KALPANA SRI A/P UTHAYAVANAN CF140188KOMALA DEVI A/P SUNDARARAJAN CF140123VIKNHESWAR.CS CF140022RHUBENTHIRAAN.K CF140066THOMBSON DAVID CF140037

Foundations:

It is the bottom element of the structure which jointed to soil. It is the structure element which transform loads (dead & live) to soil with a safety method. Foundations executed under the surface of soil or may be continue in some cases to the surface.

Foundations considerations:

- Able to bearing all a structure loads safely. (weight, wind, earthquake, .etc).- Transported & distributed all loads to the soil under foundation.- Facing the settlements & soil expansion (swelling).- Structure Stability realization.- Resist the effects of under ground water and environment effects.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONThis type of foundation usually refers to those being rested on stratum with adequate bearing capacity and laid less than 3m below ground level. Common examples include pad, strip or raft foundations.A combination of two or three type of shallow foundation in one single structure is not uncommon.

PAD FOUNDATIONPad footings are used to support individual or multiple columns, spreading the load to the ground below.They are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil.They are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil.The shape in plan will be dictated by the arrangement of the columns and the load to be transferred into the soil.The advantage of this system of foundation is that pockets of tipped stone or brick and concrete rubble that would obstruct bored piling may be removed as the pits are excavated

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR PAD FOOTING

Setting out (Level / point / location / other point / timber boundary)Excavation works (Working space / machineries / tools water pump)Apply lean concreteFormwork installationReinforcement installation (Rebar / Links / Strut bar)Inspection (rebar / starter bar / FW / level / orientation / shape / size)Concreting (casting depends on size of structure)

PAD FOOTINGPad footing procedure as follow :

STRIP / SPREAD FOOTINGS

Spread footing foundations consist strips of concrete which transfer the loads from the walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.Embedment of spread footings is controlled by several factors, including development of lateral capacity, penetration of soft near-surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell.The depth and width of the strip depend on the building load and the nature of the ground

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR SPREAD FOOTINGSetting out (Level / point / location / other point / timber boundary)Excavation works (Working space / machineries / tools water pump)Apply lean concreteFormwork installationReinforcement installation (Rebar / Links / Strut bar)Inspection (rebar / starter bar / FW / level / orientation / shape / size)Concreting (casting depends on size of structure)

STRIP / SPREAD FOOTINGSStrip footing procedure as follow :

RAFT FOUNDATIONRaft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the entire contact area of the structure like a thick floor, column and foundation.Raft foundation is required where soils have low bearing capacity and have to support heavy structural loads.Raft foundations are preferred in the soil that are suspected to subsidence.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR RAFT FOOTINGSetting out (Level / point / location / other point / timber boundary)Excavation works (Working space / machineries / tools water pump)Apply lean concreteFormwork installationReinforcement installation (Rebar / Links / Strut bar)Inspection (rebar / starter bar / FW / level / orientation / shape / size)Concreting (casting depends on size of structure)

Raft/mat footing procedure as follow :

CONCLUSION Shallow Foundation has different type of foundation. There are pad footing, strip footing and raft foundation. This foundation all must be built based on different type of building loads, types of soil, economical/financial, soil strata, capability of the structure, settlement of the soil, engineers, and also underground water.

QUESTION AND ANSWER?

PREPARED BY :

KALPANA AND THE CREW

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