location could be an arduous task and the results debatable because of intermittent factors like seasonality, foliage, etc. Therefore, to be conservative in our approach, and to provide the Town and affected residences with greater confidence that flicker impacts will be entirely captured by the analysis, our shadow flicker analysis and proposed mitigation plan do not to apply any reduction factors to the WindPro results that would account for existing trees/vegetation/screening. As a result, the "expected" flicker hours/year calculation in our analysis is conservative and, in some cases, the actual experienced hours may be significantly less that the "expected" hours calculations due to the presence of trees.

Graphical calendars showing the times of the day and year when shadow flicker is expected at each receptor is provided in Appendix A. For example, Receptor C, which has the highest estimated "expected" hours of shadow flicker per year, is expected to experience shadow flicker in the morning throughout the year. Since all of the receptors are located to the west (specifically west, northwest, and southwest) of the affecting turbines, it is expected that all of the shadow flicker affects will be experienced in the early morning hours. The above table also includes the calculated maximum shadow hours per day for the astronomical worst case and expected scenarios to show that none of the receptors analyzed will receive greater than 30 "expected" minutes/day of shadow flicker.

Of the 34 receptors analyzed, a total of 17 are calculated to receive greater than 30 "expected" hours /year of shadow flicker. Realistically, due to existing obstructions such as trees and vegetation, the actual amount of experienced shadow flicker will, in some cases, be less than 30 hours/year. To be conservative, the proponent is committing to include all of these 17 receptors (residences) in the proposed Flicker Mitigation Plan and to use the calculated "expected" hours/year as the basis for mitigation.

VI. FLICKER MITIGATION PLAN In accordance with Condition #7 of the ZBA Decision for American Pro Wind, LLC a Flicker Mitigation Plan has been prepared by American Pro Wind, LLC, in consultation with Atlantic Design Engineers, and New England Expansion Strategies. The plan will reduce the "expected" shadow flicker to 30 hours/year or less for all receptors (residences) that are calculated to have more than 30 "expected" hours/year without mitigation.

Based upon the results of WindPro calculations and analysis, the following 17 receptors (residences) are calculated to receive greater than 30 expected hours of flicker per year prior to mitigation:


ESTIMATED SHADOW FLICKER AND MITIGATION PLAN

SHADOW RECEPTOR ESTIMATED SHADOW FLICKER

Receptor Name Astronomical

Maximum Value Hours/Year

Expected Hours/Year

Mitigated Hours/Year

Net Expected Hours/Year After

Mitigation A. – 135 Douglas Road 122:59 hours/year 34:03 hours/year ≈ 5:03 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year B. – 78 Old Douglas Road 101:08 hours/year 32:25 hours/year ≈ 3:25 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year C. – 4 Dream Street 153:28 hours/year 54:02 hours/year ≈ 25:02 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year D. – 63 Blueberry Way 97:49 hours/year 37:19 hours/year ≈ 8:19 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year E. – 133 Douglas Road 112:44 hours/year 30:44 hours/year ≈ 1:44 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year H. – 76 Old Douglas Road 99:22 hours/year 32:25 hours/year ≈ 3:25 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year I. – 74 Old Douglas Road 132:39 hours/year 45:18 hours/year ≈ 16:18 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year J. – 72 Old Douglas Road 116:51 hours/year 40:29 hours/year ≈ 11:29 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year K. – 70 Old Douglas Road 112:04 hours/year 38:55 hours/year ≈ 9:55 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year L. – 68 Old Douglas Road 89:03 hours/year 30:15 hours/year ≈ 1:15 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year M. – 66 Old Douglas Road 89:38 hours/year 31:53 hours/year ≈ 2:53 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year P .– 61 Blueberry Hill 99:15 hours/year 37:38 hours/year ≈ 8:38 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year T. – 53 Blueberry Hill 89:20 hours/year 32:34 hours/year ≈ 3:34 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year U. – 51 Blueberry Hill 102:35 hours/year 37:02 hours/year ≈ 8:02 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year V. – 49 Blueberry Hill 120:21 hours/year 43:51 hours/year ≈ 14:51 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year W. – 47 Blueberry Hill 97:36 hours/year 34:55 hours/year ≈ 5:55 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year Y. – 3 Dream Street 115:43 hours/year 41:53 hours/year ≈ 12:53 hours/year ≈ 29 hours/year

As stated previously, the estimated shadow flicker values are conservative in that they assume full exposure of the viewing areas and do not include any obstacles such as trees, vegetation, or buildings that may be in line between the turbine and the receptor. Therefore, for many of the receptors, the actual duration of shadow flicker will likely be even less than the calculated "expected" hours/year values. However, to be conservative, the proposed flicker mitigation is based upon these calculated “expected” hours/year values, assuming no obstructions or trees.

For the above listed 17 receptors (residences), the developer is committed to a flicker mitigation plan summarized as follows:

American Pro Wind will install a photovoltaic light sensor and a shadow impact switch off module on Turbines #1, 7, 8 and 9 (the turbines causing the most flicker at the 17 listed receptors). This module will automatically shut down the turbine during critical shadow flicker times when the sun is shining and wind conditions exist that will result in potential flicker affects.

The affecting turbine(s) will be shut off for a sufficient number of hours to reduce expected shadow flicker to 30 hours/year or less at each of the 17 receptor (residence) locations. As the above Estimated Shadow Flicker and Mitigation Plan chart shows, the net "expected" flicker hours/year after mitigation (or in other words the projected "Experienced" hours) will be reduced to 29 hours/year or less at each of the 17 receptor (residence) locations.

Although not required by the conditions of the Variance Agreement or any other bylaw, the Flicker Mitigation Plan proposed by American Pro Wind, LLC will also seek to keep the maximum flicker


experienced per day to 30 minutes or less at each of the 17 receptor (residence) locations. Even though the calculations for expected shadow flicker hours in the chart above show that none of the 17 residences are expected to receive more than 30 minutes/day of shadow flicker, the affecting turbine(s) will be programmed to automatically shut off in a manner that will keep the experienced shadow flicker hours/day to 30 minutes or less at each of the 17 locations.

Note that even though the turbine shut-down periods will be targeting specifically the shadow flicker experienced by the 17 receptors (residences) listed above, many additional homes near these receptors (those houses with 30 hours/year or less of unmitigated shadow flicker) will also benefit with reduced shadow flicker times due to the turbines shutting down. With the exception of the most impacted of the 17 receptors (residences), the actual experienced hours of shadow flicker after mitigation for many of the other affected receptors (residences) will likely be significantly lower than the 29 hours/year presented in the Estimated Shadow Flicker and Mitigation Plan table.

The complete Flicker Mitigation Plan to be submitted as a separate document by American Pro Wind, LLC provides a more detailed description of the shadow impact module, along with it's operation, maintenance, testing and reporting capabilities.

With this mitigation plan in place, the project is not expected to generate shadow flicker in excess of 30 "experienced" hours/year maximum at any of the receptor (residence) locations per the maximum limit established by the variance agreements.

VII. MOON SHADOW FLICKER The purported issue of moon shadow flicker was a concern raised at a recent Planning Board Site Plan

Review meeting. In our professional judgment, the moving shadows cast by turbine blades passing in front of the moon is not an issue of valid concern for several reasons.

The moon is rarely bright enough to cause distinct shadows. Shadows from moonlight typically occur only on those occasional full or nearly full moons when the sky is extremely clear. In these instances, the moon is typically at its brightest when it is higher in the sky and therefore won't be in line with any turbines. When the moon is lower in the horizon and possibly in line with a turbine, it is typically not bright enough to cause discernable shadows. Additionally, based on our research, moon flicker is not an acknowledged phenomenon in the wind energy industry, nor are the purported effects of moon flicker analyzed or even mentioned in any Shadow Flicker Studies that we have reviewed. Our research has also not uncovered any pattern, or even a few mentions, of moon flicker as the basis for complaints among residents who live near wind farms.

APPENDIX A

WindPRO Calculations

WindPRO version 2.7.473 Jun 2010

WindPRO is developed by EMD International A/S, Niels Jernesvej 10, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Tlf. +45 96 35 44 44, Fax +45 96 35 44 46, e-mail: [email protected]

Project:

2596 Flicker REV2Printed/Page

9/10/2010 9:58 AM / 1Licensed user:

Atlantic Design Engineers, LLC P.O. Box 1051 US-SANDWICH MA 02563508 888 9282Miro Jakubicka / [email protected]:

9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - Main Result

Assumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutes

Sunshine probability S/S0 (Sun hours/Possible sun hours) []Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0.51 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.54 0.48 0.50

Operational hours are calculated from WTGs in calculation and winddistribution:Onsite MET Data

Operational timeN NNE ENE E ESE SSE S SSW WSW W WNW NNW Sum

397 687 931 446 204 244 315 793 939 883 1,536 922 8,299Idle start wind speed3.0m/s

A ZVI (Zones of Visual Influence) calculation is performed before flickercalculation so non visible WTG do not contribute to calculated flicker values. AWTG will be visible if it is visible from any part of the receiver window. The ZVIcalculation is based on the following assumptions:Height contours used: Height Contours: Final MA_RI _CT_Cont UTM84_19N_WGS84 REV2 20km.wpo (2)Obstacles not used in calculationEye height: 1.5 mGrid resolution: 10 m

Scale 1:40,000New WTG Shadow receptor

WTGsGeo DMS: WGS 84 WTG type

Longitude Latitude Z Row Valid Manufact. Type-generator Power, rated Rotor Hub height RPMdata/Description diameter

[m] [kW] [m] [m] [RPM]T1 -71°48'56.82" East 42°03'22.45" North 256.0 T1 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9

T10 -71°48'06.75" East 42°02'51.23" North 256.0 T10 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T11 -71°48'02.76" East 42°02'32.73" North 231.0 T11 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T2 -71°48'53.19" East 42°03'11.08" North 265.2 T2 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T3 -71°48'49.76" East 42°03'01.82" North 263.7 T3 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T4 -71°48'46.80" East 42°02'54.08" North 274.3 T4 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T5 -71°48'31.11" East 42°03'10.84" North 256.0 T5 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T6 -71°48'19.32" East 42°03'03.38" North 249.9 T6 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T7 -71°48'31.37" East 42°02'48.34" North 256.9 T7 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T8 -71°48'21.74" East 42°02'42.83" North 254.5 T8 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9T9 -71°48'25.66" East 42°02'32.83" North 246.9 T9 Yes NORDEX N100-2,500 2,500 100.0 100.0 14.9

Shadow receptor-InputGeo DMS: WGS 84

No. Name Longitude Latitude Z Width Height Height Degrees from Slope of Direction modea.g.l. south cw window

[m] [m] [m] [m] [°] [°]A A -71°49'06.42" East 42°03'30.45" North 246.4 2.0 1.2 4.5 9.5 90.0 Fixed directionB B -71°49'14.09" East 42°03'16.39" North 242.6 2.0 1.2 4.5 -90.7 90.0 Fixed directionC C -71°48'47.49" East 42°02'43.46" North 263.1 2.0 1.2 4.5 -136.4 90.0 Fixed directionD D -71°48'43.38" East 42°02'28.74" North 245.6 2.0 1.2 4.5 -153.8 90.0 Fixed directionE E -71°49'07.95" East 42°03'30.44" North 245.4 2.0 1.2 4.5 -87.6 90.0 Fixed directionF F -71°49'09.83" East 42°03'33.20" North 239.2 2.0 1.2 4.5 -13.1 90.0 Fixed directionG G -71°49'10.86" East 42°03'31.70" North 240.2 2.0 1.2 4.5 -6.2 90.0 Fixed directionH H -71°49'15.31" East 42°03'16.10" North 241.3 2.0 1.2 4.5 -94.1 90.0 Fixed direction

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9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473


...continued from previous pageGeo DMS: WGS 84

No. Name Longitude Latitude Z Width Height Height Degrees from Slope of Direction modea.g.l. south cw window

[m] [m] [m] [m] [°] [°]I I -71°49'17.02" East 42°03'17.70" North 237.8 2.0 1.2 4.5 -83.6 90.0 Fixed directionJ J -71°49'18.35" East 42°03'17.31" North 237.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -84.7 90.0 Fixed directionK K -71°49'19.34" East 42°03'17.62" North 235.4 2.0 1.2 4.5 -84.7 90.0 Fixed directionL L -71°49'20.61" East 42°03'18.33" North 234.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -90.4 90.0 Fixed direction

M M -71°49'21.91" East 42°03'15.69" North 241.9 2.0 1.2 4.5 -85.6 90.0 Fixed directionN N -71°49'23.33" East 42°03'18.74" North 235.1 2.0 1.2 4.5 -87.8 90.0 Fixed directionP P -71°48'43.48" East 42°02'30.07" North 246.9 2.0 1.2 4.5 -106.5 90.0 Fixed directionQ Q -71°48'44.03" East 42°02'31.45" North 246.1 2.0 1.2 4.5 -106.5 90.0 Fixed directionR R -71°48'44.60" East 42°02'32.63" North 246.1 2.0 1.2 4.5 -104.4 90.0 Fixed directionS S -71°48'45.05" East 42°02'33.71" North 247.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -104.4 90.0 Fixed directionT T -71°48'45.13" East 42°02'35.01" North 247.8 2.0 1.2 4.5 -104.4 90.0 Fixed directionU U -71°48'45.68" East 42°02'36.14" North 249.2 2.0 1.2 4.5 -91.7 90.0 Fixed directionV V -71°48'45.82" East 42°02'37.35" North 251.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -95.2 90.0 Fixed direction

W W -71°48'46.22" East 42°02'38.94" North 252.8 2.0 1.2 4.5 -131.2 90.0 Fixed directionX X -71°48'47.26" East 42°02'39.47" North 254.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -58.6 90.0 Fixed directionY Y -71°48'52.09" East 42°02'43.00" North 263.5 2.0 1.2 4.5 -42.1 90.0 Fixed directionZ Z -71°48'51.38" East 42°02'39.86" North 257.5 2.0 1.2 4.5 -93.1 90.0 Fixed direction

AA AA -71°48'46.67" East 42°02'30.70" North 249.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -42.7 90.0 Fixed directionBB BB -71°48'48.74" East 42°02'32.65" North 249.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -101.7 90.0 Fixed directionCC CC -71°48'49.12" East 42°02'33.79" North 249.0 2.0 1.2 4.5 -87.0 90.0 Fixed directionDD DD -71°48'49.94" East 42°02'35.09" North 249.6 2.0 1.2 4.5 -101.2 90.0 Fixed directionEE EE -71°48'50.19" East 42°02'36.29" North 250.8 2.0 1.2 4.5 -101.2 90.0 Fixed directionFF FF -71°48'50.69" East 42°02'37.66" North 252.4 2.0 1.2 4.5 -101.2 90.0 Fixed direction

GG GG -71°48'52.97" East 42°02'39.69" North 255.9 2.0 1.2 4.5 -96.4 90.0 Fixed directionHH HH -71°48'54.66" East 42°02'39.49" North 253.3 2.0 1.2 4.5 -96.5 90.0 Fixed direction

II II -71°48'56.35" East 42°02'39.04" North 251.9 2.0 1.2 4.5 -96.5 90.0 Fixed direction

Calculation ResultsShadow receptor

Shadow, worst case Shadow, expected valuesNo. Name Shadow hours Shadow days Max shadow Shadow hours

per year per year hours per day per year[h/year] [days/year] [h/day] [h/year]

A A 122:59 120 1:11 34:03 B B 101:08 192 0:45 32:25 C C 153:28 264 1:01 54:02 D D 97:49 140 0:57 37:19 E E 112:44 126 1:06 30:44 F F 74:20 93 0:55 20:22 G G 84:29 117 0:55 23:08 H H 99:22 202 0:43 32:25 I I 132:39 234 0:50 45:18 J J 116:51 216 0:47 40:29 K K 112:04 217 0:45 38:55 L L 89:03 196 0:43 30:15

M M 89:38 180 0:40 31:53 N N 65:55 158 0:39 22:06 P P 99:15 165 0:56 37:38 Q Q 66:58 107 0:55 24:52 R R 56:15 84 0:53 20:26 S S 65:50 110 1:01 23:58 T T 89:20 135 1:09 32:34 U U 102:35 154 1:10 37:02

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...continued from previous pageShadow, worst case Shadow, expected values

No. Name Shadow hours Shadow days Max shadow Shadow hoursper year per year hours per day per year[h/year] [days/year] [h/day] [h/year]

V V 120:21 171 1:00 43:51 W W 97:36 194 0:48 34:55 X X 65:16 122 0:44 22:32 Y Y 115:31 202 0:49 41:53 Z Z 49:48 119 0:37 17:15

AA AA 45:21 73 0:48 16:57 BB BB 56:16 112 0:44 21:03 CC CC 69:36 128 0:43 26:03 DD DD 74:17 146 0:41 27:32 EE EE 60:00 125 0:40 21:31 FF FF 52:04 109 0:39 18:12

GG GG 56:11 133 0:36 20:01 HH HH 59:48 138 0:34 21:38

II II 58:52 138 0:35 21:26

Total amount of flickering on the shadow receptors caused by each WTGNo. Name Worst case Expected

[h/year] [h/year]T1 T1 280:59 89:47

T10 T10 47:52 18:23T11 T11 30:34 10:59T2 T2 56:25 18:18T3 T3 69:45 19:49T4 T4 3:23 0:55T5 T5 0:00 0:00T6 T6 0:00 0:00T7 T7 93:49 36:22T8 T8 157:05 59:31T9 T9 328:08 114:36



Project:




9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - CalendarShadow receptor: A - AAssumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutesReference year for calendar 2010




Table layout: For each day in each month the following matrix apply

Day in month Sun rise (hh:mm) First time (hh:mm) with flicker (WTG causing flicker first time)Sun set (hh:mm) Minutes with flicker Last time (hh:mm) with flicker (WTG causing flicker last time)

|January |February |March |April |May |June| | | | | |

1 | 07:14 08:29 (T1) | 07:00 08:37 (T1) | 06:23 | 06:31 | 05:44 | 05:14| 16:24 63 09:32 (T1) | 16:59 68 09:45 (T1) | 17:35 | 19:11 | 19:44 | 20:14

2 | 07:15 08:29 (T1) | 06:59 08:37 (T1) | 06:22 | 06:29 | 05:42 | 05:13| 16:25 64 09:33 (T1) | 17:01 67 09:44 (T1) | 17:36 | 19:12 | 19:45 | 20:15

3 | 07:15 08:30 (T1) | 06:58 08:38 (T1) | 06:20 | 06:28 | 05:41 | 05:13| 16:26 63 09:33 (T1) | 17:02 66 09:44 (T1) | 17:37 | 19:13 | 19:46 | 20:15

4 | 07:15 08:30 (T1) | 06:57 08:39 (T1) | 06:18 | 06:26 | 05:40 | 05:12| 16:27 64 09:34 (T1) | 17:03 65 09:44 (T1) | 17:39 | 19:14 | 19:47 | 20:16

5 | 07:15 08:30 (T1) | 06:56 08:38 (T1) | 06:17 | 06:24 | 05:38 | 05:12| 16:28 65 09:35 (T1) | 17:05 64 09:42 (T1) | 17:40 | 19:15 | 19:48 | 20:17

6 | 07:15 08:30 (T1) | 06:55 08:39 (T1) | 06:15 | 06:22 | 05:37 | 05:11| 16:29 65 09:35 (T1) | 17:06 63 09:42 (T1) | 17:41 | 19:16 | 19:49 | 20:18

7 | 07:15 08:31 (T1) | 06:54 08:40 (T1) | 06:14 | 06:21 | 05:36 | 05:11| 16:30 65 09:36 (T1) | 17:07 61 09:41 (T1) | 17:42 | 19:17 | 19:50 | 20:18

8 | 07:14 08:31 (T1) | 06:53 08:41 (T1) | 06:12 | 06:19 | 05:35 | 05:11| 16:31 66 09:37 (T1) | 17:09 60 09:41 (T1) | 17:43 | 19:18 | 19:51 | 20:19

9 | 07:14 08:31 (T1) | 06:51 08:42 (T1) | 06:10 | 06:17 | 05:33 | 05:11| 16:32 66 09:37 (T1) | 17:10 58 09:40 (T1) | 17:44 | 19:19 | 19:53 | 20:20

10 | 07:14 08:31 (T1) | 06:50 08:42 (T1) | 06:09 | 06:16 | 05:32 | 05:10| 16:33 67 09:38 (T1) | 17:11 56 09:38 (T1) | 17:46 | 19:21 | 19:54 | 20:20

11 | 07:14 08:32 (T1) | 06:49 08:44 (T1) | 06:07 | 06:14 | 05:31 | 05:10| 16:34 67 09:39 (T1) | 17:12 53 09:37 (T1) | 17:47 | 19:22 | 19:55 | 20:21

12 | 07:14 08:31 (T1) | 06:48 08:45 (T1) | 06:05 | 06:12 | 05:30 | 05:10| 16:35 68 09:39 (T1) | 17:14 51 09:36 (T1) | 17:48 | 19:23 | 19:56 | 20:21

13 | 07:13 08:32 (T1) | 06:46 08:46 (T1) | 06:04 | 06:11 | 05:29 | 05:10| 16:36 68 09:40 (T1) | 17:15 48 09:34 (T1) | 17:49 | 19:24 | 19:57 | 20:22

14 | 07:13 08:32 (T1) | 06:45 08:47 (T1) | 07:02 | 06:09 | 05:28 | 05:10| 16:37 69 09:41 (T1) | 17:16 46 09:33 (T1) | 18:50 | 19:25 | 19:58 | 20:22

15 | 07:12 08:32 (T1) | 06:44 08:49 (T1) | 07:00 | 06:08 | 05:27 | 05:10| 16:38 69 09:41 (T1) | 17:18 42 09:31 (T1) | 18:51 | 19:26 | 19:59 | 20:23

16 | 07:12 08:33 (T1) | 06:42 08:50 (T1) | 06:58 | 06:06 | 05:26 | 05:10| 16:40 69 09:42 (T1) | 17:19 38 09:28 (T1) | 18:53 | 19:27 | 20:00 | 20:23

17 | 07:12 08:32 (T1) | 06:41 08:53 (T1) | 06:57 | 06:04 | 05:25 | 05:10| 16:41 70 09:42 (T1) | 17:20 33 09:26 (T1) | 18:54 | 19:28 | 20:00 | 20:24

18 | 07:11 08:33 (T1) | 06:40 08:55 (T1) | 06:55 | 06:03 | 05:24 | 05:10| 16:42 70 09:43 (T1) | 17:21 27 09:22 (T1) | 18:55 | 19:29 | 20:01 | 20:24

19 | 07:11 08:33 (T1) | 06:38 09:00 (T1) | 06:53 | 06:01 | 05:23 | 05:10| 16:43 70 09:43 (T1) | 17:23 18 09:18 (T1) | 18:56 | 19:31 | 20:02 | 20:24

20 | 07:10 08:33 (T1) | 06:37 | 06:52 | 06:00 | 05:22 | 05:10| 16:44 70 09:43 (T1) | 17:24 | 18:57 | 19:32 | 20:03 | 20:25

21 | 07:09 08:34 (T1) | 06:35 | 06:50 | 05:58 | 05:21 | 05:10| 16:46 70 09:44 (T1) | 17:25 | 18:58 | 19:33 | 20:04 | 20:25

22 | 07:09 08:34 (T1) | 06:34 | 06:48 | 05:57 | 05:20 | 05:10| 16:47 70 09:44 (T1) | 17:26 | 18:59 | 19:34 | 20:05 | 20:25

23 | 07:08 08:34 (T1) | 06:32 | 06:46 | 05:55 | 05:19 | 05:11| 16:48 70 09:44 (T1) | 17:28 | 19:00 | 19:35 | 20:06 | 20:25

24 | 07:07 08:34 (T1) | 06:31 | 06:45 | 05:54 | 05:19 | 05:11| 16:49 70 09:44 (T1) | 17:29 | 19:02 | 19:36 | 20:07 | 20:26

25 | 07:07 08:34 (T1) | 06:29 | 06:43 | 05:52 | 05:18 | 05:11| 16:51 70 09:44 (T1) | 17:30 | 19:03 | 19:37 | 20:08 | 20:26

26 | 07:06 08:35 (T1) | 06:28 | 06:41 | 05:51 | 05:17 | 05:12| 16:52 70 09:45 (T1) | 17:31 | 19:04 | 19:38 | 20:09 | 20:26

27 | 07:05 08:35 (T1) | 06:26 | 06:40 | 05:49 | 05:16 | 05:12| 16:53 70 09:45 (T1) | 17:33 | 19:05 | 19:39 | 20:10 | 20:26

28 | 07:04 08:35 (T1) | 06:25 | 06:38 | 05:48 | 05:16 | 05:12| 16:54 70 09:45 (T1) | 17:34 | 19:06 | 19:41 | 20:10 | 20:26

29 | 07:03 08:36 (T1) | | 06:36 | 05:46 | 05:15 | 05:13| 16:56 69 09:45 (T1) | | 19:07 | 19:42 | 20:11 | 20:26

30 | 07:02 08:36 (T1) | | 06:34 | 05:45 | 05:15 | 05:13| 16:57 69 09:45 (T1) | | 19:08 | 19:43 | 20:12 | 20:26

31 | 07:01 08:36 (T1) | | 06:33 | | 05:14 | | 16:58 69 09:45 (T1) | | 19:09 | | 20:13 |

Potential sun hours | 294 | 295 | 369 | 400 | 451 | 455Total, worst case | 2105 | 984 | | | |

Sun reduction | 0.51 | 0.54 | | | |Oper. time red. | 0.95 | 0.95 | | | |

Wind dir. red. | 0.58 | 0.58 | | | |Total reduction | 0.28 | 0.30 | | | |

Total, real | 589 | 292 | | | |



Project:




9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - CalendarShadow receptor: A - AAssumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutesReference year for calendar 2010






|July |August |September|October |November |December| | | | | |

1 | 05:14 | 05:38 | 06:10 | 06:42 | 07:17 09:13 (T1) | 06:54 08:13 (T1)| 20:26 | 20:07 | 19:22 | 18:30 | 17:42 54 10:07 (T1) | 16:16 68 09:21 (T1)

2 | 05:14 | 05:39 | 06:11 | 06:43 | 07:19 09:12 (T1) | 06:55 08:14 (T1)| 20:26 | 20:06 | 19:20 | 18:28 | 17:40 56 10:08 (T1) | 16:16 67 09:21 (T1)

3 | 05:15 | 05:40 | 06:12 | 06:44 | 07:20 09:11 (T1) | 06:56 08:14 (T1)| 20:26 | 20:05 | 19:19 | 18:26 | 17:39 58 10:09 (T1) | 16:15 67 09:21 (T1)

4 | 05:15 | 05:41 | 06:14 | 06:45 | 07:21 09:10 (T1) | 06:57 08:15 (T1)| 20:26 | 20:04 | 19:17 | 18:25 | 17:38 61 10:11 (T1) | 16:15 66 09:21 (T1)

5 | 05:16 | 05:42 | 06:15 | 06:46 | 07:22 09:10 (T1) | 06:58 08:16 (T1)| 20:25 | 20:03 | 19:15 | 18:23 | 17:37 61 10:11 (T1) | 16:15 66 09:22 (T1)

6 | 05:16 | 05:43 | 06:16 | 06:47 | 07:24 09:09 (T1) | 06:59 08:17 (T1)| 20:25 | 20:02 | 19:13 | 18:21 | 17:35 63 10:12 (T1) | 16:15 65 09:22 (T1)

7 | 05:17 | 05:44 | 06:17 | 06:48 | 06:25 08:09 (T1) | 07:00 08:17 (T1)| 20:25 | 20:00 | 19:12 | 18:20 | 16:34 64 09:13 (T1) | 16:15 65 09:22 (T1)

8 | 05:18 | 05:45 | 06:18 | 06:49 | 06:26 08:08 (T1) | 07:01 08:17 (T1)| 20:25 | 19:58 | 19:10 | 18:18 | 16:33 66 09:14 (T1) | 16:14 65 09:22 (T1)

9 | 05:18 | 05:46 | 06:19 | 06:51 | 06:27 08:08 (T1) | 07:02 08:18 (T1)| 20:24 | 19:57 | 19:08 | 18:16 | 16:32 66 09:14 (T1) | 16:14 64 09:22 (T1)

10 | 05:19 | 05:47 | 06:20 | 06:52 | 06:29 08:08 (T1) | 07:02 08:19 (T1)| 20:24 | 19:55 | 19:07 | 18:15 | 16:31 67 09:15 (T1) | 16:14 63 09:22 (T1)

11 | 05:20 | 05:48 | 06:21 | 06:53 | 06:30 08:07 (T1) | 07:03 08:19 (T1)| 20:24 | 19:54 | 19:05 | 18:13 | 16:30 68 09:15 (T1) | 16:14 64 09:23 (T1)

12 | 05:20 | 05:50 | 06:22 | 06:54 | 06:31 08:07 (T1) | 07:04 08:20 (T1)| 20:23 | 19:53 | 19:03 | 18:11 | 16:29 69 09:16 (T1) | 16:15 63 09:23 (T1)

13 | 05:21 | 05:51 | 06:23 | 06:55 | 06:32 08:08 (T1) | 07:05 08:21 (T1)| 20:23 | 19:51 | 19:01 | 18:10 | 16:28 69 09:17 (T1) | 16:15 63 09:24 (T1)

14 | 05:22 | 05:52 | 06:24 | 06:56 | 06:34 08:07 (T1) | 07:06 08:22 (T1)| 20:22 | 19:50 | 19:00 | 18:08 | 16:27 70 09:17 (T1) | 16:15 62 09:24 (T1)

15 | 05:23 | 05:53 | 06:25 | 06:57 | 06:35 08:07 (T1) | 07:07 08:22 (T1)| 20:22 | 19:48 | 18:58 | 18:06 | 16:26 70 09:17 (T1) | 16:15 62 09:24 (T1)

16 | 05:24 | 05:54 | 06:26 | 06:59 | 06:36 08:08 (T1) | 07:07 08:22 (T1)| 20:21 | 19:47 | 18:56 | 18:05 | 16:25 70 09:18 (T1) | 16:15 62 09:24 (T1)

17 | 05:24 | 05:55 | 06:27 | 07:00 | 06:37 08:08 (T1) | 07:08 08:23 (T1)| 20:20 | 19:45 | 18:54 | 18:03 | 16:24 70 09:18 (T1) | 16:16 62 09:25 (T1)

18 | 05:25 | 05:56 | 06:28 | 07:01 | 06:38 08:08 (T1) | 07:09 08:23 (T1)| 20:20 | 19:44 | 18:53 | 18:02 | 16:23 70 09:18 (T1) | 16:16 62 09:25 (T1)

19 | 05:26 | 05:57 | 06:29 | 07:02 | 06:40 08:08 (T1) | 07:09 08:24 (T1)| 20:19 | 19:43 | 18:51 | 18:00 | 16:23 71 09:19 (T1) | 16:16 61 09:25 (T1)

20 | 05:27 | 05:58 | 06:30 | 07:03 | 06:41 08:08 (T1) | 07:10 08:25 (T1)| 20:18 | 19:41 | 18:49 | 17:59 | 16:22 71 09:19 (T1) | 16:17 61 09:26 (T1)

21 | 05:28 | 05:59 | 06:31 | 07:04 | 06:42 08:08 (T1) | 07:10 08:25 (T1)| 20:18 | 19:39 | 18:47 | 17:57 | 16:21 71 09:19 (T1) | 16:17 61 09:26 (T1)

22 | 05:29 | 06:00 | 06:32 | 07:05 | 06:43 08:09 (T1) | 07:11 08:26 (T1)| 20:17 | 19:38 | 18:46 | 17:56 | 16:20 70 09:19 (T1) | 16:18 61 09:27 (T1)

23 | 05:30 | 06:01 | 06:33 | 07:07 09:34 (T1) | 06:44 08:10 (T1) | 07:11 08:26 (T1)| 20:16 | 19:36 | 18:44 | 17:54 9 09:43 (T1) | 16:20 70 09:20 (T1) | 16:18 61 09:27 (T1)

24 | 05:31 | 06:02 | 06:34 | 07:08 09:27 (T1) | 06:46 08:10 (T1) | 07:12 08:26 (T1)| 20:15 | 19:35 | 18:42 | 17:53 22 09:49 (T1) | 16:19 70 09:20 (T1) | 16:19 61 09:27 (T1)

25 | 05:31 | 06:03 | 06:35 | 07:09 09:25 (T1) | 06:47 08:10 (T1) | 07:12 08:27 (T1)| 20:14 | 19:33 | 18:40 | 17:51 29 09:54 (T1) | 16:19 70 09:20 (T1) | 16:19 61 09:28 (T1)

26 | 05:32 | 06:04 | 06:37 | 07:10 09:22 (T1) | 06:48 08:10 (T1) | 07:13 08:27 (T1)| 20:13 | 19:32 | 18:39 | 17:50 34 09:56 (T1) | 16:18 70 09:20 (T1) | 16:20 62 09:29 (T1)

27 | 05:33 | 06:05 | 06:38 | 07:11 09:19 (T1) | 06:49 08:12 (T1) | 07:13 08:27 (T1)| 20:12 | 19:30 | 18:37 | 17:48 39 09:58 (T1) | 16:18 69 09:21 (T1) | 16:20 62 09:29 (T1)

28 | 05:34 | 06:06 | 06:39 | 07:13 09:18 (T1) | 06:50 08:12 (T1) | 07:13 08:28 (T1)| 20:11 | 19:28 | 18:35 | 17:47 43 10:01 (T1) | 16:17 69 09:21 (T1) | 16:21 62 09:30 (T1)

29 | 05:35 | 06:07 | 06:40 | 07:14 09:16 (T1) | 06:51 08:12 (T1) | 07:14 08:28 (T1)| 20:10 | 19:27 | 18:33 | 17:46 47 10:03 (T1) | 16:17 69 09:21 (T1) | 16:22 63 09:31 (T1)

30 | 05:36 | 06:08 | 06:41 | 07:15 09:15 (T1) | 06:52 08:13 (T1) | 07:14 08:29 (T1)| 20:09 | 19:25 | 18:32 | 17:44 49 10:04 (T1) | 16:16 68 09:21 (T1) | 16:23 62 09:31 (T1)

31 | 05:37 | 06:09 | | 07:16 09:13 (T1) | | 07:14 08:29 (T1)| 20:08 | 19:24 | | 17:43 52 10:05 (T1) | | 16:23 62 09:31 (T1)

Potential sun hours | 463 | 430 | 376 | 344 | 296 | 285Total, worst case | | | | 324 | 2010 | 1956

Sun reduction | | | | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.50Oper. time red. | | | | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95

Wind dir. red. | | | | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58Total reduction | | | | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.27

Total, real | | | | 96 | 530 | 537



Project:




9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - CalendarShadow receptor: B - BAssumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutesReference year for calendar 2010







1 | 07:14 07:54 (T3) | 07:00 08:10 (T3) | 06:23 07:10 (T2) | 06:31 | 05:44 | 05:14 06:07 (T1)| 16:24 28 08:22 (T3) | 17:00 17 08:27 (T3) | 17:35 37 07:47 (T2) | 19:11 | 19:44 | 20:14 23 06:30 (T1)

2 | 07:15 07:55 (T3) | 06:59 08:12 (T3) | 06:22 07:09 (T2) | 06:29 | 05:42 | 05:13 06:06 (T1)| 16:25 28 08:23 (T3) | 17:01 13 08:25 (T3) | 17:36 40 07:49 (T2) | 19:12 | 19:45 | 20:15 26 06:32 (T1)

3 | 07:15 07:55 (T3) | 06:58 08:18 (T3) | 06:20 07:08 (T2) | 06:28 | 05:41 | 05:13 06:05 (T1)| 16:26 28 08:23 (T3) | 17:02 2 08:19 (T3) | 17:37 41 07:49 (T2) | 19:13 | 19:46 | 20:15 27 06:32 (T1)

4 | 07:15 07:55 (T3) | 06:57 | 06:18 07:08 (T2) | 06:26 | 05:40 | 05:12 06:04 (T1)| 16:27 29 08:24 (T3) | 17:03 | 17:39 42 07:50 (T2) | 19:14 | 19:47 | 20:16 30 06:34 (T1)

5 | 07:15 07:55 (T3) | 06:56 | 06:17 07:07 (T2) | 06:24 | 05:38 | 05:12 06:04 (T1)| 16:28 30 08:25 (T3) | 17:05 | 17:40 43 07:50 (T2) | 19:15 | 19:48 | 20:17 31 06:35 (T1)

6 | 07:15 07:56 (T3) | 06:55 | 06:15 07:06 (T2) | 06:22 | 05:37 | 05:11 06:03 (T1)| 16:29 30 08:26 (T3) | 17:06 | 17:41 43 07:49 (T2) | 19:16 | 19:49 | 20:18 32 06:35 (T1)

7 | 07:15 07:56 (T3) | 06:54 | 06:14 07:06 (T2) | 06:21 | 05:36 | 05:11 06:03 (T1)| 16:30 31 08:27 (T3) | 17:07 | 17:42 44 07:50 (T2) | 19:17 | 19:50 | 20:18 33 06:36 (T1)

8 | 07:14 07:56 (T3) | 06:53 | 06:12 07:05 (T2) | 06:19 | 05:35 | 05:11 06:03 (T1)| 16:31 31 08:27 (T3) | 17:09 | 17:43 45 07:50 (T2) | 19:18 | 19:51 | 20:19 34 06:37 (T1)

9 | 07:14 07:56 (T3) | 06:51 | 06:10 07:04 (T2) | 06:17 | 05:33 | 05:11 06:02 (T1)| 16:32 31 08:27 (T3) | 17:10 | 17:44 45 07:49 (T2) | 19:19 | 19:53 | 20:20 36 06:38 (T1)

10 | 07:14 07:56 (T3) | 06:50 | 06:09 07:05 (T2) | 06:16 | 05:32 | 05:10 06:02 (T1)| 16:33 32 08:28 (T3) | 17:11 | 17:46 44 07:49 (T2) | 19:21 | 19:54 | 20:20 37 06:39 (T1)

11 | 07:14 07:57 (T3) | 06:49 | 06:07 07:05 (T2) | 06:14 | 05:31 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:34 32 08:29 (T3) | 17:12 | 17:47 43 07:48 (T2) | 19:22 | 19:55 | 20:21 38 06:39 (T1)

12 | 07:14 07:56 (T3) | 06:48 | 06:05 07:04 (T2) | 06:13 | 05:30 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:35 33 08:29 (T3) | 17:14 | 17:48 43 07:47 (T2) | 19:23 | 19:56 | 20:21 38 06:39 (T1)

13 | 07:13 07:57 (T3) | 06:46 | 06:04 07:04 (T2) | 06:11 | 05:29 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:36 33 08:30 (T3) | 17:15 | 17:49 42 07:46 (T2) | 19:24 | 19:57 | 20:22 39 06:40 (T1)

14 | 07:13 07:57 (T3) | 06:45 | 07:02 08:05 (T2) | 06:09 | 05:28 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:37 34 08:31 (T3) | 17:16 | 18:50 41 08:46 (T2) | 19:25 | 19:58 | 20:22 40 06:41 (T1)

15 | 07:12 07:57 (T3) | 06:44 | 07:00 08:05 (T2) | 06:08 | 05:27 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:38 34 08:31 (T3) | 17:18 | 18:51 40 08:45 (T2) | 19:26 | 19:59 | 20:23 40 06:41 (T1)

16 | 07:12 07:58 (T3) | 06:42 | 06:58 08:05 (T2) | 06:06 | 05:26 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:40 34 08:32 (T3) | 17:19 | 18:53 38 08:43 (T2) | 19:27 | 20:00 | 20:23 40 06:41 (T1)

17 | 07:12 07:58 (T3) | 06:41 | 06:57 08:07 (T2) | 06:04 | 05:25 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:41 34 08:32 (T3) | 17:20 | 18:54 35 08:42 (T2) | 19:28 | 20:00 | 20:24 41 06:42 (T1)

18 | 07:11 07:59 (T3) | 06:40 | 06:55 08:08 (T2) | 06:03 | 05:24 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:42 34 08:33 (T3) | 17:21 | 18:55 32 08:40 (T2) | 19:29 | 20:01 | 20:24 41 06:42 (T1)

19 | 07:11 07:59 (T3) | 06:38 | 06:53 08:08 (T2) | 06:01 | 05:23 | 05:10 06:01 (T1)| 16:43 34 08:33 (T3) | 17:23 | 18:56 30 08:38 (T2) | 19:31 | 20:02 | 20:24 41 06:42 (T1)

20 | 07:10 07:59 (T3) | 06:37 | 06:52 08:10 (T2) | 06:00 | 05:22 | 05:10 06:02 (T1)| 16:44 33 08:32 (T3) | 17:24 | 18:57 26 08:36 (T2) | 19:32 | 20:03 | 20:25 41 06:43 (T1)

21 | 07:09 08:00 (T3) | 06:35 | 06:50 08:12 (T2) | 05:58 | 05:21 | 05:10 06:02 (T1)| 16:46 33 08:33 (T3) | 17:25 | 18:58 22 08:34 (T2) | 19:33 | 20:04 | 20:25 41 06:43 (T1)

22 | 07:09 08:00 (T3) | 06:34 | 06:48 08:15 (T2) | 05:57 | 05:20 | 05:10 06:02 (T1)| 16:47 33 08:33 (T3) | 17:26 | 18:59 15 08:30 (T2) | 19:34 | 20:05 | 20:25 41 06:43 (T1)

23 | 07:08 08:00 (T3) | 06:32 07:23 (T2) | 06:46 | 05:55 | 05:19 | 05:11 06:02 (T1)| 16:48 33 08:33 (T3) | 17:28 14 07:37 (T2) | 19:01 | 19:35 | 20:06 | 20:25 41 06:43 (T1)

24 | 07:07 08:01 (T3) | 06:31 07:19 (T2) | 06:45 | 05:54 | 05:19 | 05:11 06:03 (T1)| 16:49 32 08:33 (T3) | 17:29 21 07:40 (T2) | 19:02 | 19:36 | 20:07 | 20:26 41 06:44 (T1)

25 | 07:07 08:01 (T3) | 06:29 07:17 (T2) | 06:43 | 05:52 | 05:18 | 05:11 06:03 (T1)| 16:51 31 08:32 (T3) | 17:30 26 07:43 (T2) | 19:03 | 19:37 | 20:08 | 20:26 41 06:44 (T1)

26 | 07:06 08:03 (T3) | 06:28 07:14 (T2) | 06:41 | 05:51 | 05:17 | 05:12 06:03 (T1)| 16:52 30 08:33 (T3) | 17:31 30 07:44 (T2) | 19:04 | 19:38 | 20:09 | 20:26 41 06:44 (T1)

27 | 07:05 08:03 (T3) | 06:26 07:13 (T2) | 06:40 | 05:49 | 05:17 | 05:12 06:04 (T1)| 16:53 29 08:32 (T3) | 17:33 33 07:46 (T2) | 19:05 | 19:39 | 20:10 | 20:26 40 06:44 (T1)

28 | 07:04 08:04 (T3) | 06:25 07:11 (T2) | 06:38 | 05:48 | 05:16 | 05:12 06:04 (T1)| 16:54 28 08:32 (T3) | 17:34 36 07:47 (T2) | 19:06 | 19:41 | 20:10 | 20:26 40 06:44 (T1)

29 | 07:03 08:05 (T3) | | 06:36 | 05:46 | 05:15 06:14 (T1) | 05:13 06:04 (T1)| 16:56 26 08:31 (T3) | | 19:07 | 19:42 | 20:11 10 06:24 (T1) | 20:26 40 06:44 (T1)

30 | 07:02 08:07 (T3) | | 06:34 | 05:45 | 05:15 06:10 (T1) | 05:13 06:05 (T1)| 16:57 23 08:30 (T3) | | 19:08 | 19:43 | 20:12 16 06:26 (T1) | 20:26 39 06:44 (T1)

31 | 07:01 08:08 (T3) | | 06:33 | | 05:14 06:09 (T1) | | 16:58 21 08:29 (T3) | | 19:09 | | 20:13 20 06:29 (T1) |

Potential sun hours | 294 | 295 | 369 | 400 | 451 | 455Total, worst case | 952 | 192 | 831 | | 46 | 1113

Sun reduction | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.53 | | 0.55 | 0.58Oper. time red. | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | | 0.95 | 0.95

Wind dir. red. | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.63 | | 0.71 | 0.71Total reduction | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.31 | | 0.37 | 0.39

Total, real | 268 | 61 | 260 | | 17 | 430



Project:




9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - CalendarShadow receptor: B - BAssumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutesReference year for calendar 2010






|July |August |September |October |November |December| | | | | |

1 | 05:14 06:05 (T1) | 05:38 | 06:10 | 06:42 07:44 (T2) | 07:17 | 06:54 07:38 (T3)| 20:26 39 06:44 (T1) | 20:07 | 19:22 | 18:30 41 08:25 (T2) | 17:42 | 16:16 33 08:11 (T3)

2 | 05:14 06:06 (T1) | 05:39 | 06:11 | 06:43 07:44 (T2) | 07:19 | 06:55 07:39 (T3)| 20:26 38 06:44 (T1) | 20:06 | 19:20 | 18:28 43 08:27 (T2) | 17:40 | 16:16 32 08:11 (T3)

3 | 05:15 06:06 (T1) | 05:40 | 06:13 | 06:44 07:43 (T2) | 07:20 | 06:56 07:39 (T3)| 20:26 37 06:43 (T1) | 20:05 | 19:19 | 18:26 44 08:27 (T2) | 17:39 | 16:15 32 08:11 (T3)

4 | 05:15 06:07 (T1) | 05:41 | 06:14 | 06:45 07:42 (T2) | 07:21 | 06:57 07:40 (T3)| 20:26 37 06:44 (T1) | 20:04 | 19:17 | 18:25 45 08:27 (T2) | 17:38 | 16:15 31 08:11 (T3)

5 | 05:16 06:08 (T1) | 05:42 | 06:15 | 06:46 07:42 (T2) | 07:22 | 06:58 07:40 (T3)| 20:25 35 06:43 (T1) | 20:03 | 19:15 | 18:23 44 08:26 (T2) | 17:37 | 16:15 31 08:11 (T3)

6 | 05:16 06:09 (T1) | 05:43 | 06:16 | 06:47 07:42 (T2) | 07:24 | 06:59 07:42 (T3)| 20:25 34 06:43 (T1) | 20:02 | 19:13 | 18:21 44 08:26 (T2) | 17:35 | 16:15 30 08:12 (T3)

7 | 05:17 06:10 (T1) | 05:44 | 06:17 | 06:48 07:41 (T2) | 06:25 | 07:00 07:43 (T3)| 20:25 33 06:43 (T1) | 20:00 | 19:12 | 18:20 45 08:26 (T2) | 16:34 | 16:15 30 08:13 (T3)

8 | 05:18 06:10 (T1) | 05:45 | 06:18 | 06:49 07:41 (T2) | 06:26 | 07:01 07:42 (T3)| 20:25 32 06:42 (T1) | 19:58 | 19:10 | 18:18 44 08:25 (T2) | 16:33 | 16:15 30 08:12 (T3)

9 | 05:18 06:11 (T1) | 05:46 | 06:19 | 06:51 07:41 (T2) | 06:27 07:46 (T3) | 07:02 07:43 (T3)| 20:24 30 06:41 (T1) | 19:57 | 19:08 | 18:16 43 08:24 (T2) | 16:32 6 07:52 (T3) | 16:14 29 08:12 (T3)

10 | 05:19 06:13 (T1) | 05:47 | 06:20 | 06:52 07:42 (T2) | 06:29 07:43 (T3) | 07:02 07:44 (T3)| 20:24 28 06:41 (T1) | 19:55 | 19:07 | 18:15 43 08:25 (T2) | 16:31 13 07:56 (T3) | 16:14 28 08:12 (T3)

11 | 05:20 06:13 (T1) | 05:49 | 06:21 | 06:53 07:42 (T2) | 06:30 07:40 (T3) | 07:03 07:45 (T3)| 20:24 26 06:39 (T1) | 19:54 | 19:05 | 18:13 42 08:24 (T2) | 16:30 18 07:58 (T3) | 16:15 28 08:13 (T3)

12 | 05:20 06:15 (T1) | 05:50 | 06:22 | 06:54 07:42 (T2) | 06:31 07:39 (T3) | 07:04 07:45 (T3)| 20:23 24 06:39 (T1) | 19:53 | 19:03 | 18:11 41 08:23 (T2) | 16:29 21 08:00 (T3) | 16:15 28 08:13 (T3)

13 | 05:21 06:17 (T1) | 05:51 | 06:23 | 06:55 07:43 (T2) | 06:32 07:38 (T3) | 07:05 07:46 (T3)| 20:23 21 06:38 (T1) | 19:51 | 19:01 | 18:10 38 08:21 (T2) | 16:28 24 08:02 (T3) | 16:15 27 08:13 (T3)

14 | 05:22 06:18 (T1) | 05:52 | 06:24 | 06:56 07:44 (T2) | 06:34 07:37 (T3) | 07:06 07:47 (T3)| 20:22 17 06:35 (T1) | 19:50 | 19:00 | 18:08 36 08:20 (T2) | 16:27 26 08:03 (T3) | 16:15 27 08:14 (T3)

15 | 05:23 06:21 (T1) | 05:53 | 06:25 | 06:57 07:44 (T2) | 06:35 07:36 (T3) | 07:07 07:47 (T3)| 20:22 12 06:33 (T1) | 19:48 | 18:58 | 18:06 34 08:18 (T2) | 16:26 27 08:03 (T3) | 16:15 26 08:13 (T3)

16 | 05:24 | 05:54 | 06:26 | 06:59 07:46 (T2) | 06:36 07:36 (T3) | 07:07 07:48 (T3)| 20:21 | 19:47 | 18:56 | 18:05 32 08:18 (T2) | 16:25 29 08:05 (T3) | 16:15 26 08:14 (T3)

17 | 05:24 | 05:55 | 06:27 | 07:00 07:48 (T2) | 06:37 07:35 (T3) | 07:08 07:49 (T3)| 20:20 | 19:45 | 18:54 | 18:03 28 08:16 (T2) | 16:24 31 08:06 (T3) | 16:16 25 08:14 (T3)

18 | 05:25 | 05:56 | 06:28 | 07:01 07:49 (T2) | 06:38 07:35 (T3) | 07:09 07:49 (T3)| 20:20 | 19:44 | 18:53 | 18:02 24 08:13 (T2) | 16:23 31 08:06 (T3) | 16:16 25 08:14 (T3)

19 | 05:26 | 05:57 | 06:29 | 07:02 07:51 (T2) | 06:40 07:35 (T3) | 07:09 07:50 (T3)| 20:19 | 19:43 | 18:51 | 18:00 19 08:10 (T2) | 16:23 32 08:07 (T3) | 16:16 25 08:15 (T3)

20 | 05:27 | 05:58 | 06:30 | 07:03 07:55 (T2) | 06:41 07:35 (T3) | 07:10 07:51 (T3)| 20:18 | 19:41 | 18:49 | 17:59 11 08:06 (T2) | 16:22 33 08:08 (T3) | 16:17 25 08:16 (T3)

21 | 05:28 | 05:59 | 06:31 | 07:04 | 06:42 07:35 (T3) | 07:10 07:51 (T3)| 20:18 | 19:39 | 18:47 | 17:57 | 16:21 33 08:08 (T3) | 16:17 25 08:16 (T3)

22 | 05:29 | 06:00 | 06:32 08:01 (T2) | 07:05 | 06:43 07:35 (T3) | 07:11 07:52 (T3)| 20:17 | 19:38 | 18:46 14 08:15 (T2) | 17:56 | 16:20 33 08:08 (T3) | 16:18 24 08:16 (T3)

23 | 05:30 | 06:01 | 06:33 07:57 (T2) | 07:07 | 06:44 07:35 (T3) | 07:11 07:52 (T3)| 20:16 | 19:36 | 18:44 21 08:18 (T2) | 17:54 | 16:20 34 08:09 (T3) | 16:18 24 08:16 (T3)

24 | 05:31 | 06:02 | 06:34 07:54 (T2) | 07:08 | 06:46 07:35 (T3) | 07:12 07:52 (T3)| 20:15 | 19:35 | 18:42 26 08:20 (T2) | 17:53 | 16:19 35 08:10 (T3) | 16:19 25 08:17 (T3)

25 | 05:31 | 06:03 | 06:35 07:52 (T2) | 07:09 | 06:47 07:35 (T3) | 07:12 07:53 (T3)| 20:14 | 19:33 | 18:40 29 08:21 (T2) | 17:51 | 16:19 35 08:10 (T3) | 16:19 25 08:18 (T3)

26 | 05:32 | 06:04 | 06:37 07:50 (T2) | 07:10 | 06:48 07:36 (T3) | 07:13 07:53 (T3)| 20:13 | 19:32 | 18:39 32 08:22 (T2) | 17:50 | 16:18 34 08:10 (T3) | 16:20 25 08:18 (T3)

27 | 05:33 | 06:05 | 06:38 07:48 (T2) | 07:11 | 06:49 07:37 (T3) | 07:13 07:53 (T3)| 20:12 | 19:30 | 18:37 35 08:23 (T2) | 17:48 | 16:18 34 08:11 (T3) | 16:20 25 08:18 (T3)

28 | 05:34 | 06:06 | 06:39 07:47 (T2) | 07:13 | 06:50 07:37 (T3) | 07:13 07:54 (T3)| 20:11 | 19:28 | 18:35 37 08:24 (T2) | 17:47 | 16:17 34 08:11 (T3) | 16:21 26 08:20 (T3)

29 | 05:35 | 06:07 | 06:40 07:46 (T2) | 07:14 | 06:51 07:37 (T3) | 07:14 07:54 (T3)| 20:10 | 19:27 | 18:33 39 08:25 (T2) | 17:46 | 16:17 34 08:11 (T3) | 16:22 26 08:20 (T3)

30 | 05:36 | 06:08 | 06:41 07:45 (T2) | 07:15 | 06:52 07:38 (T3) | 07:14 07:54 (T3)| 20:09 | 19:25 | 18:32 40 08:25 (T2) | 17:44 | 16:16 33 08:11 (T3) | 16:23 27 08:21 (T3)

31 | 05:37 | 06:09 | | 07:16 | | 07:14 07:54 (T3)| 20:08 | 19:24 | | 17:43 | | 16:23 27 08:21 (T3)

Potential sun hours | 463 | 430 | 376 | 344 | 296 | 285Total, worst case | 443 | | 273 | 741 | 630 | 847

Sun reduction | 0.60 | | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.50Oper. time red. | 0.95 | | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95

Wind dir. red. | 0.71 | | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.58Total reduction | 0.40 | | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.28

Total, real | 177 | | 95 | 237 | 167 | 233



Project:




9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - CalendarShadow receptor: C - CAssumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutesReference year for calendar 2010







1 | 07:14 07:40 (T9) | 07:00 07:37 (T9) | 06:23 | 06:31 07:02 (T8) | 05:44 06:08 (T10) | 05:14 05:54 (T7)| 16:24 10 07:50 (T9) | 17:00 38 08:15 (T9) | 17:35 | 19:11 38 07:40 (T8) | 19:44 24 06:32 (T10) | 20:14 57 06:51 (T7)

2 | 07:14 07:39 (T9) | 06:59 07:37 (T9) | 06:22 | 06:29 07:01 (T8) | 05:42 06:09 (T10) | 05:13 05:54 (T7)| 16:25 13 07:52 (T9) | 17:01 38 08:15 (T9) | 17:36 | 19:12 39 07:40 (T8) | 19:45 23 06:32 (T10) | 20:15 58 06:52 (T7)

3 | 07:15 07:39 (T9) | 06:58 07:38 (T9) | 06:20 | 06:28 07:01 (T8) | 05:41 06:10 (T10) | 05:13 05:54 (T7)| 16:26 15 07:54 (T9) | 17:02 37 08:15 (T9) | 17:37 | 19:13 38 07:39 (T8) | 19:46 21 06:31 (T10) | 20:15 58 06:52 (T7)

4 | 07:15 07:39 (T9) | 06:57 07:38 (T9) | 06:18 | 06:26 07:01 (T8) | 05:40 06:10 (T10) | 05:12 05:54 (T7)| 16:27 16 07:55 (T9) | 17:03 36 08:14 (T9) | 17:39 | 19:14 37 07:38 (T8) | 19:47 20 06:30 (T10) | 20:16 58 06:52 (T7)

5 | 07:15 07:39 (T9) | 06:56 07:39 (T9) | 06:17 | 06:24 07:02 (T8) | 05:38 06:11 (T10) | 05:12 05:54 (T7)| 16:28 17 07:56 (T9) | 17:05 34 08:13 (T9) | 17:40 | 19:15 35 07:37 (T8) | 19:48 18 06:29 (T10) | 20:17 59 06:53 (T7)

6 | 07:15 07:39 (T9) | 06:55 07:40 (T9) | 06:15 | 06:22 07:02 (T8) | 05:37 06:12 (T10) | 05:11 05:53 (T7)| 16:29 19 07:58 (T9) | 17:06 33 08:13 (T9) | 17:41 | 19:16 34 07:36 (T8) | 19:49 16 06:28 (T10) | 20:17 60 06:53 (T7)

7 | 07:14 07:39 (T9) | 06:54 07:41 (T9) | 06:14 | 06:21 07:02 (T8) | 05:36 06:14 (T10) | 05:11 05:54 (T7)| 16:30 20 07:59 (T9) | 17:07 31 08:12 (T9) | 17:42 | 19:17 33 07:35 (T8) | 19:50 12 06:26 (T10) | 20:18 59 06:53 (T7)

8 | 07:14 07:39 (T9) | 06:53 07:43 (T9) | 06:12 | 06:19 07:03 (T8) | 05:35 06:16 (T10) | 05:11 05:54 (T7)| 16:31 22 08:01 (T9) | 17:09 28 08:11 (T9) | 17:43 | 19:18 31 07:34 (T8) | 19:51 8 06:24 (T10) | 20:19 60 06:54 (T7)

9 | 07:14 07:38 (T9) | 06:51 07:43 (T9) | 06:10 | 06:17 07:04 (T8) | 05:33 | 05:11 05:54 (T7)| 16:32 23 08:01 (T9) | 17:10 26 08:09 (T9) | 17:44 | 19:19 28 07:32 (T8) | 19:53 | 20:19 60 06:54 (T7)

10 | 07:14 07:38 (T9) | 06:50 07:45 (T9) | 06:09 | 06:16 07:05 (T8) | 05:32 | 05:10 05:55 (T7)| 16:33 24 08:02 (T9) | 17:11 23 08:08 (T9) | 17:46 | 19:21 25 07:30 (T8) | 19:54 | 20:20 60 06:55 (T7)

11 | 07:14 07:38 (T9) | 06:49 07:48 (T9) | 06:07 | 06:14 07:07 (T8) | 05:31 06:14 (T7) | 05:10 05:54 (T7)| 16:34 26 08:04 (T9) | 17:12 18 08:06 (T9) | 17:47 | 19:22 21 07:28 (T8) | 19:55 15 06:29 (T7) | 20:21 60 06:54 (T7)

12 | 07:13 07:37 (T9) | 06:48 07:51 (T9) | 06:05 | 06:12 07:09 (T8) | 05:30 06:10 (T7) | 05:10 05:54 (T7)| 16:35 27 08:04 (T9) | 17:14 12 08:03 (T9) | 17:48 | 19:23 16 07:25 (T8) | 19:56 22 06:32 (T7) | 20:21 60 06:54 (T7)

13 | 07:13 07:37 (T9) | 06:46 | 06:04 | 06:11 07:13 (T8) | 05:29 06:08 (T7) | 05:10 05:54 (T7)| 16:36 29 08:06 (T9) | 17:15 | 17:49 | 19:24 8 07:21 (T8) | 19:57 27 06:35 (T7) | 20:22 61 06:55 (T7)

14 | 07:13 07:37 (T9) | 06:45 | 07:02 | 06:09 | 05:28 06:06 (T7) | 05:10 05:54 (T7)| 16:37 30 08:07 (T9) | 17:16 | 18:50 | 19:25 | 19:58 31 06:37 (T7) | 20:22 61 06:55 (T7)

15 | 07:12 07:36 (T9) | 06:44 | 07:00 | 06:08 | 05:27 06:04 (T7) | 05:10 05:55 (T7)| 16:38 32 08:08 (T9) | 17:18 | 18:51 | 19:26 | 19:59 34 06:38 (T7) | 20:23 60 06:55 (T7)

16 | 07:12 07:36 (T9) | 06:42 | 06:58 | 06:06 | 05:26 06:03 (T7) | 05:10 05:55 (T7)| 16:40 33 08:09 (T9) | 17:19 | 18:53 | 19:27 | 20:00 37 06:40 (T7) | 20:23 60 06:55 (T7)

17 | 07:12 07:35 (T9) | 06:41 | 06:57 | 06:04 | 05:25 06:01 (T7) | 05:10 05:55 (T7)| 16:41 34 08:09 (T9) | 17:20 | 18:54 | 19:28 | 20:00 40 06:41 (T7) | 20:24 61 06:56 (T7)

18 | 07:11 07:34 (T9) | 06:40 | 06:55 | 06:03 | 05:24 06:00 (T7) | 05:10 05:55 (T7)| 16:42 36 08:10 (T9) | 17:21 | 18:55 | 19:29 | 20:01 42 06:42 (T7) | 20:24 61 06:56 (T7)

19 | 07:10 07:34 (T9) | 06:38 | 06:53 | 06:01 | 05:23 06:00 (T7) | 05:10 05:55 (T7)| 16:43 37 08:11 (T9) | 17:23 | 18:56 | 19:31 | 20:02 44 06:44 (T7) | 20:24 61 06:56 (T7)

20 | 07:10 07:34 (T9) | 06:37 | 06:52 07:17 (T8) | 06:00 06:21 (T10) | 05:22 05:59 (T7) | 05:10 05:56 (T7)| 16:44 37 08:11 (T9) | 17:24 | 18:57 15 07:32 (T8) | 19:32 7 06:28 (T10) | 20:03 46 06:45 (T7) | 20:25 61 06:57 (T7)

21 | 07:09 07:34 (T9) | 06:35 | 06:50 07:14 (T8) | 05:58 06:19 (T10) | 05:21 05:58 (T7) | 05:10 05:56 (T7)| 16:46 38 08:12 (T9) | 17:25 | 18:58 21 07:35 (T8) | 19:33 11 06:30 (T10) | 20:04 47 06:45 (T7) | 20:25 61 06:57 (T7)

22 | 07:09 07:34 (T9) | 06:34 | 06:48 07:12 (T8) | 05:57 06:18 (T10) | 05:20 05:57 (T7) | 05:10 05:56 (T7)| 16:47 39 08:13 (T9) | 17:26 | 18:59 25 07:37 (T8) | 19:34 13 06:31 (T10) | 20:05 49 06:46 (T7) | 20:25 61 06:57 (T7)

23 | 07:08 07:34 (T9) | 06:32 | 06:46 07:09 (T8) | 05:55 06:16 (T10) | 05:19 05:57 (T7) | 05:11 05:56 (T7)| 16:48 39 08:13 (T9) | 17:28 | 19:00 29 07:38 (T8) | 19:35 16 06:32 (T10) | 20:06 49 06:46 (T7) | 20:25 61 06:57 (T7)

24 | 07:07 07:34 (T9) | 06:31 | 06:45 07:08 (T8) | 05:54 06:15 (T10) | 05:19 05:57 (T7) | 05:11 05:57 (T7)| 16:49 40 08:14 (T9) | 17:29 | 19:02 31 07:39 (T8) | 19:36 18 06:33 (T10) | 20:07 51 06:48 (T7) | 20:26 61 06:58 (T7)

25 | 07:06 07:34 (T9) | 06:29 | 06:43 07:07 (T8) | 05:52 06:13 (T10) | 05:18 05:56 (T7) | 05:11 05:57 (T7)| 16:51 40 08:14 (T9) | 17:30 | 19:03 33 07:40 (T8) | 19:37 20 06:33 (T10) | 20:08 52 06:48 (T7) | 20:26 61 06:58 (T7)

26 | 07:06 07:35 (T9) | 06:28 | 06:41 07:05 (T8) | 05:51 06:12 (T10) | 05:17 05:55 (T7) | 05:12 05:57 (T7)| 16:52 40 08:15 (T9) | 17:31 | 19:04 35 07:40 (T8) | 19:38 21 06:33 (T10) | 20:09 53 06:48 (T7) | 20:26 61 06:58 (T7)

27 | 07:05 07:35 (T9) | 06:26 | 06:40 07:04 (T8) | 05:49 06:11 (T10) | 05:17 05:55 (T7) | 05:12 05:58 (T7)| 16:53 40 08:15 (T9) | 17:32 | 19:05 36 07:40 (T8) | 19:39 23 06:34 (T10) | 20:09 54 06:49 (T7) | 20:26 60 06:58 (T7)

28 | 07:04 07:35 (T9) | 06:25 | 06:38 07:03 (T8) | 05:48 06:09 (T10) | 05:16 05:55 (T7) | 05:12 05:58 (T7)| 16:54 40 08:15 (T9) | 17:34 | 19:06 37 07:40 (T8) | 19:41 24 06:33 (T10) | 20:10 54 06:49 (T7) | 20:26 60 06:58 (T7)

29 | 07:03 07:35 (T9) | | 06:36 07:03 (T8) | 05:46 06:09 (T10) | 05:15 05:55 (T7) | 05:13 05:57 (T7)| 16:56 40 08:15 (T9) | | 19:07 38 07:41 (T8) | 19:42 24 06:33 (T10) | 20:11 55 06:50 (T7) | 20:26 61 06:58 (T7)

30 | 07:02 07:36 (T9) | | 06:34 07:02 (T8) | 05:45 06:08 (T10) | 05:15 05:54 (T7) | 05:13 05:58 (T7)| 16:57 40 08:16 (T9) | | 19:08 39 07:41 (T8) | 19:43 24 06:32 (T10) | 20:12 56 06:50 (T7) | 20:26 61 06:59 (T7)

31 | 07:01 07:36 (T9) | | 06:33 07:01 (T8) | | 05:14 05:55 (T7) | | 16:58 40 08:16 (T9) | | 19:09 39 07:40 (T8) | | 20:13 56 06:51 (T7) |

Potential sun hours | 294 | 295 | 369 | 400 | 451 | 455Total, worst case | 936 | 354 | 378 | 584 | 1056 | 1803

Sun reduction | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.58Oper. time red. | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95

Wind dir. red. | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.71Total reduction | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.39

Total, real | 272 | 109 | 127 | 199 | 386 | 696



Project:




9/10/2010 9:57 AM/2.7.473

SHADOW - CalendarShadow receptor: C - CAssumptions for shadow calculationsMaximum distance for influence 1,000 mMinimum sun height over horizon for influence 3 °Day step for calculation 1 daysTime step for calculation 1 minutesReference year for calendar 2010






|July |August |September |October |November |December| | | | | |

1 | 05:14 05:58 (T7) | 05:38 06:20 (T7) | 06:10 07:08 (T8) | 06:42 | 07:17 08:17 (T9) | 06:53 07:19 (T9)| 20:26 60 06:58 (T7) | 20:07 24 06:44 (T7) | 19:22 17 07:25 (T8) | 18:30 | 17:42 19 08:36 (T9) | 16:16 27 07:46 (T9)

2 | 05:14 05:59 (T7) | 05:39 06:22 (T7) | 06:11 07:05 (T8) | 06:43 | 07:19 08:14 (T9) | 06:55 07:20 (T9)| 20:26 60 06:59 (T7) | 20:06 19 06:41 (T7) | 19:20 22 07:27 (T8) | 18:28 | 17:40 24 08:38 (T9) | 16:16 26 07:46 (T9)

3 | 05:15 05:59 (T7) | 05:40 06:27 (T7) | 06:12 07:03 (T8) | 06:44 | 07:20 08:12 (T9) | 06:56 07:21 (T9)| 20:26 60 06:59 (T7) | 20:05 9 06:36 (T7) | 19:18 26 07:29 (T8) | 18:26 | 17:39 27 08:39 (T9) | 16:15 24 07:45 (T9)

4 | 05:15 05:59 (T7) | 05:41 | 06:14 07:01 (T8) | 06:45 | 07:21 08:12 (T9) | 06:57 07:22 (T9)| 20:26 60 06:59 (T7) | 20:04 | 19:17 29 07:30 (T8) | 18:25 | 17:38 29 08:41 (T9) | 16:15 23 07:45 (T9)

5 | 05:16 05:59 (T7) | 05:42 06:29 (T10) | 06:15 07:00 (T8) | 06:46 | 07:22 08:10 (T9) | 06:58 07:23 (T9)| 20:25 60 06:59 (T7) | 20:03 2 06

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