;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk

b/ye

rzvk f;zxrzvk f;zxrzvk f;zxrzvk f;zxrzvk f;zx

gpbhe/FB fpT{o'gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk

SARDAR SHAM SINGH ATTARIWALA (PUNJABI)

by

Ganda Singh

1990

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ;z;eoD L 1100

w[Zb L- 30 o[gJ/

;odko shoE f;zx n?w J/, n?b n?b n?w, ofi;Nqko, gzikph:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk tb'I gqekfFs ns/ :?;w?B fgqzNo}, gfNnkbk

d[nkok w[fdqs .

1

ykBdkBykBdkBykBdkBykBdkBykBdkBj'o d{;o/ f;ZX{ ik f;ZX{-pokV iZNK1 tKC nNkohtkb/ ;odko Gh nkgDk

fgZSk i?;bw/o d/ w'Yh i?;b GZNh-okig{s Bkb ik w/bd/ jB . ir wZb dkg[Zsq Xok fJ; ]kBdkB dk gfjbk pzdk ;h i' okig{skfBUI T[Am e/ gzikp B{znkfJnk ns/ ;zB 1580 Jh;th d/ eohp wkbt/ ftZu c{b wfjoki nk e/nkpkd j'fJnk . fJj nkgD/ ;w/I dk fJe uzrk okrh ;h ns/ okr-ftZfdnkd/ ikd{ jkb sZe Gh T[; B{z pV/ ;fseko Bkb :kd eod/ jB .2

;zB 1735 d/ eohp fJ; ykBdkB ftZu fJe tkoh fjZb i[b j'Jh s/fJBQK ftZu'I e[M c{b wfjoki fgzv s'I T[m e/ b[fXnkD/ d/ f}b/ nbkekirokUI ftZu fJzdrVQ (ekUIe/) nk t;/ . fJ; ]kBdkb d/ fJ; t/b/ d/fJfsjk; ;pzXh e[m gsk BjhI ubdk . f;oca fJsbk jh gsk bZrdk j? feekUIe/ d/ u"Xoh ekBQ uzd d/ d' g[Zsq r"jo s/ e"o uzr/ okm fBeb/ s/ nkgDhfe;ws niwkT[D bJh gzMh e[ ;tko b?e/ wkM/ tZb nkJ/ . fJZE/ fJBQK B/nNkoh s'I uVQd/ tZb nZX e[ whb dh ftZX s/ nk w'VQh rZvh s/ Bt/I fgzv dkBkUI nkgD/ fgSb/ fgzv d/ BkUI T[As/ ekUIe/ oZfynk . fJj fgzv jkb sZe T[E/nkpkd j? .3

1. "Sidhu, with its branch the Barar, or Sidhu-Barar, is the largest and

most important of the Jat tribes of the Punjab, for from it have sprung

the great Phulkian families of Patiala, Nabha and Jind and the Brar

family of FAridkot. the Sidhu trace their origin to Jaisal, a Bhatti Rajput

and founder of Jaisalmer... The pure Bhatti Rajputs of Bhattiana still

admit their relationship with the Sidhu and Barar." Rose, H.A. - A

Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W.F.P., iii 421

2. ;:Zd jkd j;B s/ ;:Zd oip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 60-1l b?gb frqfcB,gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, 238

3. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca;, (1890), 238 .gzE gqekF ftZu fbfynk j? fe r'o/ B/ ;zws 1794 B{z Xb/FNk d/ bkr/ fJe fgzvt;kfJnk s/ T[; dk Bkw r'og[ok ofynk . gzE gqekF, d{ih n?vhFB, 835.

fJj fdB ]kb;/ bJh pV/ fpyV/ ;B . ;?c[Zd"bk Btkp npd[b;wZd Bk fdb/fo-izr dk g[Zsq }eohnk ykB i' fJfsjk; ftZu ª]kBpjkdo« eoe/ gqf;ZX j? bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h . f;zxK dh esb-nkw sKfJ; d/ fgT[ d/ }wkB/ s'I jh fJe Fkjh caowkB Bkb ikoh j' u[Zeh j'Jh ;hid fJj j[ew j' frnk ;h fe fiZE/ feXo/ Gh e'Jh f;Zy fwb/ fpBk g[ZSgqshs d/ esb eo fdZsk ikt/ .1 fJ; wsbp bJh bkj"o s'I ]kB pjkdodhnK rFsh c"iK fBebdhnK s/ f;ZyK B{z N'b Gkb ftZu fgzv' fgzvfcodhnK . fiZE/ feXo/ f;zxK B{z gsk brdk T[E/ ik Skgk wkodhnK s/T[BQK B{z cV e/ bkj"o gj[zuk fdzdhnK . fJBQK rFsh d;fsnK B/ wkM/ s/fonkVeh dk ;kok fJbkek rkj wkfonk . eJh tkoh dPkp/ s/ BZe/ d/T[gob/ fjZf;nK sZe Gh fJj ik g[Zid/ . fJ; soQK j}koK dh frDsh ftZuf;zx geVh: geVh: e/ bkj"o g[Zid/ ofjzd/ . fiZE/ T[jfdZbh dotki/ d/uVQdh tZb pk}ko Byk; ftZu bzv/ pk}ko dh EK s/ Fjhd eo fdZs/ iKd/. eJhnK B{z sbtko Bkb esb ehsk, eJhnk B{z uoyVhnK s/ ukVQe/T[BQK dhnK jZvhnK eVek fdZshnK, eJhnK B{z w{zrbhnK Bkb e[Ntk e/wotk fdZsk ns/ eJhnK B{z j'o eJh gqeko d/ s;hj/ d/ e/ wko w[ekfJnk. T[BQK d/ f;o d/ w[Bko/ u[D/ iKd/ ;B s/ p/-f;o XV esb-rkj ftZudptk fdZs/ ikd/ . fJ;/ n;EkB s/ jh fJBQK FjhdK dh :kd ftZu bkj"odk Fjhd-rzi j? .2 fJj i[bw e/tb f;zxK T[s/ jh BjhI ;B j[zd/ . whowzB{ d/ t/b/ sK f;zxDhnK B{z gh n;fj s/ nefj eFN fdZs/ rJ/ id feT[BQK d/ d[ZX u[zxd/ pZfunK d/ N'N/ N'N/ eo e/ T[BQK dhnK M'bhnK ftZu gkJ/rJ/, T[BQK B{z G[Zy/ GkD/ jo o'} ;tk ;tk wD dkD/ ghjD B{z fdZs/ iKd/ ;Bns/ T[BQK B{z yzBh yzBh o'Nh s/ r[}kok eoBk g?Idk ;h, go FkpkF T[BQk r[o{d/ bkbK s/ r[o{ dhnK pZuhnK d/, fiBQK B/ fJj ;ko/ eFN fyV/ wZE/ ;jkobJ/ s/ j}koK ftZu'I fe;/ fJe B/ Gh nkgDh fizd pukT[D bJh Xow B{zfsnkrDk gqtkD Bk ehsk .3 fJBQK w[;hpsK d/ ekoB f;zxK B{z xo xkN4. w[BFh dkfBFto fbydk j? fe pzdk f;zx pjkd[o d/ esb d/ pkd j[ew j' frnk fe

fiE/ feXo/ Gh fJ; fcoe/ d/ b'e fwbD, MN esb eo fdZs/ ikD . fwcaskj-T[-stkohy, ;ck 396 .

5. rD/Fdk; pv'jok, fo;kbk fJ-;kfjp B[wk, 198-9l eBQJhnk bkb, skohfy-bkj"o219 nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqs Bkwkl bshc, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, 193 .

6. frnkB f;zx, gzE gqekF . fJj ;]shnK fJ; jZd se ehshnK iKdhnK ;B s/ f;zxK B/fJBQK B{z fJ; soQK fyV/ wZE/ ;jkfonk fe jkb se fJj ]kb;/ dh nodk; dk fjZ;k pDhnKubhnK nk ojhnK jB .

SZv e/ izrbK ns/ gjkVK tZb B{z fBeb ikDk g? frnk . go fJj ;G e[MGh T[BQK dh ;fgfoN B{z Bk e[ub ;fenk, pbfe T[j d{D ;tkJ/ j[zd/ rJ/. fJj r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dh f;zxK ftZu c{eh j'Jh BthI o{j ;h fi; B/ T[BQKB{z ;Zu-w[Zu fuVhnK s'I pk} ns/ frZdVK s'I F/o pDk fdZsk ;h . fJ; t/b/]kb;/ ftZu jT[w? s/ ngDZs BjhI ;h . T[j r[o{ gzE dh ;/tk bJh ihT[Id/ns/ r[o{ gzE B{z uVQdhnK ebK ftZu oZy tykT[D bJh e[opkB j' iKd/ ;B. eJh fBZi dk bkG T[BQK B{z Gowk e/ GoktK Bkb'I s'V BjhI ;h ;edk ns/fe;/ fBZih B[e;kB iK ikB dk vo T[BQK B{z nkgD/ gzE dh ;/tk s'I fgZS/ BjhI;h jNk ;edk . gzE dh ;/tk T[BQK dk we;d ;h Gkt/I T[j fe;/ Gh jkbss/ g'}hFB ftZu ;B . Gkt/I e'Jh f;zx ;odko ;p/r f;zx dh g[}hFB ftZubkj"o dk e[stkb ;h s/ Gkt/ ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ eg{o f;zx tKC je{wsdk eZNV fto'Xh . fdb ftZu fJZSk ;kfonK d/ fJe' ;h s/ T[j ;h fe ªijKijK ]kb;k ;kfjp, sjK sjK foZfXnk fonkfJs, d/H s/H casfj, fpodeh g?i oj/, gzE eh ihs, ;qh ;kfjp ih ;jkfJ, ]kb;/ ih d/ p'b pkb/ .« fJj'jh ;t/o/ ns/ Fkw r[o{ d/ j}{o T[BQK dh nodk; ;h s/ fJ; B/ jh T[BQK B{z fJeikB s/ fJe w[Zm eo oZfynk ;h . fJ;/ e[opkBh dh ;fgfoN s/ gzE bJh ikBKx'b x[wkT[D dh feos B/ j}koK pzfdnK d/ wo fwN ikD go Gh e"w B{z fBZsBtK fBo'nk, ihT[Idk ikrdk s/ uVQdhnK ebK ftZu ofynk . frDsh ftZu]kb;k Gkt/I nkN/ ftZu b{D Gh BjhI ;h go r[o{ Go';/ T[BQK T[j e[M eoftykfJnk i' eo'VK dh frDsh tkb/ j}koK d/ Nkeo/ s/ Bk eo ;e/ .

f;zxK dhnk nkgk-tko{ e[opkBhnK s/ gzE bJh xkbK s'I T[s;kjs j' e/ekT[IfenK d/ r"jo s/ e"o Gh nzfwqs;o g[Zi/ s/ gzv/ dh gkj[b SZe e/ f;zx ;ZirJ/ s/ fJBQK d/ Bkw r"jo f;zx s/ e"o f;zx j' rJ/ .1

fiZE/ j[D fgzv nNkoh nkpkd j? T[E/ T[; t/b/ fJe g[okDh E/j j[zdh ;hfi; B{z fNZpk :k y/Vk2 nkyd/ ;B s/ fJ; d/ T[go p?okrh ;kX{nK dk v/ok ;h

1 oJh;kfB gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd gfjbh, 238 .2. b?gb frqfcB B/ ?gzikp uhca;" ftZu fJ; n;EkB B{z, fiE/ fe pokrhnK dk v/ok j[zdk

;h s/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r'o f;zx B{z nk p;D bJh fejk, fNpbhnK ik eotk (Bibliaor Karewa) fbfynk j? . ;:Zd jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh B/ fNZpk T[oca yo/tk(oJh;kfB-gzikp, gzikp, gzL 61) . mhe fNZpk :k y/Vk, j'Dk ukjhdk j? . pj[s ;kohnKg[okDhnK E'jK ni/ sZe fNZp/ iK y/V/ jh nytkT[IdhnK jB .

. fJ; v/o/ d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ e[M eZu/ e'm/ ;B . fJ; fBZe/ fij/ fgzv s/ T[;d/ fJod frod dh G"I d/ wkbe Gh p?okrh jh ;B . w[be ftZu npsohd/ ekoD u'ohnK s/ vke/ nkw ;B fiBQK s'I eJh tkoh ;kXK d/ e'm/ s/ v/okGh ;[Ze/ BjhI ;B pud/ . ;kX{ ftuko/ pV/ szr ;B s/ j?okB ;B fe eh eoB .p?okHhnK ftZu'I fJe pktk w{b dk; ;B fiBK Bkb fgzv t;kT[D d/ fdBk s'I jhr"jo/ dk pVk gq/w j' frnk j'fJnk ;h . id r"jo f;zx nzfwqs Se e/ f;zx ;ifrnk s/ T[j d/ Bkb j'o eJh ;zpzXh ns/ ;zrh ;kEh f;zx ;i rJ/ sK pktkw{b dk; B{z fynkb nkfJnk fe i/ e'Jh T[BQK dh fJ; npsoh d/ t/b/ ;jkfJskeo ;edk j? sK fJj r[o{ e/ f;zx jh jB . f;zx T[; t/b/ dhB d[yhnK d/ oky/s/ rohpK d/ ;jkJh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B i' b'eK dh w[;hps nkgD/ rZb gk e/ GhT[BQK d/ eFN fBtkoB B{z fsnko j' g?Id/ ;B . fJj ;'u e/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r"of;zx B{z nkfynk fe s[;hI ;kv/ gk; jh ub p;' s/ nkgD/ ofjD bJh ;kv/ y/V/ s/fJe T[Zuh nNkoh pDk bU, s/ fJod frod dh G"I dh wkbeh Gh s[;hI jh ;KG'I. n;hI sK ;kX{ jK, nkokw Bkb f}zdrh r[}koBk ukj[zd/ jK, d' wX{eVhnKo[ZyhnK fwZ;hnK i' fwb ikD, ;kB{z T[j jh pj[s jB .

r"jo f;zx B/ pktk w{b dk; dh fJj rZb gqtkD eo bJh s/ E/j B{z nknkpkd ehsk s/ T[BQK d/ nkyD w{ip fJE/ fJe T[Auh nNkoh nk pDkJh . r"jof;zx dh nNkoh T[Au/ fNZp/ s/ j'D eoe/ d{o'I fd;dh ;h . fJ; d/ Bkw s/ j"bhj"bh fgzv dk Bkw Gh nNkoh tZiD bZr fgnk .

id f;zx ;odko S'N/ S'N/ iZE/ pDk e/ wZbK wkoD bJh d/F ftZu fcoBbZr/ sK r"jo f;zx nkgD/ ;zpzXhnK ;w/s ;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/iZE/ ftZu Fkwb j' frnk . ;odko r[op]F f;zx ;odko Gzwk f;zx Gzrh s/;zrhnK ftu'I fJe f;o-eZY ;odko ;h . T[; d/ d' j'o ;kEh ;odko ;B, fJeT[; dk Gshik r[Zio f;zx s/ d{;ok ;odko bfjDk f;zx ekjb'I . ;odkor[op]F f;zx d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZS'I T[; dh eK s/ r[Zio f;zx ;odkopfDnk . r[Zio f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx d'B'I ;odko joh f;zx Gzrh d/ fw;bdko;B .

fJ; t/b/ r"jo f;zx B/ j"bh j"bh nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/ep}k eo fbnk fiBQK dh ;bkBk nkwdBh ;Zs j}ko o[gJ/ ;h .1

1. ;:Zd jkdh j;B (oJh;kfB-gzikp gzL 61, ns/ b?gb frqfcB (gzikp uhca;, gzBk238) B/ r"jo f;zx d/ nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/ ep}k eoB dk ;zB 1737Jh;th fdZsk j?, fi; t/b/ ykB pjkdo }eohnk ]kB bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h ns/ BkdoFkj ni/ fjzd[;skB T[s/ jZbk, eoB BjhI ;h nkfJnk . fJ; t/b/ jkb sZe f;zx B/nkw ep}/ eoB/ BjhI ;B nkozG/, fJ; bJh fJ; skohy T[s/ }ok FZe g?dk j?, go u{zfej'o e'Jh rtkjh fJ; d/ fto[ZX th BjhI, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z rbs Gh BjhI nkfynk ik;edk.

;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZS'I r"jof;zx ;odko r[Zio f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx GzrhnK d/ Bkb jh fojk . T[;dh pjkdoh s'I gq;zB j' e/ ;odko r[Zio f;zx B/ T[; B{z nmkoK j}ko S/;' o[gJ/ wkwb/ dk fJbkek ikrho ftZu d/ fdZsk .1

~~~

1. oJh;kfB-gzikp ftZu nmkoK j}ko d" ;' o[gJ/ ikrho fbyh j'Jh j? i', f}nkdkgqwkDhe j? . frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd gfjbh, 238 .

2

;odko fBjkb f;zx;odko fBjkb f;zx;odko fBjkb f;zx;odko fBjkb f;zx;odko fBjkb f;zx

r"jo f;zx d/ fszB g[Zso ;B db f;zx, fdnkb f;zx s/ fBjkb f;zx . ;odkofBjkb f;zx dk g[Zso ;odko Fkw f;zx ih, fi; dk jkb t/ot/ Bkb nZr/ uZb e/gkmeK dh G/Nk ehsk ikt/rk . d{;o/ gk;/ e"o f;zx d/ uko g[Zso ;B, N/e f;zx, i'Xf;zx, t}ho f;zx s/ uVQs f;zx . fJBK ftZu'I ;odko i'X f;zx dk g[Zso irs-gqf;ZX;odko iVs f;zx nNkohtkbk s/ T[BQK dk g[Zso okik F/o f;zx nNkohtkbk j'J/ jBfiBQK B/ u/bhnKtkb/ nzrq/iK Bkb bVkJh ftZu BkwkDk yZfNnk s/ nzs r[ioks ftZugk;k gos ikD eoe/ gzikp d/ oki d/ Bkb jh d/F fBekbk b? rJ/ . ;zB 1858 B{z;odko uso f;zx ebeZs/ d/ okik F/o f;zx pBko; ftZu uVkJh eo rJ/ .

id r"jo f;zx wihm/ d/ B}dhe d[okBhnK Bkb fJe izr ftZu Fjhd j'frnk sK ;odko fBjkb f;zx nkgD/ fgsk dh EK s/ fB:s j'fJnk . ;zB 1764 ftZuid ]kb;/ B/ bkj"o T[s/ ep}k ehsk sK ;odko fBjkb f;zx ;odko r[Zio f;zx s/;odko bfjDk f;zx Gzrh d/ Bkb ;h . fJ; t/b/ fJ; B{z g;o{o dk gorDk ikrhoftZu fwfbnk fi; dh nkwdBh dk nzdk}k v/VQ bZy ;bkBk ehsk frnk j? .1 ;odkor[Zio f;zx dh w"s fgZS'I fJj nkgfDnK GshfinK s/ ;zpzXhnK ;w/s ;odko r[Ziof;zx d/ g[Zso ;odko ;kfjp f;zx gk; oj/ s/ ;zB 1797 B{z nfjwd ykB FkjKuhpkFhBkb izr ftzu gzE dh tX uVQ e/ ;/tk ehsh .2

1. frnkB f;zx, gzE gqekF (d{ih n?vhFB), 836; nfjwd Fkj pNkbhnk, f}efo-r[o{nK fJpsdkfJ f;zxK (sfswk T[wdko stkohy), gzL 15 . ;odko bfjDkf;zx s/ ;odko r[Zio f;zx d/ t/ot/ ;fjs jkbK bJh t/y' p{N/ Fkj dh skohfygzikp, fibd gfjbh, gzL 517-20 s/ y[Ftes okfJ dh skohfy f;ZyK, 113-117 .

2. jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, okJh;kfB gzikp, 61-2l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibdgfjbh, 239 . nfjwd ]kB FkjKuhpkFh Bkb f;zx d/ izr d/ t/ot/ ;fjs jkbKbJh t/y' T[wdks[ stkohy, dcaso d'w 34l y[Ftes okfJ, 116l frnkB f;zx,gzE gqekF, d{;oh n?vhFB, 734-61l nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqs Bkwk, 308 .

wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;zB 1799 ftZu bkj"o s/ ep}k eo fbnk . fJ;t/b/ fB}kw dhB e;{ohnk ns/ Gzrh s/ okwrVQhJ/ ;odko wjkokik dh fdB' fdB tZXojh skes B{z mZbQD bJh ftT[IsK eoB bZr/ . nrb/ ;kb ;zB 1800 ftZu G;hDfgzv dh i{j ftZu c"iK dk fJe seVk fJeZm j'fJnk . T[Xo'I oDihs f;zx Gh w[ekpb/bJh fsnko j' e/ s[o fgnk . go ;odko r[bkp f;zx Gzrh dh nkukBe w"s B/ fJeZmfsZso fpZso eo fdZsk . fJBQhI fdBh wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;odko fBjkb f;zxnNkohtkb/ B{z rj[ Bkb d/fynk s/ T[; dhnK nzdo{Bh y{phnK B{z GKg frnk . T[; dhfJZSk ;h fe fe;/ soQK ;odko fBjkb f;zx T[; gk; nk ikJ/ . fJ; wsbp bJhwjkokik B/ T[; B{z p[bk G/fink . go ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ ;odko ;kfjp f;zx B{zSZv e/ wjkokik gk; ub/ ikDk uzrk Bk ;wfMnk s/ BKj eo fdZsh . fJ; p/ro}tcakdkoh dk gsk id ;kfjp f;zx B{z bZrk sK T[j pj[s jh gq;zB j'fJnk s/ ;odkofBjkb f;zx dh ikrho ns/ d{;o/ nbkT{I; tXk fdZs/ .3

;odko ;kfjp dh w/jopkBh ns/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx dh uVQdh ebk s/soZeh B/ T[; d/ uu/o/ GoktK N/e f;zx, i'X f;zx s/ t}ho f;zx d/ fdbK ftZu Jhoykdh nZr pkb fdZsh . T[BQK B/ ;odko ;kfjp f;zx d/ ezB GoB/ F[o{ eo fdZs/ . fJj }okew}'o fdb nkdwh ;h . iK sK fJj T[BQK dh rZb B{z ;wM Bk ;fenk iK T[BQK B{z BKjeo ;eD d/ n;woE ;h . Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fJ; B/ T[BQK d/ nky/ bZr e/ ;odkofBjkb f;zx dh gzdoK e[ jk}ko dh ikrho }ps eo bJh . ;odko fBjkb f;zxfJe nDyhbk s/ yok pzdk ;h . T[j fJ; BkikfJ} ;b{e Bz{ ed podkFs eo ;edk;h s/ Bkb/ ikrho xZN j' ikD d/ ekoB T[; dk fJZ}s Bkb fNe/ ofjDk w[wfeB BjhI;h fojk . fJ; bJh T[j ;odko ;kfjp f;zx dh skp/dkoh SZv e/ nkgD/ fgzv nNkohubk nkfJnk .2

fJBQK fdBK ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ eJh T{m ;odko fBjkb f;zx dhb[ZN ftZu nk rJ/ . fi; t/b/ wjkokik B{z fJ; rZb dk gsk bZrk sK T[BQK B/ nkgD/e[M nkdwh ;odko fBjkb f;zx gk; G/i e/ efj ;[D e/ T{m w'V fbnkT[D . fJBQKnkdwhnK d/ g[ZiD s'I gfjbK eJh T{m fpe u[Ze/ ;B go i' pkeh ;B T[j ;odko fBjkb

1. gzikp uhca;, fibd d{;oh, 239l jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 62 .2. jkdh jFB, oJh;kfB gzikp, 62l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd d{;oh, 239 .

f;zx B/ wjkokik B{z tkg; G/i fdZs/ .fJ; rZb s'I wjkokik oDihs f;zx pj[s jh gq;zB j'fJnk s/ T[; B/ nkgD/

nkdwh ;odko fBjkb f;zx gk; G/i/ sK fe T[; B{z wjkokik ;kfjp dh B"eoh ftZunk ikD bJh gq/oD . pj[s e[M efjD ejkT[D go ;odko fBjkb f;zx ok}h j'frnk . wjkokik B/ T[; B{z nkgDh c"i ftZu nca;o w[eZoo eo fdZsk s/ uko ;' ;'bK;tko, fJe tZvh s'g ns/ ;Zs F[soh }zp{o/ T[; d/ skfpnk ehs/ .1

gfjbK w[fjzw fiZE/ fe ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx tb'I G/fink frnk ;h T[j SZS d/ fJbke/ B{z ;o eoB dh ;h .2 fJE/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/S/sh jh nkgDh tckdkoh s/ pjkdoh d/ ekoD pj[s bkw g?dk eo fbnk . wjkokikoDihs f;zx pjkdoK dk edodkB ;h . T[; B/ ;zB 1803 ftZu u[ozik j}ko gzi ;"o[gJ/ dh ;[Zy' dh ikrho ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z fdZsh s/ fszB ;kb pkd fJe bZy;kbkBk nkwdBh tkbk g;o{o dk fJbkek p]fFnk .3 ;zB 1807 ftZu id wjkokikB/ e;{o T[s/ Xktk ehsk sK ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ pVh pjkdoh fdykJh . wjkokikoDihs f;zx id Gh fe;/ Bt/I fJbke/ B{z cafsj eodk ;h sK T[E'I d/ g[okD/ jkew B{zedh Gh xo'I p/-xo BjhI ;h eodk, pbfe T[; d/ r[}ko/ bJh T[; T[; B{z fe;/ j'o EKikrho d/ fdnk eodk ;h sK fe T[j nkgD/ f}zdrh d/ fdB nkokw s/ fJZ}s Bkbr[}ko ;e/ . e;{o casfj eo b?D go Btkp e[spdhB e;{ohJ/ B{z wjkokik B/ wwd'Ndk fJbkek ikrho ftZu d/ fdZsk s/ e;{o dk ;kok fJbkek ;odko fBjkb f;zx d/skp/ eo fdZsk fi; dh nkwdBh fJe bZy ;Zs j}ko ;h .4

e;{o d/ fJbke/ d/ Bkb jh vZroK s/ ;odko XzBk f;zx wbtJh dk cho'}g[o

1 frnkBh f;zx gzE gqekF (d{ih n?vhFB, gzL 839) ftZu fbydk j? fe wjkokikoDihs f;zx B/ fJ; t/b/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z gzi ;" ;tko d' s'gK s/ ;Zso F[soh}zp{o/ fdZs/ ;B. T[go fdZsh rJh frDsh jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh dh feskp oJh;kfBgzikp, gzBk 63 s/ frqfcaB dh gzikp uhca;, gzBk 239 d/ w[skpe fdZsh rJh j? .

2. gzE gqekF, d{ih n?vhFB, 8363. gzE gqekF, 836l oJh;kfB gzikp, 62l frqfcB gzikp uhca;, 2404. e;{o wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ fto[ZX ;k}kFK dk fJe pVk tZvk nZvk ;h . fJE'I d/

jkew fB}kw dhB dh Ffj s/ ;jkfJsk Bkb jh Gzrh s/ okwrVQhJ/ ;odko G;hD ftZuizr dh fsnkoh ehsh, i' f;o/ BjhI ;h uVQ ;eh . j[D fB}kw dhB d/ wo ikD fgZS'I T[;d/ GkJh e[sp dhB B/ fto'Xsk F[o{ eo fdZsh ;h .

dk fJbkek brdk ;h . fJE/ jh ;zB 1808 d/ n]ho sZe ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/nmkoK j}ko o[gJ/ ;bkBk dk j'o fJbkek nkgD/ ep}/ eo fbnk . S/sh jh fgZS'IfJBQK B/ wjkokik gk;'I nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK dh fszB j}ko dh wkch gqkgsehsh . fJ; soQK ;odko fBjkb f;zx dh e[b ikrho fszB bZy S/ j}ko nZm ;" o[gJ/dh j' rJh . fJ; ftZu v/Y bZy dh }ksh wkch dh ikrho ;h s/ fJe bZy, Sgzik j}konZm ;" d/ pdb/ c"ih B"eoh bJh Bcoh d/Dh j[zdh ;h .1

;zXKtkbhJ/ ;odkoK s'I pknd, i' wjkokik d/ nkgD/ jh ykBdkB d/ ;B, j'oe'jh Gh ;odko n?;k BjhI ;h fi; dh fJZAis tfvnkJh wjkoki/ dh B}o ftZu ;odkofBjkb f;zx dk Nkeok eo ;edh . fJj ;G wkB t[; B{z nkgD/ pkj{-pb s/ pjdkohBkb gqkgs j'fJnk ;h . T[; B/ wjkoki/ dhnK nD-frDs s/ nw[Zb ;/tk ehshnK ;B. ;zB 1801 s'I 1817 sZe FkfJd jh e'Jh n?;h w[fjzw j't/ fiZE/ ;odko fBjkbf;zx B/ tZX uVQ e/ pjkdoh Bk fdykJh j't/ . eFwho, fgzv dkdB ykB, Bhbk,uetkb, ;?dg[o, BokfJD rVQ, gke gNB, wfjw{d e'N, w[bskB nkfd jo tZvh izrftZu w'jo/ j' e/ ;{ofwnK dh soQK sbtko d/ i"jo ftykJ/ . 1810 ftZu w[bskB dhbVkJh ftZu fJe ;[ozr d/ cN ikD Bkb p{oh soQK M[bf;nk frnk ;h . fJ; t/b/;odko nso f;zx Xkoh, i' fJ; d/ B}dhe jh yVk ;h wkfonk frnk s/ j'o eJh;odko }ywh j'J/ ;B . ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z fJ; t/b/ fJbki bJh bkj"o G/finkfrnk ;h . fJ; soQK pjkd[okBk e[opkBhnK eod/ j'J/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ nzsnkgDh f}zdrh gh wjkoki/ T[go'I e[opkB eo fdZsh ns/ pkpo s/ jwk:{z tkbk tkfenkfszB ;" ;kb pknd w[V sk}k eo fdZsk .2

1817 ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx tDhJ/e/ T[so/ j'J/ ;B fe nukBe jh;]s phwko j' rJ/ s/ jkbs fJE/ sZe ]okp j' rJh fe T[BQK dh f}zdrh ;pzXhfBok;sk j' rJh . fJj jkbs d/y e/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx n?;/ gq/w-T[Skb/ ftZu nkJ/fe nkg B/ fJe wb j' e/ ;fsr[o{ d/ j}{o nodk;k ;'fXnk, wjkokik d/ gbzx dhnKfszB gqeowK ehshnK s/ fco jZE i'V e/ nodk; ehsh fe wjkoki ;kfjp ok}h j' ikDs/ T[BQK dk o'r w?B{z bZr ikt/ . fJ; nodk;/ fgZS'I nkg S/sh jh nNkoh B{z ub/ nkJ/. GkDk eosko dk n?;k tofsnk fe wjkokik ;kfjp ok}h j'D bZr gJ/ ns/ ;odko

1. frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, 240l oJh;kfB gzikp, 632. gzikp uhca;, fibd d{;oh, 240-241l oJh;kfB-gzikp, 63-4

fBjkb f;zx phwko j' rJ/ ns/ e[M wjhfBnK fgZs'I ubkDk eo rJ/ . nkg dh ;wkXnNkoh dh uVQdh r[Zm tb'I i' ;Ve tZvh Fkjh ;Ve B{z iKdh j? T[; d/ Bkb jh pDhj'Jh j? .1

;odko fBjkb f;zx d/ ihtB d/ jkbks s'I fJj Gbh gqeko f;ZX j[zdk j? fenkg fBoG?, fBoSZb, ;{opho s/ f;deh f;zx ;B ns/ fiZe'I sZe tkj brdh nkgDkB[e;kB eo e/ Gh d{;o/ dh ;/tk eod/ ;B . id nkg Gzrh ;odkoK gk; ;B sK g{ohsoQK T[BQK dh tcakdkoh ftZu oj/ ns/ T[BQK dk ;kE SZv e/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx BkbobDk ;Pheko Bk ehsk . ;odko ;kfjp f;zx Gzrh rb'I p/-edoh fgZS'I id nNkoh w[VQnkJ/ ns/ fco wjkokik d/ pbkT[D go T[; Bkb Fkwb j'J/ sK g{oh soQK T[BQK d/tcakdko oj/ s/ nzs sZe gh wjkokik T[go'I x'b x[wkJh . ;odko fBjkb f;zx d/nekb ubkD/ dh skohy iBtoh ;zB 1818 j? .

~~~

1. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 64l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, d{;oh fibd,241

3

w[bskB dh bVkJhw[bskB dh bVkJhw[bskB dh bVkJhw[bskB dh bVkJhw[bskB dh bVkJh

fJ; tke/ s'I E'Vk fuo jh gfjbK ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ nkgD/ g[Zso ;odkoFkw f;zx nNkohtkbk B{z wjkoki/ dh c"i ftZu Gosh eotk fdZsk ;h .1

;odko Fkw f;zx d/ iBw dh skoh] ns/ S'Nh ntZ;ek d/ jkbks dk e[M gskBjh ubdk .2

T[BQK d/ ihtB dk ;G s'I gfjbK gqf;ZX ekoBkwk i' fJfsjk; ftZu nkfJnk j?T[j ;zB 1818 dh w[bskB dh nk]oh bVkJh ;h . fJ; s'I gfjbK w[bskB g[o fszBtko uVQkJh ehsh rJh ;h go ep}k BjhI ;h ehsk frnk . gfjbh w[fjzw 1810 ftZuw[bskB rJh id fe wjkokik YkJh bZy o[fgnk s/ thj x'V/ B}okBk ns/ bVkJh t/b/ fJe c"ih d;s/ dh ;jkfJsk dk tfjdk b? e/ w[V nkfJnk ;h . d{;oh tkoh 1816ftZu fJe bZy thj j}ko B}okBk w[eZoo j'fJnk fi; ftZu'I nZ;h j}ko b? e/ wjkokikwBe/o/ tZb B{z nk frnk . sh;oh tko 1817 ftZu w[bskB dh w[fjzw fwA;o dhtkBuzd dh ewkB j/mK G/ih rJh go T[; B{z ;cabsk gqkgs Bk j'D eoe/ 1818 d/ nkozGftZu 25 j}ko c"i ezto yVe f;zx dh ;odkoh ftZu w[bskB B{z s'oh rJh s/ fwZ;o

1. vkeNo u'gVk B/ nkgDh feskp gzikp n?} J/ ;"to/B ;N/N (gzBk 163) ftZu fbfynkj? fe ;odko Fkw f;zx gfjb/ gfjb ;B 1803 Jh;th ftZu wjkoki oDihs f;zxdh ;/tk ftZu nkJ/ ;B, go gfjbh gqf;ZXh nkg B{z w[bskB d/ nk]oh x/o/ ftZu gqkgsj'Jh fiZE/ fe nkg fJe pksoh dh ewkB eo oj/ ;B . fJj T[j ;wK ;h id fe fJBQKd/ fgsk ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z SZS ns/ g'm/jko d/ fJbke/ ftZu pjkdoh d/ ekoD ;[y'Idh ikrho fwbh ;h . j' ;edk j? fe fJzBh fdBhI jh wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ gq;zB j'e/;odko Fkw f;zx B{z Gh c"i ftZu b? fbnk j't/ .

2. i/ vkeNo u'gVk dh T[gq'es skohy ;zB 1803 Jh;th mhe j?, id fe ;odko Fkwf;zx wjkokik ;kfjp dh c"i ftZu dk]b j'J/ dZ;/ iKd/ jB, sK T[; t/b/ fJBQK dhT[wo xZN' xZN 18 e[ ;kb j'Dh ukjhdh j? . fJ; fj;kp Bkb nkg dk iBw ;zB1785 d/ B}dhe ubk iKdk j? . go fJj f;oc fj;kph nB[wkB jh j? . e'Jh Go';/:'r rtkjh fwbD sZe :ehBh s"o s/ e[M BjhI fejk ik ;edk .

dhtkB uzd T[; dk BkfJp w[eZoo ehsk frnk . fJ; w[fjzw d/ Bkb ;odko Fkw f;zxnNkohtkb/ Gh ;B . fi; t/b/ w[bskB d/ febQ/ B{z x/ok gkfJnk frnk sK dZyD dhpksoh dh pkjh dh ewkB fJBQK d/ ;g[od ;h . d{;ohnK pksohnK ;odko db f;zxBj/oBk, ;odko nwho f;zx ;zXKtkbhnK ns/ ;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhnK dh ewkBj/mK ;B . w[bskB d/ jkew Btkp w[}Zco yKB B/ Gh ekch fsnkoh ehsh j'Jh ;h .nkgDh wZdd bJh T[; B/ f;ZyK fto[ZX ijkd d/ Bkw s/ p/-F[wko w[byZJhnk Gh fJeZmkeo fbnk ;h s/ T[j w[ekpb/ s/ vfNnk j'fJnk c"i dh nkg ewkB eo fojk ;h . GKt/I ][d wjkokik oDihs f;zx fJ; t/b/ w[bskB w"i{d BjhI ;h, go T[j bkj"o o'}kBkx/o/ ns/ izr ;zpzXh fjdkfJsK G/idk ;h . T[; dh wBFk ;h fe febQ/ s/ Xktk p'b e/e'Jh ]sok Bk fbnk ikt/ pbfe x/o/ B{z w}p{s eo e/ w[Z}Zco ]kB B{z febk ykbh eoBbJh wip{o eo fdZsk ikt/ . go sK Gh eJh tkoh fJZe/ d[Ze/ jbe/ jZb/ s/ MVck edhedh j' jh iKdhnK ;B . r'bkpkoh brksko }koh ofjzdh ;h . fJ; w"e/ s/ GzrhnKtkbh s'g }w}wk bkj"o'I wzrtk e/ uko tkoh fJZE/ ubkJh rJh fi; Bkb feb/ dhdhtko ioioh j' rJh .

fJ; t/b/ dh fJe pVh nihp xNBk w[BFh r[bkp ihbkBh B/ nkgDh fbysªizfr wbskB« ftZu fdZsh j? . T[j fbydk j? fe fJ; izr ftzu w?I G/i pdbk e/ ;{jhJ/dk ezw eo fojk ;K ns/ nkgD/ gN/ f;zxK d/ e/;K tKC T[go B{z bg/N/ j'J/ ;B . nk]hod/ fdB (2 i{B ;zB 1818) dh rZb j? fe id w?I ]poK ;{jK b?D bJh fJ; soQKf;Zy c"iK ftZu fco fojk ;K sK s'gykB/ d/ fJe gkf;T[I w?B{z xpokjN ftZu ehshnK ikojhnK e[M rZbK ;[DkJh gJhnK . w?I ibdh Bkb UXo B{z j' frnk . eh t/ydk jK fepkoK s/oK f;zx nkg; ftZu MrV oj/ ;B s/ ªgfjb/ w?ª, gfjb/ w?I« efj oj/ ;B .B}dhe ikD s'I gsk bZrk fe T[BQK dh s'g dk gjhnk N[ZNk j'fJnk j? . fJBQK ftZu'I fJeB/ sith} ehsh fe i/ fJ; N[N/ j'J/ gjhJ/ dh EK n;hI tkoh tkoh nkgDk w'Yk vkjhJ/sK fJj s'g ezw eo ;edh j? s/ ;kv/ gkf;UI fYZbh g? ojh s'gK dh wko c/o s/} j' ikJ/rh . fJj sith} ;[D e/ T[BQK f;zx ftZu'I jo e'Jh ªgfjb/ w?I«, «gfjb/ w?I« efj fojk ;hs/ F'o wfunk j'fJnk ;h . fJsB/ B{z fJe f;zx B/, i' nca;o wkb{w j[zdk ;h, fejk few/oh rZb ;[D' . gfjbK w?I nkgDk w'Yk vkj[zdk jK, w/o/ fgZS'I dfjD/ tkbk f;gkjh s/T[; fgZS'I T[; d/ pkJ/I tkbk . fJ; soQK tkoh tkoh nkgDk w'Yk vkj[zd/ ub', c/o i' r[o{

B{z Gkt/ . T[BQK B/ fJ; soQK eoBk F[o{ eo fdZs/ s/ tkoh tkoh w'Yk vkj e/ s'g d/ Xwke/Bkb d; frnkoK nkdwh cBkj j' rJ/ go s'g ubkT[Id/ rJ/ . fJsB/ B{z ioioh j'JhfeZb/ dh ezX ftZu gkV g? frnk s/ f;zx dhtko T[Zs/ uV rJ/ .

nzs ftZu r[bkw ihbkBh fbydk j? fe f;ZyK d/ fJ; ;ke/ B{z t/y e/ w?I j?okB j'fojk ;K s/ eJh tkoh w/ok ih Gh T[Skb/ wkodk ;h fe w?I Gh nkgDk w'Yk fJ; gjhJ/d/ j/mK d/ d/tK ns/ i/ w?I ihT{Idk fojk jK sK fJ; bJh fe f;ZyK dh fJ; ;{owrsh dhejkDh B{z d[BhnK ftZu ihT[Idk SZv iktK .

fJj fJ; t/b/ dh jh rZb wkb{w j[zdh j? id fe w"ek skV e/ nekbh c{bkf;zx fBjzr1 B/ nukBe jh febQ/ s/ ik Xktk p'fbnk . Btkp w[iZco ]kB nkgD/ g[ZsoK;w/s w[ekpb/ bjh nkfJnk go ykb;k dh sbtko d/ ;kwQd/ g/F Bk rJh s/ f;zxnekb nekb r{zikT[Id/ nzdo X;D/ F[o{ j' rJ/ . w[iZco ]kB nkgD/ gzi g[soK ;w/s bVdk j'fJnk wkfonk frnk . fJ; t/b/ i/jV/ ;{ow/ ;kfonK Bkb' w'jo/ ;B s/ i'gkV okj/ feb/Q d/ nzdo dk]b j'J/, T[BQK ftZu'i fJe ;odko Fkw f;zx Gh ;h . fejkiKdk j? fe o;s/ ftZu w[ekpb/ bJh vfNnk j'fJnk Btkp w[}Zco ]kB dk g[Zso FkjfBtk} ]kB fJBQK d/ jZE'I jh wkfonk frnk ;h . fJ; izr ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx i]whGh j' rJ/ ;B s/ w'Y/ s/ sbtko dk xkU bZrk ;h . Btkp w[}Zco ]kB dk tZvk g[Zso;ocaok} ykB s/ fJe S'Nk }[bfcaeko ]kB izrh e?dhnK dh j?;hns ftZu bkj"ogj[zukJ/ rJ/ s/ wjkokik B/ T[BQK d/ r[}ko/ bJh g?BFB s/ ikrho d/ fdZsh . fi; t/b/;{pk w[bskB dh je{ws bJh gqpzX j'Dk F[o{ j'fJnk ns/ wjkokik B/ EkUI EKJhnkgD/ jkew w[eoZo ehs/ sK ozrg[o dk fJbkek ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ ;g[od ehskfrnk .2

nfjwd ftZu ;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhJ/ s/ sbzp/ ftZu ]kb;k casfj f;zxnkjb{tkbhJ/ d/ mkD/ Bh:s j'J/ .

1. eJh fJe fbykohnK B/ fJ; t/b/ jZbk eoe/ nZr/ tXD tkb/ fBjzr f;zx dk Bkw ;kX{f;zx fbfynk j?, go mhe Bkw c{bk f;zx jh gqshs j[zdk j? . pkpk gq/w f;zx B/ fJ;;pzXh nkgdh g[;se ihtB fpqsKs c{bk f;zx nekbh" ftZu ekch pfj; ehs j? d/y'd{ih n?vhFB, gzBk 98-102 .

2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcaso d'w, 210-21l bshca, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp,410-13l jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp 64l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;,

241l r[bkw ihbkBh, izfr w[bskB, 27 .

4

d';s wj[zwd ]kB d/ fto[ZX uVQkJhd';s wj[zwd ]kB d/ fto[ZX uVQkJhd';s wj[zwd ]kB d/ fto[ZX uVQkJhd';s wj[zwd ]kB d/ fto[ZX uVQkJhd';s wj[zwd ]kB d/ fto[ZX uVQkJh

fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh ncaHkfB;skB ftZu yZg g? rJh . Fkj}kdkekwokB tb'I X'y/ Bkb t}ho casfj ykB d/ esb B/ soEZbh wuk fdZsh .casfj ykB pkoe}Jh ephb/ dk fJe f;o-eZY ;odko ;h s/ T[; d/ gzikje[ Gok ;B i' ;ko/ jh fJbkfenK d/ jkew iK tZv/ tZv/ nca;o ;B . T[BQK d/nzdo pdb/ dh nZr GVe T[Amh s/ EkT[I EkJhI prkts j' rJh . eFwho d/jkew w[jzwd n}hw ykB B/ ekwokB B{z GKi d/ e/ dZyD tZb B{z XZe fdZsk s/T[; d/ fgsk Fkj wfjw{d dh EK x?w{o Fkj d[ZokBh d/ g[Zso Fkj n:{p B{zekpb dk pkdFkj pDk fdZsk .

fJ; oki-o"b/ t/b/ yNeK B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ fto[ZX pHktseo fdZsh s/ nNe d/ fJbke/ ftZu fJe f;Zy c"ih d;s/ s/ nukBe jZbk p'bfdZsk fi; Bkb T[j fgZS/ jND go wip{o j' rJ/ . nkgDh ;ojZd s/ g?dkj' oj/ ]so/ B{z nB[Gt eo e/ ][d wjkokik B/ c"ih fsnkoh dk j[ew fdZsks/ nkg fJe seVh c"i Bkb nNe'I gko bzx e/ B"Ffjo/ ftZu dh 20 Btzpo;zB 1818 B{z fgFkto ik g[Zik . nZr/ e'Jh nV Bk ;fenk ns/ :kow[jzwd]kB GZi e/ :{;ca}Jh gjkVhnK ftZu ik tfVnk . wjkokik fszB fdBfgFkto mfjfonk s/ fgFkto dk fJbkek nsk w[jzwd ]kB d/ Gok ijkBdkd]kB t}hoy/b d/ ;g[od eo e/ nNe B{z w[V fgnk .

id wjkoki/ B{z jo'I gk; ]po g[Zih fe d';s w[jzwd ]kB s/ :kow[jzwd ]kB B/ fgFkto nk dZfpnk j? s/ ijkBdkd ]kB B{z jFsBro B{zGik fdZsk j? sK T[; B/ ;odko db f;zx, ;odko XzBk f;zx wbtJh,;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko irs f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/ ;odkojoh f;zx B{z c"i d/ e/ fgFkto B{z ;'XD dk j[ew ehs/ s/ fgZS/ fwZ;o dhtkBuzd B{z T[BQK dh wZdd bJh G/fink ns/ ;odko nwo f;zx wihmhJ/ B{z]?okpkd dh jcak}s bJh w[eZoo ehsk . ]kb;Jh c"iK B/ w[V fgFkto s/ep}k eo fbnk . j'o e'Jh ukok Bk d/y e/ d';s w[jzwd ykB B/ nkgD/

tehb G/i e/ gzikj j}ko o[gJ/ dhnK j[zvhnK, e[M x'V/ cbK dh vkbh s/j'o s'jc/ B}okB/ tb'I G/i/ s/ ]kb;/ dh JhD wzB bJh fi; go ]kb;k c"iKtkg; bkj"o tZb B{z w[V gJhnK . fJj rZb d;zpo 1818 dh j? .1

¤

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcaso d'w, 227-40l bshca fj;Noh n"c dhgzikp 414-16

5

eFwho dh w[fjzweFwho dh w[fjzweFwho dh w[fjzweFwho dh w[fjzweFwho dh w[fjzw

w[bskB s/ fgFkto B{z fBtk e/ wjkoki/ dh B}o eFwho tZb j'Jh . eFwho d/jkew iZpko ]kB dk t}ho gzvs pho Xo gmkB dh fBrkj e[tZbh d/y e/ d/;'I GZifBefbnk s/ gbkj bJh wjkoki/ dh ;/tk ftZu jk}o j'fJnk . wjkoki/ B/ T[; dhpVh nkU Grs ehsh ns/ T[; gk;'I eFwho d/F ;zpzXh g{oh g{oh tkechns jk;beo e/ w[fjzw dh fsnkoh bJh j[ew ikoh eo fdZsk1 s/ o;sk ;kc eoB bJh nkgD/tehb bkbk feFB fdnkb B{z oki"oh tZb G/fink . T[j okik nro ]kB oki"oh tkb/s/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ f}whIdkoK Bkb rZb pks gZeh eoe/ cZrD ;zws 1874 (cotoh1819) B{z bkj"o tkg; nkfJnk s/ fwZ;o dhtkB uzd okjhI ;kok jkb wjkoki/ B{zdZf;nk ns/ okik nZro ]kB dk e/;o d/ gzi/ tkbk fJeoko Bkwk g/F ehsk fi; ftZu;[rzX yk e/ gqD ehsk j'fJnk ;h fe fi; t/b/ ]kb;k c"iK fJZXo oki"oh tZb nkT[DrhnKsK eFwho d/ fJ; gk;/ d/ ezw eki ftzu e'Jh caoe BjhI nkt/rk ns/ jo gqekofwZsqkBk ;jkfJsk eoB ftZu n?B y[Fh ;wMh ikt/rh .2

u/s 1876 (;zB 1819) B{z bkj"o dh fjck}s f;zx ;kfjp ]kb;k casfjf;zx nkjb{tkbhJ/ d/ ;g[od eoe/ eFwho dh w[fjzw tkbh c"i d/ fszB fjZ;/ pDkJ/rJ/ . fJe fjZ;k fwZ;o dhtkB uzd dh ewkB j/mK fdZsk frnk . fJ; fjZ;/ ftZu ;odkoFkw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ;B i' w[fjzw d/ ioB?b d/ ]k; wZddrko ;B . ;odko irsf;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko itkbk f;zx, ;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk s/ ;odko osBf;zx Gh fJBQK d/ Bkbj jh ;B . d{;ok fjZ;k eztb ]kb;k yVe f;zx dh ewkB j/mKgfjb/ fvthiB dh e[we bJh fB:s j'fJnk . sh;ok fjZ;k ][d wjkokik dh nkgDhewkB j/mK t}hokpkd ik T[sfonk sK fe t/b/ f;o fiZE/ b'V j't/ wZdd gj[zuk ;e/ns/ okFB s/ j'o ;kwkB gj[zukT[Idk oj/ .

1. bshc, fj;Nh n"c dh gzikp, 4172. ;'jB bkb, T[wkdks{-stkoh], fjZ;k d'w, 246

fwZ;o dhtkB uzd d/ fvthiB B/, fi; ftZu fe ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/;B, oki"oh tZb B{z XkJh ehsh . okik ]po ;[Dd/ ;ko jh GZi fBefbnk, go T[; dkg[Zsq ojhw[Zbk ]kB fwZ;o dhtkB uzd B{z nk fwfbnk s/ T[; B/ ojhw[Zbk ]kB B{z wjkoki/gk; r[ioks G/i fdZsk . wjkoki/ B/ ][F j' e/ T[; B{z oki/ dk fyskp d/ e/ T[; d/ fgskdh EK w[eZoo eo fdZsk . i{B d/ wjhB/ dhtkB uzd oki"oh B{z casfj eo e/ pfjokw-rb/ ftZu dk]b j' frnk . g[SD d/ okik }pod;s ]kB gk;'I JhD wBk e/ nZX i{B1819 B{z ]kb;k c"iK ;[ghB B{z ikD tkbh ;Ve d/ ;okJ/ nbh ik T[sohnK . T[Xo'I;odko iZpko ykB gh c"Ii b? e/ w[ekpb/ bJh nk vfNnk . 4 i[bkJh B{z pV/ xw;kBdh bVkJh j'Jh, go f;zxK nZr/ gmkD fNe Bk ;e/ s/ w?dkB SZv rJ/ . iZpko ]kB}]wh j' e/ fGzpo B{z GZi frnk s/ T[E'I fgFkto ik g[Zik . ]kb;/ dk ep}k eFwho goj' frnk s/ wjkoki/ B/ pVh ][Fh ehsh s/ bkj"o ns/ nzfwqs;o ftZu dhgwkbk ehshrJh .1

eFwho ;zpzXh e[M rZbK dk gqpzX eoB bJh caeho n}h}[dhB B{z G/finkfrnk, go phwko j' ikD d/ ekoB T[; B{z oki"oh s'I tkg; p[bk fbnk frnk ns/bkj"o'I wjkokik ;kfjp tb'I eFwho dk e'Jh gZek jkew w[eZoo j' e/ nkT[D sZe T[E/c"i gqpzX fojk . wjkokik ;kfjp B/ j[ew G/fink fe dhtkB okw fdnkb nkgDh c"ai;D/ fGzpo'I B"Ffjo/ s/ n}hw rVQ ikt/, dhtkB w'sh okw gjkVh okfinK B{z c"i Bkboki"oh s/ g[DS dk gqpzX eo/, GJhnk okw f;zx EzB/ ftZu fojkfJF oy e/ feZbQk wkons/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ fJbke/ B{z ;o eo/, ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odkoi[nkbk f;zx GVQkDhnk s/ ;odko db f;zx f;ohBro s/ pkokw{b/ ofjD ns/ fwZ;odhtB uzd dh ;jkfJsk eoB . dhtkB d/th dk; B{z, i' fj;kp feskp dk uzrk ikD{;h, eFwho dh nkwdBh s/ ]ou ;zpzXh fog'oN eoB bJh G/fink frnk . fwZ;odhtkB uzd B{z gZeh skrhd ehsh rJh fe eFwho d/ t;BheK dk g{ok soQK fynkboZfynk ikt/ ns/ fe;/ B{z Gh fe;/ fe;w dh e'Jh sebhca Bk gj[zukJh ikt/ .2

3. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[ stkohy, dcaso d'w, 246-60l bshc, fj;Nh n"c dh gzikp, 417-

18l pkpk gq/w f;zx, joh f;zx Bb{nk, 72-86 .4. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w 259

fJ; w[fjzw ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko i[nkbk f;zx GVQkDhJ/s/ ;odko db f;zx dh pjkdoh dh wjkoki/ B/ pVh gqFz;k ehsh s/ T[BQK d/ tehbKB{z pVhnK ehwsh g'FKeK p]FhnK .

eFwho dk gfjbk jkew dhtkB w'sh okw w[eZoo ehsk frnk, go u{zfe T[E/dhnk r[zMbk B{z T[j uzrh soQK ;[bMk Bk ;fenk fJ; bJh T[; dh irQk ;odko johf;zx Bb{J/ B{z G/fink frnk .1

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 259-611; pkpk gq/w f;zx, joh f;zxBb{nk, 91

6

wkJh ;dk e"o dk wkwbkwkJh ;dk e"o dk wkwbkwkJh ;dk e"o dk wkwbkwkJh ;dk e"o dk wkwbkwkJh ;dk e"o dk wkwbk

;zws 1878 w[skpe ;zB 1821 Jh;th ftZu wjkoki oDihs f;zx s/ T[BQKdh ;Z; wkJh ;dk e"o eBQJhnk ftZu e[M Bkok}rh j' rJh . ekoB fJj ;h fewjkoki/ d/ d' Fkj}kd/ ezto F/o f;zx ns/ ezto skok f;zx wkJh ;dk e"o dh bVehwjkokDh wfjskp e"o dh e[Zy'I ;B . fJj w[ZY s'I jh f}nkdk nkgDh BkBh gk; fojkeod/ ;B . T[BQK B/ e;pk pNkbk wkJh ;kfjp gk;'I wzfrnk . wkJh ;dk e"o fJj d/Dk BjhI ukj[zdh ;h . fJ; eoe/ j"bh j"bh nkg; ftZu Bkok}rh tXdh rJh . wkJh;dk e"o eJh tkoh wjkoki/ B{z tZX xZN Gh p'b fdnk eodh ;h . nr;s d/ nk]hoftZu id wjkokik ;kfjp soB skoB s'I fJFbkB eo e/ nzfwqs;o nkJ/ s/ fJE'I 9;szpo B{z tkg; bkj"o g[Zi/ sK T[BQK fdBK ftZu rkw'I ]kB d'jK gkf;nK s'I rZb pks eofojk ;h, go e'Jh c?;bk j[zdk B}o BjhI ;h nkT[Idk . 5 nes{po B{z d[;fjok eo e/d{;o/ fdB id wjkokik ;kfjp Fkjdo/ ijKrho pkdFkj d/ wepo/ wBe/o/ dhw[fjzw bJh ca"i dk w[nkfJBk eoB bJh g[Zi/ sK ]po gj[zuh fe wkJh ;dk e"o Bkok}j' e/ fpBK o[];s d/ jh nkgD/ w[be B{z s[o rJh j? . wjkoki/ B/ ;odko d/;k f;zxwihmhJ/ B{z G/fink fe fit/I j't/ wkJh B{z w'V e/ b? nkt? . ;odko d/;k f;zx B/ XkJheoe/ bkj"o'I pkoK e'j s/ fgzv g[b g[Zi e/ wkJh ;dk e"o B{z w"V fbnKdk s/ Fkjdo/Bkb b? nkfJnk . wkJh ;dk e"o B/ fJE/ nk e/ pVh ]crh }kjo ehsh s/ eJh e[MT[uk BhtK Gh p'b rJh s/ fJj Gh Xweh fdZsh fe T[j gzikp SZv e/ nzrq/}h fJbke/ B{zs[o ikJ/rh s/ tZXDh dk febQk s/ fJbkek nzr/q}K dh fjcak}s ftZu eo d/t/rh . fJjrZb e/tb Xweh sZe jh Bk ojh pbfe wkJh B/ nzrq/}K B{z fuZmh Gh fby fdZsh s/ T[BQKtZXDh ftZu nkgDk mkDk th fpmk fdZsk, i' nzrq/}K B{z B/ ;Zs ;kb fgZS'I ;zws 1885fpeqwh, ;zB 1828 Jh;th, ftZu wjkoki/ d/ jtkb/ ehsk . fJ; t/b/ vo ;h fe d/FftZu n?t/I e'Jh npsoh Bk c?b ikt/ feT[Ife fJ; t/b/ wkJh B{z r[Z;k nkfJnk j'fJnk ;hs/ r[Z;/ ftZu pzdk eJh tkoh jkBh bkG BjhI ;'u ;edk . wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko

d/;k f;zx whihmhJ/, ;odko eow f;zx ukjb s/ w[BFh fFt fdnkb B{z G/fink fewkJh d/ Bkb ik e/ febQk ]kbh eotk bt'I . wkJh B/ nzsorsh b[et/I s"o s/ nkgD/mkD/dkoK B{z fuZmhnK fby fdZshnK fe vZN e/ w[ekpbk eoB . ;odkoK B/ fJ; rZb dh]po wjkoki/ B{z gj[zuk fdZsh s/ j'o ca"i wzr xZbh . fJ; go wjkoki/ B/ ;odkoirs f;zx nNkohtkb/ ns/ ;odko i? f;zx ns/ gqskg f;zx B{z e[we bJh G/fink .fJ; s'I fpBQK i/jbw'I f;Z;o dhtkB uzd s/ j'o ;odkoK B{z Gh fJ;/ ezw bJh fB:sehsk . u[Bkfu fw;Z;o dhtB nkfd B/ rkw' ]kB Bkb fwb e/ pNkbk s/ nNZb rVQnkfd fefbQnK s/ ep}k eo fbnk . fJ; s'I pknd wjkoki/ B/ fJ; fJbke/ dk gqpzX;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhJ/ d/ ;g[od ehsk .1

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 290-92, 377; p{N/ Fkj, stkohfy

gzikp, dcso gziw, 190-1 .

7

nNe T[s/ uVQkJhnNe T[s/ uVQkJhnNe T[s/ uVQkJhnNe T[s/ uVQkJhnNe T[s/ uVQkJh

fJ; t/b/ e[zdhnK, GeZo s/ wBe/o/ tZb dk d"ok eo e/ wjkokik ;kfjp gfjbhiwkdh-T[b-nZtb ;zB 1237 fjioh w[skpe 26 iBtoh 1822 Jh;th B{z bkj"ogj[zu rJ/ ;B . S/sh jh pknd ]poK g[ZiDhnK F[o{ j' rJhnK fe w[jzwd n}hw ]kBpkoe}Jh nzdo'i nzdo fsnkoh eo e/ e'Jh T[gZdo yVk eoB tkbk j? fi; dkibdh jh gqpzX j' ikDk }o{oh j? .

12 iwkdh-T[-;kBh, 7 wkou 1822, B{z id fe j'bh d/ fdBK d/ dopko ftZupkjo d/ tehbK B{z p]FhFk fwb ojhnK ;B, wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fwZ;o dhtkB uzdB{z fJeZb tKM/ fbik e/ j[ew fdZsk fe fJbkjh p]F, fFt gqFkd s/ w}jo nbh B{z;D/ s'g]kB/ d/ nNe tZb B{z s'o fdZsk frnk j? s/ T[j eZeV frZb s/ gsD'I dfonkgko j' rJ/ jB, s/ S/sh jh nNe g[Zi ikDr/ s/ s[jkB{z th ca"i ;w/s ;odkoK d/ Bkbibdh jh g[Zi ikDk ukjhdk j? . dhtkB feogk okw B{z th j[ew G/i fdZsk frnk j? s/T[j ekb/ pkr'I uZb e/ S/sh jh nNe T[BQK d/ Bkb nk ob/rk ns/ sh;o/ fdB 14iwkdh-T[-;kBh B{z fwZ;o dhtkB uzd B{z fJZe jkEh s/ ]k; f]bns d/ e/ dfonkUII gkos'o fdZsk ns/ ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko irs f;zx s/ ;odko dbf;zx B{z th gZeh ehsh rJh fe T[j th S/sh jh nNe d/ febQ/ B{z e{u eo ikD .

fwZ;o dhtkB uzd, ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ d{;o/ ;oeod/ XkJh eo e/ nNegj[zu rJ/ . T[E'I fwZ;o dhtkB uzd B/ wjkokik B{z ;kok jkb fby G/fink . fJj no}h;zws 1879 d/ t;kyh tkb/ fdB 11 ngq?b ;zB 1822 B{z wjkokik gk; nzfwqs;og[Zih . fJ; ftZu fbfynk j'fJnk ;h fe w[jzwd n}hw ]kB pkoe}Jh fgFkto nkfJnkj'fJnk j? s/ T[; B{z :{;ca}Jh e"w d/ e[M f;oeZYK B/ e;wK s/ e"b fJeoko eo e/nkgD/ gk; p[bkfJnk j? . T[; B/ nkgD/ e[m w'jspo o'e oewK d/ e/ pby s/ ezXkotZb G/i/ jB fe fisBh th ca"i fwb ikJ/ fJeZmh eo fbnktD . T[; dh Bh:s e[M

]okph g?dk eoB dh j? . fJ; bJh e'Jh tkfenk j' ikD s'I gfjbK gfjbK jh i'fJbki eo fbnk ikt/ sK uzrk j? . gfjbK }o{oh rZb fJj j? fe b[eF fSgDtkbhnK gjkVh yZvK ;kc eo fdZshnK ikD . u{zBKfu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fJ; }o{oh s/ibdh dh b'V B{z nB[Gt eo e/ ekcah frDsh ftZu T[E/ p/bdko G/iD dh skrhdhj[ew ikoh eo fdZs/ .

wjkokik ;kfjp tb'I fwZ;o dhtkB uzd ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ j'o ;odkok d/;D/ s'g]kfBnK s/ c"iK d/ nNe nk g[ZiD ns/ c"ih fsnkohnK s/ gjkVK dhnK yZvKB{z ;kca eotkJ/ ikD dhnK ]poK id w[jzwd n}hw ]kB s/ fgFkto ;[DhnK sK T[;B/ nkgdhnK }kjok fsnkohnK fYZbhnK eo fdZshnK s/ ekpb B{z w[V frnk . fJ; d/w[V ikD Bkb nNe d/ rtKY ftZu ;[Zy FKsh j' rJh s/ fwZ;o dhtkB uzd, ;odkoFkw f;zx s/ j'o ;odko c"iK ;w/s bkj"o B{z w[V rJ/ .1

ªoJh;kfB gzikp« ftZu fbfynk j? fe ;odko Fkw f;zx rzYrVQ, m/oh, BohBkoh, d[m/oh, ijKrhoK ns/ :{;ca}Jh dhnK bVkJhnK ftZu bfVnk ;h .2

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 295-962. jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp 65. j'o d/y' frqfcB, gzikp uhca; (1890),

fibd 1, 241

8

;:Zd nfjwd po/bth d/ fto[ZX w[fjzw;:Zd nfjwd po/bth d/ fto[ZX w[fjzw;:Zd nfjwd po/bth d/ fto[ZX w[fjzw;:Zd nfjwd po/bth d/ fto[ZX w[fjzw;:Zd nfjwd po/bth d/ fto[ZX w[fjzw

;zB 1826 ftZu po/bh dk fJe ;Z:d nfjwd pzrkb, fpjko ns/ :{ gh d/nzrq/}h fJbke/ s'I o[gfJnk s/ nkdwh fJeZm/ eo e/ f;ZyK fto[ZX ijkd dh fsnkohBkb ;ojZd s/ nk g[Zik s/ gmkDK B{z nkgD/ Bkb obk fbnk .1 ;zB 1827 d/ nkozGftZu :{;c}Jh gjkVhnK ftzu gzisko d/ w[ekw s/ nk frnk .

wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;odko p[X f;zx ;zXktkbhJ/ B{z ca"i d/ e/ ;Z:d d/fto[ZX w[fjzw s/ G/fink . ijKrhok d/ w[ekw s/ ;Z:d d/ ;kEh gmkDK Bkb fJZe bVkJhj' gJh fi; ftzu gmkDK B{z jko j'Jh . go u{zfe ;ojZd s/ ;kok w[byZJhnk w}jph i'FtZu nkfJnk j'fJnk ftrV fojk ;h fJ; bJh wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko Fkw f;zxs/ ;odko irs f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B{z eJh j}ko o[gfJnk fJBkw d/ e/ ijkdhnKd/ fto[ZX ;odko p[X f;zx dh ;jkfJsk eoB bJh Bh:s ehsk . fJBQK s'I fpBQK okik;[u/s f;zx, r[bkp f;zx s/ iwkdko y[Fkb f;zx B{z th wZdd bJh s'fonk . ]kb;kc"iK otK othI g[Zi gJhnK s/ 8 cZrD 1883, 23 cotoh ;zB 1827, B{z ne'Vk dhizr ftZu ;:Zd B{z jko d/ e/ Gik fdZsk .

wjkoki/ B/ id fJ; fiZs dh ]po g[Zih sK T[; B/ ][Fh ftZu ehwsh f]bnsK,x'V/ nkfd ;odko p[X f;zx ;zXktkbhnk, ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/ j'o;odkoK bJh fw;Zo p/bh okw d/ jZE nNe G/i/ .2

go ;:Zd d/ Gi fBebD Bkb T[; dk ;kok }'o g{oh soQK N[ZN BjhI ;h ;fenk. T[; B/ f;ZXk ;kwQD/ Nkeok eoB dh EK fJe okshI nukBe jh j}o'I s/ ik jZbkwkfonk s/ e[M b[N wko ik ehsh . go S/sh jh fgZS'I f;zx th g[Zi rJ/ s/ ijkdh GZifBeb/ . fJ; rZb B/ ;okdo p[ZX f;zx B{z :ehB d[nk fdZsk fe fJj g{ophJ/ ijkdh

1. fwo}k j?os d/jbth, j:kfs sZJh:pk 299 .2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 338-341; fwo}k j?os, j:ks sZJh:pk,

161-162 .

f;oca b[N/o/g[Dk jh ikDd/ jB, w?dkB ftZu ;kjwD/ yb' e/ ;{ophoK tKC bVB dhfJBQK dh fjzws BjhI j? . fwo}k j?os fbydk j? fe ªj}o' T[s/ oks d/ jZb/ B/ijkdhnK dh db/oh T[s/ ekfJosk dk XZpk bk fdZsk ;h .« u{zBkfu ;odko p[X f;zx B/;Z:d nfjwd B{z fJe fiZmh fby fe ¿oks B{z XkV/ wkoBk s/ p/]pfonK T[s/ jfEnkoubkT[Dk pjkdoK dk sohek BjhI, eh ekoB j? fe s{z nkg w?dkB ftZu BjhI nkT[Idk s/jZE'I jZEh bVkJh ftzu nkg'I nkgDh fe;ws dk c?a;bk BjhI eo b?Idk .À go ;:Zd b/fJ; dk e'Jh f;ZXk T[so d/D dh EK n?t/I Nkb-wN'b eo fdZsk .1

;Z:d nfjwd s/ T[; d/ ;kEhnK B/ w[V w[V jZb/ eoB s/ b[N wko wukT[D d/:sB ehs/ go e'Jh g/F Bk rJh ns/ jo EK B[e;kB T[mk e/ jko ykDh gJh . j[D fJBQKB/ fgFkto d/ gmkDK Bkb :kokBk rzfYnk s/ gZybh nkfd d/ w[;bwkB ;odkoK B{zBkb fwbk fbnk .

go fJj :kokB/ pj[s d/o sZe fBG Bk ;e/ . ;zB 1829 ftZu ijkdhnK B/fgFkto T[s/ ep}k eoB dk :sB ehsk . bVkJh ftZu ;odko :ko w[jzwd ]kBpkoe}Jh, i' wjkokik oDihs f;zx tb'I T[E/ dk jkew ;h, }]wh j' frnk s/ T[; dhc"i d/ g?o T[yV rJ/ . go fJscke Bkb fJ; t/b/ ezto F/o f;zx s/ iBob t?Is{ok,i' b?bk x'Vk b?D bJh rJ/ j'J/ ;B fJZE/ w"i{d ;B . fJ; eoe/ ;Z:d nfjwd B{zfgZS/ jN ikDk fgnk . S/sh jh fgZS'I :ko w[jzwd ]kB r[io frnk s/ wjkokik ;kfjpd/ j[ew nB[;ko ezto F/o f;zx B/ :ko w[jzwd ]kB d/ Gok ;[bskB w[jzwd ]kB B{zfgFkto dk jkew w[eZoo eo fdZsk s/ nkg w[V nkfJnk .

fJXo ;cabsk Bk j'D go ;:Zd nfjwd B/ i{B 1830 ftZu eFwho tZb B[ztZXD dk :sB ehsk, go nzp d/ jkew gkfJzdk ]kB B/ o;sk o'e fdZsk s/ ;odkojoh f;zx Bb{nk s/ iBob nbkod B/ fJBQK dhnK nk;K T[s/ gkDh c/o fdZsk . fJ;bJh ;:Zd B{z wip{o j' e/ f;zX dfonk s'I gko NZg ikDk fgnk .2

e[M wjhfBnK dh fsnkoh fgZS'I ;Z:d nfjwd B/ w[V fgFkto s/ jZbk p'bfdZsk . ;[bskB w[jzwd ijkdhnK dk Nkeok Bk eo ;eD eo e/ fgFkto SZv e/ GZifrnk, go f;zx dh c"i g[i g?D s/ ;:Zd c/o gjkVk B{z d"V frnk . gF"ok f;zx d/ w[V

1. fwoik j?os, j:kfs sZJh:pk, 165-6 .2. bshca, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, 441-2; j:kfs s'Jhpk 167-188; ;'jB bkb

T[wdks[ stkohfy, dcso d'w .

ikD s/ ;[bskB w[jzwd B/ ;Z:d nfjwd dh JhB wzB bJh s/ T[; d/ j[ew nB[;koje{ws eoB bZrk .5 j[D ;?IefVnK dh frDsh ftZu ijkdh Hk}h ;odkoh nj[fdnKT[s/ w[eZoo j' rJ/ . skes jZE ftZu nkT[Id/ jh fJBQK B/ nZs u[Ze bJh . f;ZyK s/ fjzd{nkdk sK nkyDk jh eh j'fJnk, w[;bwkBK T[s/ th nefj s/ n;fj }[bw F[o{ j' rJ/ .fJ; Hk}h-rdoh dk BeFk fwo}k j?os B/ nkgDh feskp ªj:kfs sJh:pk« ftZufJ; soQK fyfunk j? L

¿fJe fJe S'N/ S'N/ f}b/, Ffjo s/ fgzv ftZu fJe fJe nwkb ;:Zd ;kfjptb'I fB:s j'fJnk j'fJnk ;h . T[j fpjiok gqpzX eh ;[nkj eo ;edk ;h . Fohnsdh nkV ftZu g[Zm/ f;ZX/ Bt/I Bt/I j[ew fpuko/ Hohp jbtkjK T[s/ ikoh eodk ;h ns/T[j T[ca se BjhI ;B eo ;ed/ . ykDk, ghDk, p?mDK, T[mDk, ftnkj eoBk T[BQKtk;s/ ;G jokw j' frnk ;h . Bk e'Jh gqpzXe s/ Bk e'Jh g[ZSD tkbk ;h . wkw{bhwkw{bh rZbK T[s/ e[co dk castk j' ikDk e'Jh rZb jh BjhI ;h . ekF fe w"bkBk(Fkj w[zjwd fJ;wkJhb) Fjhd fgFkto dk jkew j[zdk sK fgF"ohnK T[s/ fJj}[bw Bk j[zdk . fe;/ dhnk tXhnK j'JhnK bpK (w[ZSK) t/yd/ sK T[; d/ p[ZbQ jh tYtkfdzd/ . frZfNnK s'I j/mK fe;/ dk sfjws (sfjpzd =szpk) BiohI g?Idk, sK T[; dk frZN/jh T[Vtk fdZs/ iKd/ . ;ko/ fgFkto d/ w[be ftZu nkcs Sk ojh ;h . je{w dkfJzs}kw w;hsK d/ T[BQK w[bkfDnK d/ jZE ;h fiBQK B{z w;hs d/ v'b s/ bZi s'i fpBKj'o fe;/ uh} Bkb edh tkj jh BjhI ;h fgnk . j[D fJBQK B{z ;bsBs d/ ezwK d/gqpzXe pDk fdZsk . j'o nBQ/o fJj ;h fe fJBQK d/ T[go e'Jh jkew w[eZoo BjhI ;hfi; gk; gpfbe nghb eo/ . fJBQK jh ikjbK d/ ca?;b/ nk]oh ;wM/ ikd/ ;B,,,,,fej' fijk r[zMbdko w[eZdwk th feT[I Bk j[zdk T[; dh xVh go th y'i gVskb Bkehsh iKdh s/ Bk e[M ;'funk iKdk . p; w[ZbK ihd/ e'b w[eZdwk nkfJnk s/ T[BQK B/MZN c?a;bk d/ fdZsk . e"D Me Me eo/ s/ gVskb dh sebhca T[mkt/ .À6

fJZE/ jh pZ; BjhI ;h . fJBQK wB-wZfsnK s/ ekw-tkFBk Bkb nzBQ/ j'fJnk

5. bshc fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, j: fs-s'Jh:pk 182 .6. j:kfs sZJh:pk, 193 .

j'fJnk B/ b'eK dhnK B{zjK XhnK dh fJZ}s nkpo{ dk th e'Jh gk; Bk oZfynk s/ i'ohIT[BQK Bkb fBekj eoB/ F[o{ eo fdZs/ . j:kfssZJh:pk, ftZu fbfynk j? fe L-

ªrk}hnK dhnK tXhehnK jZd s'I f}nkdk tZX rJhnK ;B . T[j eJh tkoB"itkB fJ;sqhnK B{z wip{o eod/ ;B fe T[BQK Bkb fBekj eo b?D, ns/ eJh tkohfJj d/fynk frnk fe d' fszB eztkohnK bVehnK ik ojhnK jB, ijkdhnK ftZu'I fe;/fJe nkdwh B/ T[BQK B{z cV fbnk s/ i'ohI w;hs ftZu fbik e/ fBekj gVQk fbnk .(gzBk 192)

ªfJe B" itkB fJ;sqh BjhI ukj[zdh fe T[; dk d{;ok fBekj j't/, go ijkdh}'o d/ fojk j? fe BjhI, j'Dk ukjhdk j? . nk]ho wk fgT[ nkgDh B"itkB bVeh B{zijkdh d/ jtkb/ eo fdzd/ . fJ; s'I fpBQK T[BQK bJh j'o e'Jh ukok BjhI ;h .« (gzBk193)

ªfJe castk ;:Zd nfjwd dh w'jo j/mK fJ; soQK dk ikoh j'fJnk fefgFkto d/ w[be ftZu fisBhnK ftXtk jB T[BQK dk fszBK fdBK d/ nzdo nzdofBekj j' ikD/ io{oh jB, BjhI sK fi; d/ xo p/-fBekjh ftXtk ofj rJh, T[; d/ xoB{z nZr bk fdZsh ikt/rh .« (gzBk 194)

ªu{zfe nkg (;:Zd nfjwd) d/ ;kEh tsB'I d{o ;B ns/ T[BQK B{z }BkBhnK dhb'V ;h, fJ; bJh nkg B/ fJe caowkB ikoh ehsk fe fisBhnK eztkohnK bVehnKjB, i/ pkoK fdBK d/ nzdo T[BQK d/ ftnkj Bk eo fdZs/ rJ/ sK T[BQK B{z ijkdhnKtk;s/ ;kv/ BkfJp dh f]dws ftZu jk}o ehsk ikJ/rk .« (gzBk 197)

fJ; gqeko dhnK tXhehnK s'I j'o }[bwK B/ fJe nZX/ wjhB/ ftZu fgF"ohw[;bwkBK dk th BZe ftZu dw b? nKdk s/ ijkdhnK dk ;kok n;o fJe dw jh Xz{zJ/I d/ pdbK tkr T[V frnk . fJj rZb ;zB 1831 d/ nkozG dh j? . j[D wjkokikoDihs f;zx B/ ezto F/o f;zx B{z skehdh j[ew fdZs/ fe fgFkto gj[zu e/ ;:Zdnfjwd s/ T[; d/ ;kEh ijkdhnK dh F'oF dk ;dk bJh gZeh soQK ]kswk eo/ . 5-6 u/s ;zws 1888, 16-17 wkou ;zB 1831, B{z ezto F/o f;zx dh fuZmh g{ih fe]bhck ;:Zd nfjwd B/ w[}Zco d/ febQ/ B{z nkeh ehsk j'fJnk jh? . fJ; d/ T[so ftZuwjkokik ;kfjp B/ fby G/fink fe S/sh jh T[E/ c"aiK G/ihnK ikDrhnK ns/ eFwho'I

th j'o ca"i ibdh jh ;jkfJsk bJh gj[zu ikt/rh, uzrk j't/ fe u/s ftZu fJ; w[fjzwB{z ]sw eoe/ T[j ft;kyh B{z dopko ;kfjp d/ doFB s/ fJFBkB bJh ;qh nzfwqs;oih gj[zu ikt/ . fJ; t/b/ ;odko Fkw f;zx Gh ezto ;kfjp d/ Bkb jh ;h .1

;zws 1888 dh ft;kyh (11 ngq?b 1831) tkb/ fdB wjkokik ;kfjp B/ okwpkr ;qh nzfwqs;o s'I ezto F/o f;zx d/ Bkw gotkBk G/fink fe ;odko wjK f;zx EkB/dkoj}kok ns/ ;odko csfj f;zx wkB B{z T[BQK dh c"i ;D/ w[iZcokpkd SZv e/ nkg ;odkoFkw f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnKtkb/, ;odko i? f;zx nNkohtkb/,;odko csfj f;zx wkB d/ g[Zso irs f;zx, ;kX{ f;zx, oD f;zx, r[ow[y f;zx ukjb s/r[ow[y f;zx bzC/ dhnK c"iK ;w/s w[iZcopkd s'I e[u eo e/ eFwho d/ gqpzX bJh pkokw{b/gj[zu ikD .2

go fJj w[fjzw g"Dk e[ wjhBk }ok f}nkdk bwe rJh, fJ; bJh ezto ;kfjp d/eFwho B{z ikD ftZu fYZb g? rJh . ;:Zd B/ pVhnK x[;kJhnK wkoB d/ :sB ehs/ go nzspkbke'N d/ w[ekw s/ ;:Zd nfjwd, T[; dk BkfJp w[jzwd fJ;wkfJb s/ T[BQK d/ ;kEhijkdhnK s/ jwkfJshnK B{z x/o fbnk frnk ns/ 6 wJh ;zB 1837 (24 }h« edk 1246fjioh) fdB F[eotko dh bVkJh ftZu fJj d'B'I wko/ rJ/ s/ ijkdh fsZso fpZso j' e/ GZifBeb/ .3 fJ; soQK gzi ;kb dh gZy d/ pknd ;ojZd T[s/ w[v nwB nwkB j' frnk .

3 i/m, 14 wJh 1831, B{z casfj dh ]po wjkokik ;kfjp B{z r[odk;g[o gj[zuh s/T[BQK B/ pVh y[Fh wBkJh . 12 i/m B{z dhtkB t;kyk f;zx dh no}h s'I gsk bZrk fe ;:Zdnfjwd dh b'E dk jo gqeko ;fseko ehsk frnk s/ fJe pj[w[Zbk d'Fkbk T[go gk e/dcaBk fdZsk frnk j? .

wjkokik ;kfjp d/ j[ew Bkb ezto F/o f;zx, ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/ j'o;odko bkj"o B{z w[V nkJ/ . 24 i/m B{z wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko joh f;zx B{z ezto ;kfjps/ ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ ;Pkrs bJh j[ew fdZsk s/ T[j ;t/o/ jh ;tko j' e/ gj[zu rJ/ . ezto

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 222. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 223. j:kfs-sZJh:pk, 199-205, 309 .

;kfjp B/ 51 ;[Bfjoh p[sehnK s/ fJe x'Vk B}o g/F ehsk s/ w[fjzw dk ;kok jkb p/Bshehsk . d{;o/ fdB 25 i/m w[skpe 5 i{B 1831 B{z ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk, i? f;zxs/ gqskp f;zx ;w/s ezto F/o f;zx Bkb wjkokik ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu jk}o j'J/ ns/ 15p[sehnK, 9 pzd{eK, ekophbk s/ swKu/, 3 Mzv/ s/ fJe ]bhck ;:Zd nfjwd dh nkgDh;tkoh dk jkEh g/F ehs/ . wjkokik ;kfjp B/ pj[s gq;zBsk gqrN ehsh s/ pj[wZb/ gFwhB/dhnK f]bnsK fJBkw p]FhnK . jkV dh ;zrqKd tkb/ fdB wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odkoFkw f;zx dh pjkdoh dh edo eod/ j'J/, i' T[BQK B/ ;:Zd nfjwd d/ fto[X w[fjzw ftZufdykJh ;h, fJe FwF/o T[BQK B{z pyFh .1

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 32, 35, 45-7, 50

9

bcafNB?N nb?ria? Ivo poBia dh nkU-GrsbcafNB?N nb?ria? Ivo poBia dh nkU-GrsbcafNB?N nb?ria? Ivo poBia dh nkU-GrsbcafNB?N nb?ria? Ivo poBia dh nkU-GrsbcafNB?N nb?ria? Ivo poBia dh nkU-Grs

fJBQK fdBK ftZu b?cafNB?IN nb?ria?Ivo poBia fJzrfb;skB d/ pkd;akjtZb'I wjkokik oDihs f;zx bJh gzi x'V/, tiaho bkov n?bBpo', gq?iahv?IN fJzvhnkp'ov, tZb'I fJZe fwsokBk fuZmh s/ Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh fjzd[;skB dh je{ws tZb'IfJZE pZXh s'jca/ d/ s"o s/ b? e/ ;sb[i dfonk d/ o;s/ bkj"o B{z nk fojk ;h.

fJzrfb;skB s'I x'V/ s/ fuZmh ;zB 1830 ftZu pzpJh gj[zu rJ/ ;B. ;oi"B w?bew rtoBo pzpJh dh f;cako;a T[Zs/ ezgBh dh fjzd[;skB dh rtoBw?IN B/eZS d/ fJZe g'bhNheb nca;o b?cafNB?IN nb?ria?vo poBia B{z u[fDnk fe T[j fJBQKs'jfcanK d/ Bkb dfonk f;zX s/ ;sb[i d/ o;s/ f;Zy okiXkBh B{z ikt/. dfonk d/o;s/ fJBQK uhiK B{z G/iD ftZu fJZe yak; g'bhNheb G/d ;h s/ T[j fJj ;h fe Jh;NfJzvhnk ezgBh f;zX ftZu ijkia-okBh B{z g'bhNheb s/ siakosh Biao s'I pVk iao{oh;wMdh ;h, go u{zfe T[BQK B{z j?dokpkd s'H T[Zgo dfonk ns/ w[be ;pzXh g{oh-g{ohtkecah BjhI ;h fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ fJ; wsbp B{z g{ok eoB bJh fJj ftT{Is pDkJh;h. go c/o fJj fyankb g?dk j'fJnk fe feXo/ f;zX ;oeko B{z e'Jh ;aZe s/ vo jh Bkg? ikD, fJ; bJh b?cafNB?IN eoBb j?Boh g"fNzio B/ fJj ;bkj fdZsh fe fJZe tZvh;koh pZXh th x'fVnK d/ Bkb G/i fdZsh ikt/ sK fe T[; dk fts s/ nkekko t/y e/dfonk d/ o;s/ ikD pkps s;Zbh j' ikt/. fJ; fBt/eb/ o;s/ s/ ikD ;pzXh ;aZe dhr[zikfJ;a B{z j'o th xZN eoB bJh f;zx d/ nwhoK bJh th e[M s'jca/ poBia gk;xZb fdZs/. T[BQK Bkb e[M oki;h rZb-pks bJh fuZmh-gZso th T[; B{z d/ fdZs/. poBiadh fJcakias bJh Bkb e'Jh ca"i G/iD dh EK T[; B{z nkfrnk d/ fdZsh fe T[j fiZE'I dhr[iao/, T[E'I d/ b'eK ftu'I jh u"ehdko oZy bt/. go fJj ;kohnK u"e;hnK poBia d/nzdo{Bh we;d B{z fSgkT[D bJh ;B, fijVk fe dfonk f;zX s/ ;sb[i ns/ fJBQKd/ nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ w[be B{z g'bhNheb s/ sikosh wsbp bJh eZSDk, wkgDk s/ T[E'I

d/ jkewK s/ b'eK pkps g{oh-g{oh tkecah jk;b eoBk ;h. fJBQK rZbK dk fiaeo;oeko pzpJh d/ uhca ;?efoNoh dh piBia d/ Bkw y[cahnk fuZmh ftZu j?. fJ; ftZufJj th fbfynk j'fJnk j? fe f;zX dfonk ftZu T[Zgo B{z ikD t/b/ p/VhnK dh wZmhukb T[; B{z nkgDh y'i gVskb bJh ekcah w"e/ pDk d/t/rh. eZSD-wkgD dk ;kok;kwkB th poBia B{z J/;/ wsbp bJh d/ fdZsk frnk s/ fJZe ;ot/no i"B vh L b?ZehT[; d/ Bkb G/fink frnk .1

w/;B fbydk J/ fe f;zX B{z sikos bJh y'fbQnk nkyDk fJZe Ye"II;bk jh ;h.fJ; dh sfj ftZu b[eh j'Jh g"fb;h dk Bshik fJBQK w[beK ftZu ca"iK fbnkT[Dk s/ca"ih wsbp bJh nZXh e[ doiB p/VhnK dk ubkT[Dk ;h.2 ;o ukob; w?ZNekca fJ;b[et/I Yzr kb f;zX dfonk ns/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ d/;aK d/ BkgD-eZSD B{z fJZe pVhe'Mh s/ fBzdBh: ukbkeh dZ;dk j? s/ fJ; dh ia'odko fBy/Xh eodk j'fJnk efjzdk j?fe nzro/iah je{ws dh ;akb d/ fto[ZX ;h .3

nb?ria?Ivo poBia eZS dh pzdorkj wKvth s'I 21 iBtoh 1831 B{zufbnk ns/ pVhnK w[;afebK Bkb f;zX ftZu jh j[zdk j'fJnk ;tk uko wjhfBnK fgZS'I

1. poB}, No?tb} fJzN{ p[ykok, fibd sh;oh, 1-5l fgqz;?g, wjkokik oDihs f;zx, 153-54 .j'o d/y' w/;B, B?o/fNt n"c tohn; BoBh}, fibd sh;oh, 432 .

2. The Government of India and of England, as well as the public at

large, were never amused and deceived by a greater fallacy than that of

opening the Indus as regards the commercial object. The results of the

policy concealed under this pretext have been the introduction of troops in

the countries on and beyond the river, and of some half a dozen steamers

on the Stream itself, employed for warlike, objects, not for those Masson,

Narrative of Various Journies, iii, 432.

3. The Scheme of surveying the Indus, under the pretence of sending a

Present to Rajas Runjeet Singh, seems to me highly objectionable.

It is a trick in my opinion, unworthy of our Government, which cannot

fail when detected, as most probably it will be, to excite the jealousy and

indignation of the powers on whom we play it.

It is just such a trick as we are often falsely suspected and accused of by the

the native powers of India, and this confirmation of their suspicions,

generally unjust, will do more injury by furnishing the ground of merited

reproach, than any advantage to be gained by the measure can compensate....

To demand a passage for our officers under a fictitious pretence, and then

to take advantage of the civility of the rulers of Sind to do that which we are

concious would not be allowed, appears to me to be ungenerous and

unfair," – Kaye, Selections from the Papers of Lord Metcalf, 211-12.

27 wJh B{z pjktbg[o dh ;ojZd s/ gj[zfunk fiZE/ fe Btkp pjktb yakB dkT{dg'sq/tb'I G/i/ rJ/ w?jwkBdko r[bkw edko yakB B/ T[; dk ;[nkrs ehsk. 5 i{B B{z ya[dBtkp Bkb w[bkeks j'Jh s/ 8 i{B B{z poBia s/ T[; dh gkoNh gzikp dh ;ojZd s/gj[zu/ fiZE/ fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx tb'I ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ T[; dhnkU-Grs ehsh .1

poBIa fbydk j? fe f;Zy fJbke/ ftu'I r[iaoB bJh fJzsiakw fpbe[b w[ezwb;B ns/ w?jwkBdkoh dk gqpzX fJsBk T[dkosk Gfonk ;h fe gkoNh s'H fJbktkfgzvK d/ fszB ;" j'o raohp nkdwh jo o'ia gq;akd/ s/ fxU Bkb oZi iKd/ ;B. ;odkobfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ T[; B{z fJ; rZb dk th :ehB fdbkfJnk fe fJ; ;cao ftZufi; fe;/ d/ th y/s dk e'Jh B[e;kB j't/rk, ;oeko tb'I T[; B{z T[sBh S'N eo fdZshikt/rh .2

os;/ ftZu sbtko Bkb izrbh ;{o s/ ;a/o d/ f;aeko ftZu f;ZyK dh db/ohs/ pjkdo B/ piBia d/ fdb s/ nkgDk f;Zek fpmk fdZsk . okth d/ ezY/ MkT{ d/ MZbftu'I fJZe ;a/o fBeb fgnk s/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx B/ piBia s/ b?Zeh B{z f;aeko d/yDbJh ;Zdk fdZsk. jkEhI fsnko Bk j'D eoe/ piBia sK Bk frnk go b?Zeh f;zxK Bkbob fgnk. MN jh fJZe f;zx B/ ;a/o B{z iaywh eo fdZsk, go u{zfe eJhnK d/ x'V/ ;a/os'H vo rJ/ ;B fJ; bJh f;zx x'fVnK s'H T[so e/ g?db j' gJ/ s/ sbtkoK jZEftZU b? e/ ;a/o B{z tzrkoD bJh nZr/ tX/. M[zibkfJnk j'fJnk ;a/o pV/ r[Z;/ Bkb fJZef;zx T[Zs/ e[d fgnk. ni/ T[j T[; f;zx d/ yZp/ w'Y/ s/ fNfenk jh ;h fe f;zx ih B/sbtko dk fJZe uzrk fNetK tko T[; d/ f;o s/ iV fdZsk. go i'V u{zfe pokpo dkBjhI ;h, fJ; bJh f;zx j'ohI MzM'V/ rJ/ s/ fvZr gJ/. fJsB/ B{z j'o ;kEh Gh g[Zi gJ/ s/;a/o B{z wko frokfJnk. fJj ;a/o fJZe pV/ tZv/ nkeko dk ;h s/ d; c[ZN bzpk ;h s/ T[;dk gZN fJZe uzr/ i[nkB nkdwh d/ gZN tork ;h .

poBia fbydk j? fe f;ZyK d/ wB dh ;aKsh s/ db/oh :ehB dh jZd'I bzxhj'Jh j? s/ T[BQK B{z nkgD/ ;odkoK tb'I pVk T[s;akj fwbdk j?. iaywh j' u[Ze/ nGkr/nkdwh ;pzXh ;tkbK d/ itkp ftZu T[BQK B/ p/gotkjh Bkb nkfynk fe j'fJnk eh,nkyao T[j f;Zy j?, T[; B{z uzrk fJBkw fwb/rk . nZr/ T[; B{z fJZe x'Vk s/ ;" o[gJ/

1. poB} No?tb}, fibd sh;oh, 100-1l ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcso ;'w,fjZ;k ntZb, 55

2. poB} No?tb}, fibd sh;oh, 122-23

;kbkBk soZeh fwb u[Zeh j?. ;a/o dh yZb, f;o s/ gzi/ MN gN jh wjkoki/ gk; G/i fdZs/rJ/ ;B ns/ T[BQK tb'H iaywh Bkb j'o th fiankdk T[dkosk Goh feogk dk toskUj't/rk. fJj T[s;akj fJBQK b'eK B{z fjzd[;skBhnK ftu'I ;G s'I pjkd[o pDkT[Idk j? .1

wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk fJj d;s{o ;h fe id th e'Jh tZvk gqd/;h, yak;eoe/ :o'ghnB, gzikp ftZu nkT[Idk sK T[j pVk y[ZbQ fdbh Bkb T[; dk ;[nkrseodk ns/ fJZe yak; tZv/ ;odko iK nfjbeko B{z T[; dk w?jwkBdko fB:s eodk. ekcah frDsh ftZu B"eo ukeo T[; B{z fdZs/ iKd/ s/ T[; d/ ykD/ dkD/ ns/ xkj -gZm/dk ;kok gqpzX w?jwkBdko dh d/y Gkb Bkb ;oeko d/ B"eo eod/. fJ; dk ;G s'ItZvk cakfJdk ;oeko B{z fJj ;h fe fJ; soQK T[; gqd/;h dh jo fJZe fBZeh w'Nh rZbdk gsk brdk ofjzdk s/ d/;a ftZu T[; B{z e'Jh b[ethI rZb eo ;eD dk w"ek Bkfwbdk . w?jwkBdko iK Bkb G/i/ rJ/ w[B;ah iK nyapko-Bth; o'ia d/ o'ia jkbksfby e/ wjkokik ;kfjp B{z G/id/ ofjzd/, fiBQK s'H T[BQK B{z g{oh-g{oh tkecahns g[ZiiKdh s/ T[j Bkb'I Bkb :'r gqpzX th eoh iKd/ ns/ T[; Bkb w[bkeks bJh g{oh soQKfsnko j' iKd/.

fi; t/b/ b?cafBNB?IN piBia d/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ w?jwkBdkotZb'I j'J/ ;[nkrs ;pzXh XzBtkd dh fuZmh ns/ ;odko tb'I t/ot/ dh noiah g[Zih sKjkVQ ;zws 1888 d/ nkyaoh jcas/ (i[bkJh 1831 d/ d{;o/ jcas/ d/ nkozG ftZu)wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/ yabhck B{o[ZdhB B{z nkfrnk ehshfe SKr/ wKr/ d/ w[ekw T[Zs/ ik e/ T[; dh nkU-Grs eoB ns/ ;odko bfjDk f;zxB{z fJBkw ti'I ;'B/ d/ iVkT{ efVnK dh i'Vh G/ih. ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fJZe jiako gzi

1 The bravery of our Seik friends had been already exhibited to us by their

attacking the wild hog with a sword, on foot; but a nobler specimen of

their couarge was displayed in the death of a tiger...

"The coolness and courage of the Seiks surpass belief; they have great

encouragement from their chiefs. To al my enquiries regarding the

unfortunate man that had been wounded, they replied, with an

ostentation of indifference, that he was but a Seik, would be well

rewarded, and had already received a horse and his annual pay had been

increased an hundred rupees. The skin, head and paws of the tiger were

immediately despatched to the Maharaja, whose bounty will be further

extended to the wounded. This encouragement makes these people the

bravest of the Indians." Burnes - Travels into Bokhara, Vol. iii, 138-140.

;" o[gJhnk gqkj[D/ d/ gq;kd gkDh bJh s/ YkJh ;" f;otkoB/ ti'I fdZsk s/ gzi ;"o[gJhnK yabhcak B{oZdhB d/ ;g[od j'fJnk. gzMh ;{ow/ x'V-uVQ/, ;'dkkro e[o;htkbkns/ ;kJ/pkB s/ u'pKtkb/ caok;a yabhcak B{o[ZdhB d/ Bkb G/i/. d' ;" oo[gJhnK ;tkoKd/ yaou bJh, shj o[gJhJ/ ;[dkro bJh s/ ;" o[gJhnK caok;aK bJh fdZsk frnk .

15 i[bkJh 1831 dh ;akw B{z nb?ria?Ivo poBia dh gkoNh SKr/ wKr/ g[Zih.;odko ;akw f;zx nZr/ jh ;[nkrs bJh T[ZE/ w"i{d ;h. gfjbh w[bkeks jkEhnK T[Zs/j'Jh. fwbBh t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx s/ T[BQK d/ ;kEhnK tZb'I ;'B/ dhnK w'joK s/ uKdhd/ o[gJhnK dhnK E?bhnK f;otkoB/ ti'I g/;a ehshnK rJhnK. ;odko ;akw f;zx B/fJZe ewkB g/;a ehsh s/ ;[y-;aKs Bkb nk g[ZiD go poBia B{z tXkJh fdZsh s/ pkd;akjfJzrfb;skB dh ok}h ya[Fh g[ZSh. f;Zy ;odko B// Bkb fJ; t/b/ B/}/dkok dk fJZed;sk s/ fJZe f;Zy fo;kbk ;h . f;Zy fo;kb/ B? p;zsh ozr dh todh ;ikJh j'Jh ;h.fJj T[jh fo;kbk ;h i' ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ Bkb jh ;:Zd nfjwd po/bhtkb/ B{zfNekD/ bk e/ w[fVnk ;h .

18 i[bkJh B{z fJj gkoNh ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ Bkb bkj"o gjz[uh id fecaeho niahiaZ[dhB s/ okik r[bkp f;zx B/ wjkokik ;kfjp tb'I fJBQK dk ;tkrsehsk. s/ iBob nbkod d/ pzrb/ fJBQK B{z T[skok fdZsk frnk. 20 i[bkJh dk fdBpoBIa dh wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb w[bkeks bJh fB:s j'fJnk s/ T[; fdB Skj e[ t/b/fJbQK B{z p[bk fbnk frnk. fwbBh s/ ya?o yaohns g[ZSD s'I pknd x'fVnK dk w[bkjiakj'fJnk s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh fuZmh gVQh rJh. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ pVh y[;ah gqrNehsh s/ T[BQK B{z e[M e[ nkgD/ x'V/ ftykJ/. poBIa wjhBk e[ bkj"o mfjfonk s/ nkb/d[nkb/ dh ;?o ehsh ns/ 16 nr;s B{z bkj"o'I ftdk j' e/ f;awb/ B{z s[o frnk .

wjkokik ;kfjp ;pzXh poBia fbydk j? fe T[j mkm-pkm ns/ fdykt/ s'Ifpbe[b ofjs j? go sK th T[; d/ dopko dk gZek j'fJnk ;fseko fXnkB :'r j?. dopko ftZu wjkoki/ dk gfjoktk ;G s'H ;kdk ;h. oDihs f;zx jo rZb ftZu

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 55 .2. poBia, No?tbia, fibd sh;oh, 144-46 .3. poBia, No?tbia, fibd sh;oh, 148-68 .

fJZe fBokbk pzdk j?. w?I T[; d/ caoK;h;h nca;oK gk;'I ;[fDnk j? fe e;sBs[Bhnks'H b? e/ fjzd[;skB sZe e'Jh nkdwh T[; d/ pokpo dk BjhI j?. fJBQK ;kfonkcoK;h;hnK B/ ftuekob/ oki t/y/ j'J? ;B. oDihs f;zx d/ ;[Gkt ftZu ;G s'Ifiankdk gq;z;k eoB tkbh y{ph T[; dk wB[Zy bJh ofjw Gfonk fgnko j?. id s'IT[; B? skes jk;b ehsh j? T[; B? edh th fe;/ d';ah B{z w"s dh ;iak BjhI fdZsh.

f;zX'I gkko rkiahnK d/ fto[ZX w[fjzwK dk fiaeo eod/ j'J/ wjkoki/ B/ fejk*fe T[; dhnK ;kohnK fiZsK T[; dh nkgDh e"w f;zxK dh pjkdoh eoe/ j'JhnK jBfijV/ fe GowK s'I nkiakd jB, i' nZmK fdBK dk ykDk Bkb fgZm s/ b? iKd/ jB, i/gkDh dk xkNk j't/ sK y{j g[N b?Id/ jB ns/ i/ b'V Gkk;/ sK febQk pDk b?Id/ jB, goT[j g{ophnK B{z fJj' fij/ ezw eoB bJh BjhI wBk ;edk, T[; B/ fejk s[jkB{z gsk jhj? fe w/ohnK ca"iK dh pjkd[oh B? w/o/ bJh e;awho casfj ehsh ;h, eh s[jkB{z gsk j?w?I tgko d/ fJ; nkco/ j'J/ t/b/ T[; d/;a d/ g;awhB/ s/ j'o g?dktko B{z fet/I fBp/VdkjK. w?I nkgD/ ;odkoK s/ ca"iK B{z fJj uhiaK sByakjK ftu fdzdk jK. fi; t/b/ fe;/;odko B{z, fi; dh pkeh fszB ;" o[gJhnk pDdh j't/, gzi ;" o[gJ/ dk g;awhBk d/fdzdk jK sK T[j th pj[s ya[;a j' iKdk j? s/ oki B{z th cakfJdk j' iKdk j? .

1. poBia, No?tbia, fibd sh;oh 154, 161, 167, 163-64 .2 He is entirely free from pomp and show, yet the studied respect of his

Court is remarkable (p.154.)

Maharaja was the plainest dressed man at his Durbar, (P.161) Ranjit

Singh is, in every respect, an extraordinary character. I have heard his

French Officers observe that he has no equal from Constantinople to

India; and all of them have seen the intermediate powers...... The most

creditable trait in Ranjeet's character is his humanity; he has never been

known to punish a criminal with death since his accession to power (P.167)

He said that he owed all his success to the bravery of his nation, who

were free from prejudice, would carry eight day's provision on their backs;

dig a well if water were scarce, and build a fort if circumstances required

it; a kind of service which he could not prevail on the natives of

Hindustan to perform. "The bravery of my troops, as you are aware,

conquered Kashmir for me; and how do you think," said he, "I dispose

of the shawls and productions of that country in the present glut of

trade? I pay my officers and troops with them; and as I give a Chief, who

may be entitled to a balance of 300 rupees, shawls to the value of 500, he

is well pleased, and the state is benefitted." (P.163-64)

10

o'gV dh w[bkekso'gV dh w[bkekso'gV dh w[bkekso'gV dh w[bkekso'gV dh w[bkeks

wjkokik oDihs f;zx tZb'I b?cafNB?IN nb?ria?Ivo poBia dh y[ZbQ/ fdbBkb nkU-Grs B/ Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ rtoBo iBob bkov ftbhnw p?IfNzeB{z nk; fdbk fdZsh fe wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb ya[d T[; dh nkgDh w[bkeks dh sithiath g{oh soQK f;o/ uVQ ;e/rh. fJ; bJh rtoBo iBob B/ b[fXnkD/ d/ g'bhNheb J/izN e?gNB t/v B{z, id fe T[j pBoia d/ bkj"o nkT[D t/b/ T[ZE/ frnk j'fJnk ;h,fbfynk fe T[j fJ; ;pzXh wjkokik ;kfjp d/ yak; ;bkjekoK B{z N'j/. fit/I fe bkovp?IfNze dk fyankb ;h wjkokik ;kfjp B? oiakwzdh gqrN eo fdZsh. fJ; wsbp bJhe?gNB t/v fJZe d' tkoh T[u/uk bkj"o nkfJnk s/ w[bkeks dk gqpzX eo frnk, s/ 26nes{po 1831 dk fdB fB:s ehsk frnk .1

bkov p?IfNze dk wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb w[bkeks bJh ayak; :sB eoe/gqpzX eokT[D dk n;b nzdo{Bh wsbp eh ;h gZeh soQK e[M BjhI fejk ik ;edk .Gkt/I pkjo'H e/tb d';skBk ;pzX gZek eoBk jh dZf;nk frnk go eJhnK dkfyankb j? fe rtoBo iBob, i' ya[d jh ca"iK dk ewKvo-fJB-uhca th ;h, wjkoki/dh ca"ih skes s/ fBg[zBsk B{z nkgDh nZyhI t/yDk ukj[zdk ;h . :kew'I fbydk j? fe;akfJd bkov ftbhnw, oDihs f;zx B{z nkgDh ca"ih skes fdyk e/ vokT[Dk ukj[zdkj? s/ dZ;Dk ukj[zdk j? fe T[; B{z spkj eoBk fezBk nk;kB j't/rk . fJZe fyankb fJjj? fe u{zfe fJ; t/b/ o{; d/ JhokB tZb tXD d/ fyankb T[V oj/ ;B, fJ; bJhrtoBo iBob d[BhnK ftZu fJj w;aj{o eoBk ukj[zdk ;h fe f;ZyK s/ nzro/iaK ftZu;akj ;a[ikj d/ ncarkfB;skB T[Zs/ jZbk eoB d/ ;tkb ;pzXh ca?;bk ehsk frnk ;hs/ fJ;/ nB[;ko iBtoh 1833 ftZu ;akj ;a[ikj B/ ncarkfB;skB T[Zs/ uVQkJh ehsh;h. e[M th j't/, fJ; w[bkeks s'I S/sh jh fgZS'I wjkokik oDihs f;zx B{z f;zX ;pzXh

1. fgqz;?g, oDihs f;zx (1834), 159L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 454 .

ezgBh dh fB:s ;kca Bk ofjD dk fyankb g?dk j' frnk ;h ns/ nkg; d/ snZb[eksgfjb/ fisB/ fBZx/ BjhI ;B oj/ .2

bkov p?IfNze e[M fdB gfjbK jh 22 nes{po B{z o'gV nk g[Zik. u"E/ fdBfgZS'I 25 dh ;t/o B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ dfonk d/ d{;o/ gk;/ g[ZiD sI' MZpd/ jhfgZS'I bkvo p?IfNze tZb'I fJZe v?g{N/;aB T[BQK gk; ;bkw bJh g[Zik. wjkoki/ B/ T[BQK dkgzdoK s'gK dh ;bkwh Bkb ;[nkrs ehsk s/ fgZS'I ezto yVe f;zx wjkokik tZb'Iw'VthI w[bkeks dh o;w bJh rtoBo iBob B{z fwb/. fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zxnNkohtkb/ ezto ;kfjp d/ Bkb ;B s/ ;odko joh f;zx Bbtk, okik r[bkp f;zx,okik ;zrs f;zx BkG/tkbk s/ ;odko nso f;zx ;zXktkbhnk th T[BQK d/ Bkb rJ/. 26 s'I 31 nes{po sZe d'jK gkf;nK s'I w[bkeksK s/ ca"ih d/y-fdykt/ j[zd/ oj/.fJBQK ftZu th jo w"e/ s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx ih w"i{d ;B. wjkokik oDihs f;zx B{zu{zfe ezgBh dh fB:s ;pzXh ;aZe ;B, fJ; bJh 31 nes{po B{z rtoBo iBobtb'I wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fJZE d';sh-gZso fdZsk frnk s/ 1 Btzpo B{z fSV'-fSVh j'rJh .3

fJZE/ wjkokik ;kfjp B/ nzro/iaK gk;'I f;zX ;pzXh T[BQK dh Bhns s/ fJokfdnKdk gsk eoB dk :sB ehsk. go T[BQK B/ e'Jh f;o g?o Bk dZf;nk jkbKfe fi; fdBwjkokik o'gV g[Zik ;h, T[;/ fdB jh eoBb g"fNzio B{z j[ew fdZsk frnk ;h fej?dokpkd ik e/ who w[okd nbh Bkb sikosh fJeoko-Bkwk eo/. fgqz;g fbydk j?fe j' ;edk j? fe rtoBo iBob B{z o{; d/ JhokB ftZu nkgDk o;{y iwkT[D ftZuekw:kp j' ikD dh jkbs ftZu T[; d/ wB'oEK fto[ZX fsnko ofjD dh b'V wfj;{;j'Jh j't/. fJ; bJh f;zXhnK Bkb rZb-pks ;akfJd fe;h jZd se oki;h jh j't/, gortoBo iBob fJj rZb wzB b?D iK fJj' fij/ wB'oEK B{z iakjo eoB bJh fsnkkoBjhI ;h. fJ; bJh f;zx dfonk d/ ezfYnK T[ZgobhnK je{wsK s/ jkewK Bkb ;pzX

1. pk;{, okJhia n"ca dh efo;uhnB gkto fJB fJzvhnk, fibd 4, gzBk 480, :kew'I,b?Noia cao'w fJzvhnk (1834), fibd d{;oh, 112, 255L bshca, gzikp, 454b[vb', fpqfN;a fJzvhnk, fibd d{;oh, 90.

2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k nZtb 84-103L fgqz;?g, oDihsf;zx, 162-67L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 451-55, i/ aph a co/iao B/ nkgDhfeskp *fwfbNoh w?w'fJo n"c b?cafNB?IN-eoBb i/wia ;feZBo* ftZu fJ; w[bkeks dkuzrk jkb fdZsk j? . ;feZBo nkg fJZE/ w"ia{d ;h . d/y' fibd 2, gzBk 207-18 .

g?dk eoB dk uzrk sohek dfonk dh ijkiaokBh bJh y[ZbQ dhnK ;aosK tkbknfjdBkwk jh fdf;nk .1

nzro/iaK tb'I wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb f;zX d/ wkwb/ ftZu tosh rJh p/o[yhs/ b[ethI ukb B/ T[; d/ fdb B{z e[M yZNk eo fdZsk . 11 iBtoh 1832 dh fuZmh ftZu:kew'I fbydk j? fe *oDihs f;zx s/ rtoBw?IN nzro/aih d/ snZb[eks o[Zy/ fij/ jB.nzro/ia nkgDh tgko T[; gk;/ tXkT[D bJh j/mb/ f;zX T[s/ epiak eoBk ukj[zd/ jBs/ fJ; dh okyh eoB bJh T[BQK B{z fJ; d/ ezfYnk T[Zs/ ca"ih u"IehnK iao{o ekfJweoBhnK g?DrhnK. oDihs f;zx fJ; B{z pzd BjhII eo ;edk ns/ fi; rZb B{z T[jo'e BjhI ;edk, T[j T[; B{z ;fjDh g? ojh j?, fJ; bJh T[; B{z o'j j? .2

;:Zd nfjwd po/bth d/ fto[ ZX w[fjzwK ftZu ;oeko dh i';/tk ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ ehsh ;h, wjkokik ;kfjp T[; Bkb pj[s jh gq;zB ;B. j[Do'gV dh w[bkeks ftZu th T[BQK dk ezw pVk ;bkfjnk frnk. fJ; bJh wZxo ;zws1888 fpeqwh d/ nyaho, d;zpo 1831 d/ d{;o/ jcas/, wjkokik ;kfjp B/ u'Nkjb/dk snZb[ek nZm jiako oo[gJ/ ;kbkBk m/e/ s/ ns/ y/w-eoB gzi jiako ;kbkBk m/e/s/ f;Ze/ ns/ ;a'o/ (;[op tk pko{s) bJh ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fdZs/ s/ Bkb jh skehdhj[ew ehsk fe m'e/ dk o[gfJnk pokpo toQ/ d/ toQ/ ;oekoh yaiakB/ ftZu g[Zidk oj/ .3

1. fgqz;?g, oDihs f;zx, 167-68 .2. ftes'o :kew'I (Victor Jacquemont), b?Noia cao"w fJzvhnk (1834), fibd

d{;oh, 255-56 .

3. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[ -stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 112 .

11

nb?ria? Ivo poBia dk w[V ;[nkrsnb?ria? Ivo poBia dk w[V ;[nkrsnb?ria? Ivo poBia dk w[V ;[nkrsnb?ria? Ivo poBia dk w[V ;[nkrsnb?ria? Ivo poBia dk w[V ;[nkrs

d;zpo 1831 d/ nyaho ftZu b?cafNB?IN nb?ria?Ivo poBia B{z bkovftbhnw p?IfNze tZb'I wZX-J/;ahnk B{z ikD dh nkfrnk fwb rJh ns/ T[j 23 d;zpoB{z fdZbh s'I b[fXnkB/ B{z s[o fgnk, fiZE/ fe T[; B{z T[; dk ;kEh-w[;kcao i/wia i?rovfwb fgnk. 2 iBtoh 1832 B{z poBia b[fXnkB/ s'H joh e/ gZsD B{z s[fonk, fiZE'I fefJ; B/ gzikp ftZu dkyab j'Dk ;h.

poBia B/ gzikp ftZu dh bzxD dh nkfrnk bJh wjkokik ;kfjp B{znoiah G/ih. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ nkfrnk d/ fdZsh ns/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/B{z T[; dh nkU-Grs bJH joh e/ gZsD G/i fdZsk . 11 iBtoh B{z poBia xkNdhnK p/VhnK okjhI joh e/ gZsD s'I dfonk gko j'fJnk. ;odko ;akw f;zx ;[nkrsbJh nZr/ w"i{d ;B. T[BQK B/ d/;a d/ fotkia nB[;ko fJZe ewkB s/ d' E?bhnK o[gJhnK dhnKg/;a ehshnK, go poBia B/ XzBtkd eo e/ w'V fdZshnK. ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ dZf;nk fe fJZE/u{zfe fBjzr f;zxK s'H vo j?, fJ; bJh wjkokik ;kfjp B/ w?B{z G/fink j?.

w[B;ah ;'jB bkb fbydk j? fe wkx dh ;zroKd 12 iBtoh B{z bkj"owjkokik ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu p/Bsh j'Jh fe joh e/ gZsD T[Zs/ nekbh f;zx ekcahfrDsh ftZu fJeZm/ j'J/ j'J/ jB, fiZE'I dh ;kfjp b'e bzxD tkb/ jB. fJ; T[Zs/wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko s/i f;zx B{z j[ew fdZsk fe fJZe oipD x'V-ufVQnK dh s/e[M ezgBhnK d{;ohnK b? e/ T[Xo ikt/.

go poBia sK 11 iBtoh B{z gZsD'I bzx e/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fwb fgnk;h s/ T[BQK d/ Bkb jh gZNh d/ o;s/ 14 iBtoh B{z GVkD/ g[Zi frnk. T[ZE/ ;odkoi[nkbk f;zx GVkDhJ/ B/ T[BQK dh pVh yakso stkfiank ehsh.

17 iBtoh B{z fJj gkoNh bkj"o g[jzuh, s/ 25 fdB wjkokik d/ gokj[D/ofj e/ poBia s/ T[; d/ ;kEh 11 caotoh 1832 B{z bkj"o'I nZr/ B{z s[o rJ/. poBia

dh nkU-Grs s'I t/jb/ j[zd/ ;ko jh ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z ezto yVe f;zx dh;jkfJsk bJh v/ok rakiah yakB tZb ikD dk j[ew j'fJnk .1

1. poBia, No?tbi fJzN{ p[yakok, fibd 1, 1-33L w'jB bkb, No?tbia 9-19L ;'jB

bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'wL fjZ;k ntZb, 118.

12

;zrV (v/ok rkiah yakB) dh w[fjzw;zrV (v/ok rkiah yakB) dh w[fjzw;zrV (v/ok rkiah yakB) dh w[fjzw;zrV (v/ok rkiah yakB) dh w[fjzw;zrV (v/ok rkiah yakB) dh w[fjzw

g'j 1888 dh ;zrqKd, 14 d;zpo 1831, d/ fdB wjkokik ;kfjp B/ eztoyVe f;zx B{z ;[Bfjoh ekmh ;D/ fJZe x'V/, fJZe ;aw;a/o s/ d[;akbk py;a e/ pjktbg[o s/w[bskB tZb T[rqkjh bJh ikD tk;s/ j[ew ehsk ;h ns/ ;odkko rzvk f;zx p;soh B{znkfrnk j'Jh fe T[j e[M wiabK ezto ;kfjp d/ Bkb ikt/ s/ T[BQK B{z nZr/ B{z s'o e/ w[Vnkt/ .

d;zpo 1839 d/ nyahob/ fdB iK iBtoh 1832 d/ gfjb// fdBhI (18g'j s'I 22 g'j, 1888 fpeqwh) wjkokik B/ ;odko ;akw f;zx ns/ ;odko uVQsf;zx s/ bywho f;zx B{z th nkfrnk ehsh ;h fe ibdh ezto yVe f;zx Bkb ;akwbj' e/ T[BQK d/ j[ew dh gkbDk eoB. go poBia d/ ;Pkrs bJh joh e/ gZsD ikDk g?ikD eoe/ e[M fdB dk nNek g? frnk. T[E'I w[VB go S/sh jh ;oeko ih ezto ;kfjpdh ;jkfJsk bJh otkBk j' rJ/. 3 cZrD 1888 (12 caotoh 1832) B{z wjkokik;kfjp B{z ezto yVe f;zx tb'I fJsbkj g[Zih fe T[j ;zrV (fiabk v/ok rakiah yakB)dh jZd ftZu gj[zu rJ/ jB s/ n;d yakB ;zrVtkbk fJbkek SZv e/ GZi frnk j?.itkp ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp tZb'I fbfynk frnk fe ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/dhtkB feogk okw B{z T[BQK dh wdd bJh G/fink ik u[Zfenk j? s/ dhtkB ;ktB wZbrtoBo w[bskB d/ Bkw skehdh j[ew ikoh eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB fe ;" e[ nkdwhw[bskB dh fjcakias bJh oZy e/ pkeh ;koh ca"i ezto ;kfjp dh ;jkfJsk bJh G/ifdZsh ikt/, ns/ fijVk n;d yakB B{z jkiao eo/rk ;zrV T[;/ B{z pya;a fdZsk ikt/rk.

10 cZrD 26 caotoh ;zB 1832, B{z ezto ;kfjp tZb'I yapo nkJh fet?Is{ok ;kfjp s/ ;odko nso f;zx ;zXKtkbhJ/ B{z n;d yakB B{z cVB bJh Bh:sehsk frnk j? . ;zrV dh b[ZN ftZu jZE bZrk wkb n;pkp ns/ ;zrV t?Is{o/ B{z pya;afdZsk j? s/ T[; dh d/y Gkb ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ ;g[od eo fdZsh rJh j?. Bkb jh

fJj th yapo ;h fe rzrk f;zx B{z pjktbg[ohJ/ Btkp gk; G/fink ;h s/ T[Xo'I uwBbkb ns/ ya[d ezto ;kfjp v/ok fJ;wkJhb yakB dh T[rqkjh bJh ik oj/ jB. T[ZsoftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ j[ew fdZsk fe v/o/ s'I BiaokBk b? e/ bkj"o B{z w[V nkU .1 7 u/sq;zws 1888 fpeqwh, 17 wkou ;zB 1832 Jh;th, B{z wjkokik ;kfjp B/ dhtkB feogkokw d/ Bkw gotkBk ikoh ehsk fe ibdh ibdh wiabK wko e/ t?Is{ok ;kfjp gk; g[ZiD s/;bkj w;atok d/ e/ fJbke/ d/ gqpzX ftZu ;jkfJsk eoB. fJ; soQK ;odko ;akw f;zx B{zj[ew j'fJnk fe To[j sB-d/jh Bkb dhtkB feogk okw dh ;jkfJsk eoB fi; d/ pdb/;zrVQtkb/ s'I g[okDk pkeh s/ j[D dk BiaokBk t;{b eo e/ ;zrVQ T[BQK d/ jtkb/ eo fdZskikt/rk .

14 n;{ 1889, 27 ;szpo 1832 B{ z wjkokik ;kfjp B/v/ok fJ;wkJhb yakB d/ Btkp ;akj Btkia yakB wBe/o/ tkb/ d/ tehb ;ezdo yakB B{zg[ZfSnk fe Btkp fJ; t/b/ feZE/ j?. T[Zso ftZu ;ezdo yakB B/ jia{o dh ;/tk ftZu p/Bshehsh fe Btkp ;kfjp fJ; t/b/ v/ok fJ;wkJhb yakB jB ns/ d[;fjo/ s'I pkndn;d yakB ;zrVQtkb/ B{z Bkb b? e/ jia{o dh fyadws ftZu jkaio j'Dr/. 27 wZxo,9 d;zpo B{z Btkp ;akj Btkia yakB wBe/o/tkb/ jkew vok rkiahyakB d/ Bkw gotkBkG/fink frnk fe n;d yakB B{z S/sh s'I S/sh jkiao eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ t?Is{ok ;kfjpB{z fbfynk frnk fe ;odko d"o/ s'I bkj"o w[V nkJ/ jB ns/ ;odko ;akw f;zx ihbkj"o w[V nkJ/. 12 jkV 1890, 23 i{B 1833 B{z id wjkokik ;kfjp d"o/ s'Ibkj"o g[Zi/ sK t?Is{o/ B/ Biao g/;a ehsh s/ ;odko rzvk f;zx p;soh s/ frnkB f;zxn;d yakB B{z Bkb b? e/ jkiao j'J/. wjkoki/ B? n;d yakB B{z ;akjh w;id ftZuT[skok fdZsk .2

;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 113, 116, 128, 130-31 .

;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 134, 150, 159, 172-73 .

13

wjkoki/ dh Bkokiarhwjkoki/ dh Bkokiarhwjkoki/ dh Bkokiarhwjkoki/ dh Bkokiarhwjkoki/ dh Bkokiarh

gsk BjhI feT[I, go wkb{w j[zdk j? fe fJBQhI fdBhI fe;/ ekoDeoe/ wjkkokik ;kfjp ;odko ;akw f;zx Bkb Bkokia ;B s/ T[BQK B/;odko s/i f;zx B{z j[ew fdZsk j'fJnk ;h fe g;o{o d/ Biadhe ebkbtkb/fJbke/ ftZu ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ Bt/I pDkJ/ febQ/ B{z Yk d/t/. uVQd/ jkVQ;odko s/i f;zx S/ gbNDK ns/ frnkoK s'gK s/ iazp{o/ b? fe febQkYkT[D bJh T[ZE/ g[Zik j'fJnk ;h. T[; d/ Bkw 213 jkVQ, 23-24 i{B ;zB1833, d/ bkr/ gqtkBk ikoh j'fJnk fe ;odko ;akw f;zx gk;'I ;'bKjiako o[gfJnk BiaokBk t;{b eo bt/ s/ p[oi Yk d/t/ .

18 jkVQ 29 i{B, d/ bkr/ iwKdko ya[;akb f;zx dh noiahwjkokik ;kfjp d/ jia{o g/;a j'Jh fi; ftZu T[; B/ ;odko ;akw f;zxwkcah d/D bJh p/Bsh ehsh j'Jh ;h. fJ; d/ fgZS'I ya[d ;odko ;akw f;zxth jkiao j'J/ s/ fJZe x'Vk ;[Bfjoh ekmh tkbk s/ fJZeh ;[Bfjoh p[sehnKBiao r[iakoh s/ wjkokik ;kfjp B/ T[BQK dh se;ho w[nkca eo fdZsh.1

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 173-174 .

14

pzB{ dh w[fjzwpzB{ dh w[fjzwpzB{ dh w[fjzwpzB{ dh w[fjzwpzB{ dh w[fjzw

uVQd/ wkx ;zws 1890 (nZX iBtoh ;zB 1834 Jh;th) ftZu wjkokik;kfjp B/ dhtkB skok uzd B{z pzB{ NKe tZb T[rqkjh bJh ikD dk j[ew fdZsk. cZrDd/ nkyaho iK uVQd/ u/s ;zws 1891 (wkou 1834 d/ d{;o/ sh;o/ jcas/) dhtkBskok uzd dh noiah nkJh fe v/ok fJ;wkJhb yakB s'I pkok jiako o[gfJnk t;{b j'frnk j? fi; d T[Zso ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ j[ew G/fink fe pkeh dh oew s/ x'V/s/ T{mK dh t;{bh ehsh ikJ/, NKe ftZu nkgDk mkDk fpmk fdZsk ikJ/ ns/ dfonknNe d/ gko'I d' wjhfBnK dh pNkJh ns/ o'e oew dh t;{bh bJh x'V-ufVQnK dhfJZe oipD G/ih ikt/.

;odko ;akw f;zx iK sK dhtkB skok uzd d/ BKb jh pzB{z B{z rJ/ ;B iKfgZS'I g[Zi/ ;B, fJ; dk gZek Ej[ BjhI brdk, go nkg t;ky wjhB/ pzB{ ftZu fJZe rVQhT[Zs/ jZbk eoB t/b/ T[ZE/ w"i{d ;B. dhtkB skok uzd B/ s/iah Bkb fJZE/ d'jK gkf;nKs'I jZbk eotk fdZsk. fi; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fJ; jZb/ ftZu nkgDh ca"i d/ eJhnkdwh iayawh j'D Bkb pj[s B[e;kB j'fJnk s/ ;odko i? f;zx nNkohtkbk wkfonkfrnk. id t;ky d/ sh;o/ jcas/ (ngq?b 1834 d/ nkyaoh jcas/) fJ; rZb dh yapodh noiah wjkokik ;kfjp B{z g[Zih sK iktp ftZu T[BQK B/ c[owkfJnk fe fe;/ ezw ftZuekbh s/ s/iah eoBh uzrh BjhI j[zdh, nZr/ B{z Xhoi s/ Yzr Bkb ezw ehsk ikt/ ns/d'jK gkf;nK s'H jZbk BjhI eoBk ukjhdk, fJZE gk;/ dk jZbk jh uzrk j?. fJ;/ ;pzXftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ tiaho fXnkB f;zx B{z fejk fe dhtkB skok uzd nbQV (Bk-siaopkeko) nkdwh j? ns/ fi; soQK ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ B/ w?dkfB-izrftZu fjzws ftykJh j? pjkdoK d/ ezw fJ; soQK jh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; izr ftZu;odko ;akw f;zx B/ tXd/ nk oj/ t?oh dk pV/ j";b/ s/ db/oh Bkb vZN e/ Nkeokehsk s/ T[BQK d/ w{zj w'V fdZs/. Gkt/I T[BQK d/ j/mbk x'Vk th wkfonk frnk go T[j sKth fgSKj Bk jN/ s/ ;{ofwnK tKC nZr/ tZX e/ T[BQK B/ t?oh B{z g?o'I eZY fdZsk.

wjkokik ;kfjp B{z dhtkB skok uzd dh :'rsk T[Zs/ u{zfe fiankdk Go';kBjhI ;h fojk fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ iwkdko ya[;akb f;zx s/ okik r[bkp f;zx B{z j[ewehsk fe ik e/ Btkp ;akj fBtkia yakB wBe/o/ tkb/ dk pzB{ nNe s/ nNe dfonk s'Igkob/ fJbke/ T[Zs/ dyab eok fdZsk ikt/ ns/ dfonkUI fJ; gk;/ d/ v/ok fJ;wkJhbd/ fJbke/ T[Zs/ nkgDk dyab eo fbnk ikt/.1

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 2, 193, 199, 207-8L frqfcB, gzikp uhca;

(1890), fibd gfjbh, 241L bshc, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp L 467 .

15

fg;akto dh w[fjzwfg;akto dh w[fjzwfg;akto dh w[fjzwfg;akto dh w[fjzwfg;akto dh w[fjzw

wkb{w j[zdk j? fe pzB{z s'I ;odko ;akw f;zx fg;akto dh w[fjzw s/ G/i/ rJ/fiZE/ fe ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B/ uVQkJh eoe/ fJ; fJbke/ B{z (wJh 1834 ftZu) gZe/s"o s/ f;Zy oki Bkb fwbk fbnk ;h. fJ; t/b/ nwho d';s w[jzwd yakB B/ fg;aktojwbk eoB bJh nzrq/iaK gk;'I ;jkfJsk wzrh. go T[j wjkokik oDihs f;zx BkbftrkV gkT[Dk BjhI ukj[zd/ ;B fJ; bJh T[BQK B? dyab d/D'I BKj eo fdZsh.

2 n;{ 1891 (17 ;zspo 1834) B{z fg;akto'I wjkokik ;kfjp gk; yapog[Zih fe nwho d';s w[jzwd yakB B/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fuZmh fbyh j? fe i/ w/jopkBh eoe/ fg;akto T[; B{z d/ fdZsk ikt/ sK T[j pVk XzBtkdh j't/rk ns/ skp/dkoh ti'I pVh nXhBrh Bkb wjkokik ;kfjpo dh ;/tk ftZu bkj"o x'V/, s'jca/ s/ j'on;pkp G/Nk eo/rk, BjhI sK e'jkN, ncaohdh s/ ;{;caiaJh dhnK gjkVhnK ns/ya[ok;kB, pzB{z s/ NKe s'I bVke/ rkiahnK dhnK ca"iK iwK eoe/ fg;akto s/ jZbk eo d/t/rk. 4 nZ;{ B{z wjkokik ;kfjp B/ w[B;ah eow uzd B[z ezto B"fBjkb f;zx s/ T[BQK d/;kEh ;oeod/ ;odkoK bJh ehwsh fyabnsK d/ e/ fg;akto G/fink s/ jj[ew ehskfe fJj fyabnsK ezto ;kfjp B{z gj[zuk fdZshnK ikD ns/ T[j ya[d nkgd/ jZEhI;odkoK B{z pya;D.

fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx d/ Bkb ;B s/j'o tZv/ ;odkoK dh soQK T[BQK B{z th B" egfVnK dh fyabns G/ih rJh .1

e[M fuo fgZS'I ya[d th wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fg;akto tZb B{z e{u eo fdZsk fiZE/fe T[j 26 t;ky 1892 (6 wJh 1835) B{z g[Zi/ s/ tiaho yakB d/ pkra ftZu T[skokehsk. fJZE/ ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB T[BQK B{z nk fwfbnk s/ JhB wzB bJh. wjkokik;kfjp B/ pVk :sB ehsk fe d';s w[jzwd th skp/dkoh gqtkB eo bt/ s/ ya{B yaokpkBk j't/. d';s w[jzwd yakB B{z nkgDhnK rkiah ca"iK go pVk wkD ;h fJ; bJh T[jbVkJh bJh fsnko j' e/ nk frnk, go id 31 t?;ky, 11 wJh ;zB 1835 B{z d{;o/

gk;/ yakb;/ B{z fsnko po fsnko izr bJh vfNnk t/fynk sK sbtko fwnkB ftZu jhofj rJh ns/ fg;akto b?D dk fyankb SZv e/ fpBK e[M pj[sk w[ekpbk ehs/ jhw?dkB'I fBeb GZik. wjkokik ;kfjp fg;akto dk gZek gqpzX eoe/ bkj"o B{z w[VnkJ/ .2

1. efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y; (1849), 222L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp,467-8L ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjz;k d'w, 216 .

2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 245-51, efBzxw, fj;Nohn"ca dh f;y; (1849); 222-23L pkpk gq/w f;zx, ;odko joh f;zx BbtkL 234-37 .

16

phph BkBeh dh wzrDhphph BkBeh dh wzrDhphph BkBeh dh wzrDhphph BkBeh dh wzrDhphph BkBeh dh wzrDh

fg;a"o'I bkj"o B{z tkg; w[VB t/b/ iK sK ;odko ;akw f;zx thwjkokik ;kfjp d/ Bkb jh iK S/sh jh fgZS'I T[ZE'I tkg; nk rJ/ ns/nkgDh bVeh phph BkBeh dk fo;ask wjkokik ;kfjp d/ g'sq/ s/ eztoyVe f;zx d/ g[Zso ezto B'fBjkb f;zx Bkb eo fdZsk. phph BkBeh dhwzrDh dh mhe skohya dk gsk BjhI ub ;fenk. w[B;ah ;'jB bkb B/nkgDh skohya *T[wdks[-stkohya_ ftZu fbfynk j? fe 29 ;ktB 1892(11 nr;s 1835) B{z wjkokik ;kfjp B/ dhtkB jkfew okfJ B{z j[ewfdZsk fe ezto ih dh ;akdh bJh j/m fby/ t/ot/ nB[;ko ia/to nkgdhwkocas pDtk e/ jkaio eo/.

w[eN 2500u"Ie 1400wkbk S'Nh, tZvh 1500j'o iVkT{ rfjD/ 2000

fJ; s'I nB[wkB bkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe ezto ;kfjp dhwzrDh phph BkBeh Bkb fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh j'Jh j?.

gqshs j[zdk j? fe fg;a"o'I w[VB fgZS'I ;odko ;akw f;zx nkyaho g'jsZe wjkkoki/ d/ Bkb jh ;B. 28 g'j, 10 iBtoh 1836, B{z wjkokik;kfjp B/ T[BQK B{z S[ZNh fdZsh s/ fJZe i'Vk d';akb/ s/ ;'B/ d/ eV/ o[y;skB/tZi'I pya;a/. fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ noia ehsh fe ;odko irs

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 261 .2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso ;'w, fjz;k d'w, 289-90 .

f;zzx nNkohtkb/ dh sZbek ;zGfVnkb dh ikrho d/ fdZsh ikt/. wjkokik;kfjp B/ T[Zso fdZsk fe ;zGfVnkb dk sZbek tiahopkd d/ fJbke/ Bkbfwbk fdZsk frnk j? fJ; bJh wBe/o/ iK pb'uK d/ fJbke/ ftZu ikrhofdZsh ikt/rh.

i/m 1893 ftZu bkbb fe;aB uzd tehb b[fXnkB? tZb'I fJZefuZmh nkJh fe egskB (t/v);kfjp, i' b[fXnkB? ftZu Jh;N fJzvhnkezgBh d/ J/izN jB, e[M uzrh B;b d/ x'V/ yaohdDk ukj[zd/ jB. T[; s/wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx, ezto ;a/o f;zx, okik r[bkpf;zx, okik ;[u/s f;zx, okik jhok f;zx, ;odkokB ;zXKtkbhnK, ;odkocasfj f;zx wkB, dhtkB ;ktB wZb rtoBo w[bskB nkfd B{z gqtkB/fby/ fe fJZe fJZe uzrh B;b dk x'Vk egskB ;kfjp B{z b[fXnkB? G/id/D. fJBQK d/ Bkb jh fJZe gqtkBk ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z th G/fink frnk.

;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 310 .

17

y/w eoBhnK dh f;aekfJsy/w eoBhnK dh f;aekfJsy/w eoBhnK dh f;aekfJsy/w eoBhnK dh f;aekfJsy/w eoBhnK dh f;aekfJs

fit/I fe T[Zgo fbfynk ik u[Zek j?/ y/w eoB dk fJbkek ;odko;akw f;zx dh skp/dkoh ftZu ;h s/ e;{o dk fJbkek th T[BQK e'b jh ;h. t/ot/ ;fjs jkb Bk fwb ;eD eoe/ fJj BjhI fejk ik ;edk fe nzdo{BhekoD eh ;B, go gqshs fJT[I j[zdk j? fe ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ pkjo w[fjzwKT[Zs/ ofjD iK d{;o/ gk;/ d/ fJbkfenK d/ gqpzX ftZu o[M/ j'D t/b/ y/w eoBd/ fJbke/ d/ fiawhIdkoK Bkb fJZE/ d/;odkoK B/ e'Jh uzrk toskU BjhI ;hoZfynk j'fJnk. fJ; bJH uVQd/ ;ktB 1893 (i[bkJh 1836) B{zy/weoB dh fiawhIdkoK B/ fJBQK ;odkoK fto[ZX wjkkokik gk; f;aekfJsehsh s/ p/Bsh ehsh fe T[BQK dh pKj ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B{zcVk fdZsh ikt/. j'o T[BQK fejk fe j[D ;" e[ d[ekBdko ;afjo e;{o'I s/gzikj e[ fgzv y/w eoB'I T[ZiV e/ fto'iag[o ik nkpkd j'J/ jB. id s'I fJjfJbkek wjkokik ;kfjop dh je{ws ftZu nkfJnk j? fJZe th fiawhIdkofJbke/ B{z SZv e/ dfonkUI gko BjhI frnk ;h feT[Ife ;oeko d/ ;kJ/ftZu jo gqeko dk nwB nwkB j?. fJ; s/ wjkokik ;kfjp B/ j[ew fdZskfe fJBQK fiawhIdkoK dk fJbkek ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ Bkb i'VfdZsk ikJ/ s/ Bkb jh T[BQK B{z jdkfJs ikoh eo fdZsh fe fJbke/ dhnkpkdh j'D s/ ns/ oZJhns dh oiakwzdh Bkb w[nkwb/ dh T[rqkjh ehshikt/ s/ fiawhIdkoK dh GbkJh dk jo gqeko dk fyankb oZfynk ikt/ .

;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 2, ;cak 376 .

18

r[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dh ;/tkr[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dh ;/tkr[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dh ;/tkr[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dh ;/tkr[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dh ;/tk

fJ; t/b/ ;qh nzfwqs;o ftZu r[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dhnK SZsK dh;/tk j' ojh ;h. fJ; r[odPko/ dh fJwkos dh ;/tk ;zrs d/ T[s;akj Bkb ;zB 1822JhL ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;a[o{ ehsh ;h. do;aBh dotkia/ dh SZs wkJh ;dke"o B/ ;zB 1823 ftZu pDtkJh ;h ns/ r[zpd dh ;/tk ;zB 1830 ftZu ;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ ehsh ;h. nzdob/ ;wkX tkb/ yak; pzrab/ d/ pkjobh gqeowk dhSZs dh whBkekoh ns/ ;[Bfjoh ezw wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ 1835 ftZu eotkfJnk.fJ; r[odPkok ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu ;odko ;akw f;zx ih B? th jZE tNkfJnk ns/gqeowK dh T[sq-uVQdh SZs dk rZuekoh gb;so eotkfJnk. rZu dk gb;so g[okD/iawkB/ ftZU fJZe yak; uhai j[zdh ;h fi; ftZu ;zrwowo dk u{oB, pj[s pkohe o/sk,fJZe yak; soQK dk u{Bk, fi; B{z fig;w nkfynk iKdk j?, tkb n/s j'o eJh uhiaKobkJhnK iKdhnK ;B. fJBQK B{z orVD s/ x'ND T[Zs/ eJh tkoh eJh eJh toQ/ bkJ/iKd/ ;B ns/ gzdoK thj srkohnK T[Zs/ jiakoK o[gJ/ yaou nk iKd/ ;B. fJ; BkbpDh ns/ fbzph j'Jh fJwkos pj[s ;h wiap{s ns/ eJh eJh ;" ;kb pknd th E'VQ/fuo dh pDh j'Jh BthI Be'o gqshs j[zdh ;h .

gzi ;kb pknd ;zB 1842 ftZu fco ;odko ih B/ fJ; r[odPko/ dh j'o;/tk ehsh ns/ nkgD/ g[Zso ;odko mkeo f;zx dh fBrokBh j/mK r[odPtkko/ dkpkjobk fjZ;k pDtkfJnk .

T{Xw f;zx, skohya dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o, 64-5 .

19

phph BkBeh s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkjphph BkBeh s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkjphph BkBeh s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkjphph BkBeh s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkjphph BkBeh s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkj

fi; X{w-Xkw s/ ;akB ;a"es Bkb wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ g'so/ s/ ;akjiakdkyVe f;zx d/ g[Zso ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkj ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ dhbVeh phph BkBeh Bkb j'fJnk, d[BhnK dh skohya ftZu T[; dh e'Jh fw;kb fwb;eDh efmB j?.

wjkokik ;kfjp dh w[ZY s'I jh fJj fJZSk ;h e ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh izRbkj"o dh pikJ/ r[o{ eh Broh ;qh nzfwqs;o s'I uVQ/. fJ; wsbp bJh T[BQK nkGd/Go';/-:'r ;odkoK B{z fJZE/ G/i fdZsk sK fe iao{oh gqpzX eoB. gzikp ftZu e'Jh okik,wjkokik s/ ;odko BjhI ;h fi; B{z fJ; ftnkj ftZu ;akwb j'D dk ;Zdk Bk fdZskfrnk j't/. gstzs/ wfjwkBK ftZu wjkokik gfNnkbk, BkGk, eg{oEbk, ihId, caohde'N,Btkp wb/o e'Nbk, okik eb;hnk wzvh s/ ;[e/s, uzpk, B{og[oo ns/ j'o wkbtk,wkMk s/ d{;o/ fJbkfenK d/ ;odko ;akwb ;B. nzrq/iaK tZb'I bkov n"eb?Iv, rtoBoiBob fJzvhnk, ;o ukob; w?ZNekc rtoBo nkrok s/ iBob ;o j?Boh c/B nzrq/iah ewKvo-fJB-uhca B{z ;Zdk fdZsk frnk ;h, go fJBQK ftu'I ;akwb e/tb ;o j?Boh ca/B s/ T[; dk ;Nkca jh j'fJnk.

JhN; fJzvhnk ezgBh tZb'I yak; ewKvo-fJB-uhca s/ T[; d/ ca"ih ;Nkca d/a;kwb j'D ftZu fJZe oki;h G/d th ;h s/ T[j fJj fe ca"ih ;ftfrnkB d/ fJj fBg[Df;nkD/ fJ; gokj[D-ukoh d/ w"e/ dk cakfJdk T[mk e/ ca"ih B[esk fBrkj s'I gzikp;pzXh w[ezwb tkecahns jk;b eo ;eDr/. efBzxw fbydk j? fe **T[j :'r;?Bkgsh ca"ih T[gkU s/ ;?fBe r[DK B{z GKgD ftZu ;dk jh pVk ske ;h, T[; B/ T[;;?Bk-db dk nzdkiak bkfJnk fi; dh fe gzikp B{z w[ezwb s"o s/ nXhB eoB bJhb'V gt/rh go oT[; B/ fJ;/ t/b/ n;{b d/ s"o s/ fJj dZf;nk fe ;sb[i dfonk ns/okig{skB/ s/ f;zX d/ phnkpkB nzrq/iaK bJh uVQdh tZb ;G s'H tXhnk jZdK jB.f;ZyK Bkb bVkJh dh ;zGktBk pj[s d{o j'D eoe/ fJZe gokj[D/ bJh bVkJh d/ yV

:zsoK dh ftT[Is pBkT[Dh ;a'GBhe BjhI ;h. aaaa a a a a a;o j?Boh ca/B d/ fJj fyankb fbysftZu Gkt/I Bk fbnKd/ rJ/ j'D, go i' b'e T[; d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ ;B T[BQK B{z fJBQK dkuzrh soQK gsk ;h. fit/H w?B{z e?gNB t/v gk;'I ;[fDnk j'fJnk :kd j? T[; dk (;oj?boh ca/B dk gzikp B{z g{oh soQK casfj eoB bJh )nzdkiak ;skjN jkiako nkdwhnKdk ;h ns/ T[; dk fyankb ;h fe ;akfJd d' ;kb i'ao dh bVkJh bZrh oj/. fJj bkj"oikDk ;akfJd fJ; rZb ftZu fiankdk cakfJd/wzd ;kps j'fJnk fe pzrkb dh ca"i dknDEZe e[nkNo-wk;No-iBob b?cafNB?IN-eoBb rkovB wbe d/ fJ; fjZ;/ dk t/ot/ ;fjs Be;ak pDk ;eD d/ :'r j' frnk ;h ns/ fJj Be;ak T[BQK ;kfonKBef;anK dk nkXko pfDnk fijV/ fe nzs f;ZyK Bkb bVkJh bZr ikD t/b/ tos/rJ/.1

izR uVQB s'I gfjbK gzi e[ bZy nkdwhnK dk fJeZm ftnkj ftZu ;akwbj'D bJh j' frnk. fJZe/ ftnkj d/ ;ko/ jkbK dk ft;Eko Bkb fiaeo BjhI j' ;e/rk,fJ; bJh e/tb iao{oh rZbK dk jh fiaeo ehsk ikJ/rk. 25 cZrD 1893, 6 wkou1837, B{z b"Y/ t/b/ s'jca/ s/ szp'b g/;a j'J/. 26 cZrD, 7 wkou, dh ;t/o/ ;qh dopko;kfjp jkiao j' e/ wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;D/ ;akjiakfdnK s/ gstzs/ gqkj[fDnK d/ wZEk N/fenk, nodk;k ;'fXnk ns/ G/Nk uVQkJhnK ns/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z ;/jok pzBQDdh o;w ndk ehsh. b"Y/ t/b/ izR B/ nNkoh B{z uVQkJh ehsh. nzfwqs;o s'I nNkoh sebZyK dh frDsh ftZu b'ehI ;Ve d/ d'jhI gk;hI yV/ ;B. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ gqkj[fDnKd/ jkEhnK T[Zs/ o[gJhnK dhnK E?bhnK oytkJhnK j'JhnK ;B sK fe T[j o;s/ ftZu

1 That able Commander was ever a careful observer of military means and ofsoldierly qualities: he formed an estimate of the force which would be requiredfor the complete subjugation of the Punjab, but at the same time he laid itdown as a principle, that the Sutlej and the wastes of Rajputana and Sindhwere the best boundaries which the English could have in the East. Theprospect of a war with the Sikhs was then remote, and hostile designs couldnot with honour be entertained by a guest .

These views of Sir Henry Fane's may not be on record but they were wellknown to those about his Excellency. His extimate was, as I remember tohave heard from Capt. Wade, 67,000 men and he thought there might be atwo years' active warfare.. This visit to Lahore was perhaps mainly useful in enabling Lieut. Col.

Garden, the Indefatigable quartermaster-general of the Bengal Army tocomplete a detailed map of that part of the country, and which formed theground work of all the maps used when the hostilites did at last break outwith the Sikhs." - Cunningham, History of the Sikhs (1849), 227-28, andfootnote on p.227.

;'N eod/ ikD. ya[d wjkokik ;kfjp nNkoh sZe ;ko/ o;s/ y[bhI jZEhI o[gJhnK,p[sehnK nfkd dk whIj toQkT[Id/ rJ/ fi; Bkb eJh bZy o[gJhnk raohp ra[op/ ftZutzfvnk frnk.

nNkoh gj[zuD s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ pV/ ;akjkBk Yzr Bkb nkU-Grsehsh s/ izR d/ T[sko/ dk gqpzX ehsk. T[;/ okshI ftnkj j' frnk s/ oks nks;apkiah,ya[;ahnK s/ i;aBK ftZu r[iaoh.

d{;o/ fdB wjkoki/ B/ pV/ y[bQ/ fdb Bkb ya?o-ya?oks fdZsh. dkB tzvD bJhgzi whbK ftZu fJZe dkfJok pDkfJnk frnk fi; d/ fJod frod ca"iK yVhnK ;B.fJ: dkfJo/ d/ nZ;h dotkia/ ;B s/ jo dotkia/ T[Zs/ yaiakBuh E?bhnK bJh p?m/ ;Bi' ih gosh, eh nkdwh s/ eh ikBto, fJZe fJZe o[gJhnk d/Jh iKd/ ;B s/ fe;/ B{zyakbh BjhI ;h ikD fdzd/. efjzd/ jB fe fJ; t/b/ fJZe nihp Biakok g/;a nkfJnk.fJZe wzrsk wjkokik ;kfjp d/ jai{o jkiao j' e/ efjD bZrk fe ;oeko d/ j[ewBkb ;G B{z ih gosh fJZe fJZe o[gJhnk fwb fojk j?, w?B{z th w/ok jZe fdbkfJnkikt/. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fJZe yaiakBuh B{z j[ew fdZsk fe fJ; dk fjZ;k fJ; B{z d/ fdU.T[; B/ ehVhnK ekfYnK dh Goh j'Jh fJZe fNzv g/;a ehsh s/ noia ehsh fe jia{o w?B{zw/o/ ih frD e/ jZe fwb/. fJ; wzrs/ dh ukbkeh s/ wjkoki pV/ jZ;/ s/ fek fe iK sKs{z frD e/ dZ; fe s/o/ fJj ih fesB/ jB iK fJj fNzv o[gJhnK dh Gotk b?. T[; B/fejk w?B{z wBia{o j? fe w/oh fNzv Go fdZsh ikt/, fi; Bkb T[; d/ fuoK d/ dfbZdoN[ZN rJ/ .2 fJfsjk;ekoK dk nzdkiak j? fe fJ; soQK ya?oks ftZu e'Jh 20 bZy s'I T[Zgoo[gJhnk yaou nkfJnk. fJ; s'I jh nzdkiak bZr ;edk j? fe ;ko/ ftnkj s/ eh yaounkfJnk j't/rk.

;odko ;akw f;zx B/ nkgDh ;g[Zsqh B{z i' dki fdZsk T[; ftZu w'NhnKw'NhnK uhiaK fJj ;B L-

11 jkEh101 T{m101 x'V/

4. gzE gqek;a, 836, pkpk gq/w f;zx, wjkokik oDihs f;zx, 265-73L B"fBjkb f;zx,61-64 .

101 rT{nK101 wZMhnK500 i'V/ e;awhoh d[;akb/

pj[w[Zb/ jho/, itkjo s/ ia/to, p/nzs ;'B/ uKdh d/ GKv/, ehwyakp d/ EkB s/j'o T{Bh, o/;awh, s/ ;{sq d/ eZgV/ fiBQK dk w[Zb frDBk w[;aeb j?. fJ; s'I fJbktkwjkokik ;kfjp, ;akjiakdk yVe f;zx, ezto B"fBjkb f;zx, ezto ;a/o f;zx s/ d{;o/;akjiakfdnK, ;o j?Boh ca/B s/ T[; d/ ;Nkca s/ d{;o/ gstzfsnK B{z pj[-w[ZbhnKg[;akeK fdZshnK. fJ; ;akdh T[Zs/ ;odko ;akw f;zx dk gzdoK bZy o[gJhnk yaounkfJnk.1

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso, fjZ;k 3, 358-78L c/B, ckJht :hnoia fJBfJzvhnk, 119-183L p{N' ;akj skohfya gzikp L nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqsBkwk .

20

fg;akto B{z e{ufg;akto B{z e{ufg;akto B{z e{ufg;akto B{z e{ufg;akto B{z e{u

12 u/s ;zws 1895, 24 wkou 1838, B{z ;odko joh f;zx Bbt/ dhnoiah g[Zih fe iwo{d ftZu j'Jh bVkJh ftZu jkih ekeV s/ ;nkdsyakB d/ v/o/ d/ekcah ncarkB iayawh j'J/ s/ wko/ rJ/ jB ns/ e[M f;zx th j[ew ;Zs eo rJ/ jB.itkp ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ca[owkfJnk fe okik r[bkkp f;zx s/ ;odko bfjDkf;zx wihmhnk ibdh jh fg;akto B{z e{u eoBr/ s/ nkg wjkokik ;kfjp th gstzs/gqkj[fDnK B{z ftfdnk eoe/ fg;akto tZb B{z tkrK w'VBr/ .1

19 u/s B{z ;o j?Boh ca/B s/ T[BQK d/ nzrq/ia ;kEhnK B{z ftfdnk ehsk s/ezto ;a/o f;zx T[BQK B{z SZvD bJh fcao'iag[o tZb rJ/. e;{o dk fJbkek u{zfe ;odko;akw f;zx dh ikrho ftZu ;h fJ; bJh e;{o ftZu fJBQK dh nkU-Grs s/ o'Nh gkDhdk ;kok gqpzX ;odko ;akw f;zx tb'I ehsk frnkk. XhowbhJ/ r[o{ ;kX{ f;zx eoskog[ohJ/(;D/ nkfd ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp) ns/ d{;o/ gstzfsnK d/ ftfdnk j'D ikD fgZS'Iwjkokik ;kfjp th bfjzd/ B{z uVQ gJ/ s/ 27 u/s, 8 ngq?b 1838, B"oks/ tkb/ fdB;a/y{g[o/ g[Zi/. ;a/y{g[o/ g[ZiD s/ gsk BjhI eh rZb j'Jh iK okik fXnkB f;zx dk eh G/dy[fbQnk fe wjkokik ;kfjp T[; Bkb pV/ ;yas Bkokia j' rJ/. fJZE/ fXnkB f;zx B/ p/Bsh ehsh fe ;a/y{g[o/ ftZu T{bK (:orawkbK) dh frDsh pj[s fiankdk j' rJh j? ns/nZi B"oks/ dk ;a[G fdB j?. fJ; bJh Xow eow eoBk iao{oh j?. nZr'I wjkokik ;kfjpB/ ca[owkfJnk fe *sK c/o izw{tkb/ T{bK B{z SZv d/j, Xow J/jh j?. b'eK B{z B;hjs s/nkg whnK ca;hjs < e[M fuo fgZS'I id p/Bsh j'Jh fe wBe/o/ s'I T{b ;D/ d' ezgBhnKd/ jkiao jB sK wjkokik ;kfjp B/ itkp fdZsk fe T{bK B{z y{j ftZu s/ ezgBhnK B{zdfonk ftZu ;[ZN fdU . fgZS'I id g[ZfSnk fe ;oeko dk v/ok feZE/ ehsk ikJ? sK efjDbZr/ *;oeko dh ihG T[Zs/_ .2

1 t;ky 1895 B{z, v/ok fgzv T[X'tkbh j'fJnk s/ 2 nekbrVQ s/ 3 B{znekbrVQ'I okw Bro g[Zi/ s/ 20 skohy sZe fJZE/ jh fenkw ehsk . fJZE/ jh okwBro

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 4, gz a 386 .2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 4, 388-9 .

d/ w[ekw s/ 11 t;ky, 21 ngq?b ;zB 1838, B{z ;odko joh f;zx Bbt/ dh noiahg[Zih fe d';s w[jzwd yakB d/ GshfinK, w[jzwd ncaiab, nepo ;ahohB yakB, j?dos/ neow B/ iwo{d d/ febQ/ bkr/ nk w'ou/ bkJ/ jB s/ s'g s/ s'g gJh ub ojh j?.wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fJj yapo ;[Dd/ ;ko ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fg;akto ikD bJhfsnkoh dk j[ew fdZsk s/ Bkb jh nthskfpb/ ;kfjp, ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB, ghow[jzwd yakB nkfd B{z th j[ew j'fJnk . 17 t;ky B{z ;odko s/i f;zx, ;odko ;akwf;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko bfjDk f;x wihmhJ/, nbkod, t?Is{ok, e'oN, iwkdkoya[;akb f;zx s/ okik r[bkp f;zx nkfd B{z j[ew j'fJnk fe ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh;jkfJsk bJh ft;akto B{z e{u eoB .1

go ca"iK g[ZiD s'I gfjbK jh iwo{d dh nkyaoh bVkJh 19 t;ky ;fBuotkotkb/ fdB j' rJh fi; ftZu ;odko joh f;zx Bbtk iayawh j'e/ j[ew-;Zs eo rJ/. fJj dodBke yapo wjkokik ;kfjp B{z 26 t;ky B{z o'jsk; d/ wekw s/ g[Zih.nekb ubkDk eoB s'I gfjbK ;odko joh f;zx B/ iwo{d d/ febQ/dko ;odko wjKf;zx B{z B;hjs ehsh ;h fe id sZe wjkokik ;kfjp tZb'I j'o ca"i Bk nk g[Zi/ T[BQK d/ubkD/ dh yapo pkjo Bk eZYh ikt/. u[BKfu ;odko wjK f;zx B/ fJ; dh X[;e seBk fBebD fdZsh sK fe fdb-YZm/ gmkD j'o w[byZJhnk Bkb b? e/ feXo/ febQ/ T[Zs/Bk nk g?D.

wjkokik ;kfjp tZb'I G/ih rJh e[weh ca"i d/ fi; Bkb ;odko ;akw f;zxnNkohtkb/ nkJ/ ;B, iwo{d d/ w[ekw s/ g[ZiD dh d/o ;h fe 28 t;ky B{z gmkDhdb iwo{d dk w?dkB SZv e/ nbh w;fid tZb B{z fsZso j' frnk. ;odko ;akw f;zxns/ e'oN ;kfjp B/ fJBQK dk fgZSk ehsk sKfe T[j fJod frod dhnK gjkVhnK ftZub[eD dk :sB Bk eoB . fgZS/ nk oj/ f;zxK B{z o'eD bJh T[BQK B/ w[ekpbk eoB dkfJZe :sB ehsk, go f;zxK d/ Nkeo/ s/ T[j fiankdk d/o yV/ Bk ofj ;e/ s/ id E'VQ/fij/ pzd/ w[ekkpb/ ftZu wo/ s/ iaywh j'J/ sK w?dkB'I GZi fBeb/ s/ nbh w;id d"Ve/ nZr/ B{z s[o rJ/ .

gmkDK tZb'I iwo{d s/ fg;akto B{z e'Jh yasok Bk ofjD s/ ;odko ;akw f;zxih e[weh ca"iK d/ Bkb jh bkj"o B{z w[V nkJ/ .2

3. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso, fjZ;k 4, 393-94 .4. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 4, 395-401 .

21

jiako/ B{zjiako/ B{zjiako/ B{zjiako/ B{zjiako/ B{z

nyaho i/m 1895 (i{B 1838 d/ d{;o/ jcas/) wjkokik ;kfjp B/ jiako/d/ fJbke/ dk w[nkwbk t;{b eoB bJh ;odko bfjDk f;zx ;zXKtkbhJ/ B{z w[eoZoehsk s/ j[ew fdZsk fe oZJhns dh jkbs dk fyankb oZy e/ w[nkwbk T[rqkfjnk ikt/. fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ Bkt th gqtkBk ikoh j'fJnk fe ;zXKtkbhJ/ ;odkod/ Bkb ;akwb j' e/ jiako/ tZb B{z e{u eoB s/ d't/I ob fwb e/ w[nkwb/ dh T[rqkjhdk fJzsiakw eoB .1

;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcso 3, fjZ;k 4, 536 .

22ezto dbhg f;zx dk iBwezto dbhg f;zx dk iBwezto dbhg f;zx dk iBwezto dbhg f;zx dk iBwezto dbhg f;zx dk iBw

efjzd/ jB fe nzfwqs;o d/ i's;ah gzvs okw dZs B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zxB{z fJj dZf;nk ;h fe T[BQK d/ xo i' pkbe iBw b?D tkbk j? T[j je{ws tk;s/ uzr/;rD tkbk gqshs BjhI j[zdk ns/ T[; B{z ;w[zdo'I gko ikDk gJ/rk. fJBQK fdBK ftZuwjkokik ;kfjp dh ;G s'I S'Nh wjkokDh fizd e"o, i' fJfjsk; ftZu wjkokDh wkJhfizdK eoe/ gqf;ZX j? ns/ fi; B{z wjkokik ;kfjp *wfjp{pk_ efj e/ p[bkfJnk eod/;B, roGtsh ;h, fJ; bJh wjkokik ;kfjp ;qh dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o nodk;eoB bJh 17 Gkd'I ;zws 1865, 31 nr;s ;zB 1838, B{z bkj"oI s[o/. nNkoh s'I;odko ;akw f;zx th wjkokik ;kfjp d/ Bkb ob gJ/ ns/ T[BQK d/ Bkb jh ;qhnzfwqs;o nk rJ/.

;qh nzfwqs;o gj[zu e/ nkg f;ZX/ ;qh dopko ;kfjp jkiao j'J/ . frnkoK ;"o[gJhnk ;qh dopko ;kfjp ns/ gzi ;" o[gJhnk ;qh nekb syas uVQkfJnk s/ nodk;eokJh. fco gqeowK ftZu jo pz[r/ o[gJhnk uVQktk uVQkT[Id/ j'J/ d[y GziDh ;kfjp d/o;s/ rJ/. okwpkra ftZu T[sko/ pknd Biao fBnkia fgZS'I febk r'fpzd rVQ d/ EkB/dkoK s/ w[s;dhnK B{z j[ew ehsk fe yaiakB/ ftZu i' wkb w"i{d j? T[; dk t/otk ns/i' i' ;a? b'VhIdh j? T[; dh caod fby e/ jkiao eoB.

jcas/ nzdo jh fJZE'I bkj"o'I yapo g[ZIh fe 23 Gkd'I, w[skpe 6 ;szpo ;zB1838 B{z bkj"o wjkokDh fizd e"o dh e[Zy'I ;kfjpiakd/ B/ iBw fbnk j?. wjkokDh;kfjpk B/ fJj yapo w[B;ah r'fpzd okw ;jkJ/ d/ jZEhI jia{o dh ;/tk ftZu G/ih ns/T[; B? wjkokik ;kfjp B{z okw pkra ftZu fJj yapo gj[zukJh. wjkokik ;kfjp fJjyapo ;[D e/ pV/ gq;zB j'J/. tihao fXnkB f;zx B/ fi; t/b/ fJj yapoo ;[Dh sK gjkVdh o;w nB[;ko f;otkoBk ehsk. e[M fdBK fgZS'I ;'B/ d/ rfjD/, jZ;h, eV/ s/ Bedhnkfd w[B;ah r'fpzd okw ;jkJ/ B{z d/ e/ bkj"o B{z s'fonk.1

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k gziw, 1

ezto yVe f;zx dh soQK fJ; G[izrh dh ;aeb th wjkokik ;kfjp BkbfJsBh fiankdk fwbdh ;h fe T[j wjkokik ;kfjp dh fJZe fBZeh fijh w{os jhikgdk ;h . fJ; G[izrh dk Bkw dbhg f;zx oZfynk frnk .

Gkt/I T[go i' e[M fbfynk frnk j? fe;/ ;aZe dh r[zikfJ;a BjhI SZvdk, gopknd ftZu ehs/ rJ/ v'rfonK d/ gq'g'rzv/ d/ n;o j/mK eJH fJZe fbykohnK B/wjkokDh fizd e"o dh wjkokik oDihs f;zx Bkb ;akdh ns/ T[BQK d/ ;g[Zso wjkokikdbhg f;zx dh g?dkfJ;a ;pzXh i' eJh gqeko dhnK rabs fpnkBhnK ehshnK jBT[BQK B{z ;kca eoBK th iao{oh ikgdk j?. wjkokDh fizd e"o dh ;akdh ;pzXh Grsbe;awD f;zx, fijV/ fe ;kY/ fpnk;h ;kb dh nk:{ G'r e/ 27 d;zpo 1845 B{znekb ubkDk eo rJ/ jB, nkgDh nyapko *dh yakb;k_ d/ 5 nes{po 1930 d/gou/ ftZu fbfynk ;h fe okJ/ pjkdo e[zi fpjkoh Ekgo B{z caeho B{oZ[dhB (i'wjkokDh d/ wjb d/ fBrkjpkB ;B) d/ g[Zso yakB pjkd[o caeho ewo[ZdhB B/dZf;nk ;h fe T[j ya[d wjkokDh dh wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb ;akdh t/b/ Bkb ;B s/ T[BQKdh T[wo T[; t/b/ 18 ;kb dh ;h. wjkokik dbhg f;zx dh g?dkfJ;a t/b/ caehoB{o[ZdhB s/ caeho ewo[ZdhB wjb ftZu w"i{d ;B. u/jo/ s/ fujB uZeo fe;/ d/ wkskfgsk ;pzXh ;G s'I tZvk ;p{s ;wM/ iKd/ jB. p?oB n?foe t'B ;a'IBpor (BaronErick Von Schonberg) Bkw iowB ;zB 1844 ftZu bkj"o nkfJnk ;h ns/wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z fwfbnk ;h. fJj nkgDh feskp *No?tbia fJB fJvhnk n?Ive;awho (bzvB 1853 fibd 2, gzBk 194) ftZu fbydk j? fe fJ; pZu/ (wjkokikdbhg f;zx) dh g?dkfJ;a fJsBh nk;-fto[ZX ;h (feT[Ife fJj wjkokik oDihs f;zx

1. ;a'Bpor, p?oB n?foe t'B-No?tbia fJB fJzvhnk n?Iv e?;awho (bzvB 1853),

fibd 2, 194 .2. Rai Bahadur K.B. Thapar, a distinguished citizen of Lahor, tells me

that when he asked from Khan Bahadur Faqir Qamar-ud-Din, whowas incharge of Maharani Jindan's palace, what truth there was in thereport given credence to by Sir Lepel Griffin that Maharaja Dalip Singhwas not a legitimate son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and that Jindan wasnot a wedded wife of the Maharaja, he cried 'Astaghffar-Allah, such a lie!CAn calumny go further ? I attended the Maharaja's marriage myself.Maharani Jindan was the daughter of a highly respectable zemindar anda duly wedded wife. My father was present at the time of Dalipo Singh'sbirth and I was my father's attendantat that time. Evidently some evilgossip must have told the base lie to the Sahib. The Faqir was 18 yearsold at time." -The Khalsa, Lahor. October 5, 1930 .

1. He [Scheer Singh] was succeeded by Dalip Singh, Ranjeet's youngestson. The child's birth was so unexpected that doubts of his legitimacywere entertained by many; but several of the natives with whom I havespoken on the subject, declare him to be miniature likeness of the greatRanjit's,-The Baron Erich Von Schonberg, Travels in India and Kashmir,London, 1853, Vol. ii, 193-94.

ih dh nkyaoh T[wo ftZu T[BQK d/ 58t/I ;kb ftZu iBfwn ;h) fe eJh fJ; d/ mhewjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ g[Zso j'D s/ ;aZe eod/ ;B go pj[s ;ko/ fJZE/ d/ ofjDtkb/, fiBQK Bkb fe w?I fJ; ;pzXh rZb-pks ehsh j?, efjzd/ jB fe T[j n?B tZv/(wjkokik) oDihs f;zx dh jh fJZe fBZeh fijh s;tho j? noEks T[; dh ;aebwjkokik oDihs f;zx Bkb fJsBh fiankdk fwbdh j? fe T[j S'N/ g?wkB/ s/ oDihsf;zx jh gqshs j[zdk j? .

24ekpb tZb uVQkJhekpb tZb uVQkJhekpb tZb uVQkJhekpb tZb uVQkJhekpb tZb uVQkJh

wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;akj ;a[ikj B{z Bkb b? e/ ekpb ikD tkbh ;kohnzrq/iah ca"i B{z gzikp ftu dh bzxD d/Dk gqtkB BjhI ;h ehsk, fJ; bJh ca?;bk fJjj'fJnk fe ;akj ;a[ikj d/ Bkb ikD tkbh nzrq/iah ca"i sK j/m'I dh pjktbg[o d/ o;s/f;zx d/ T[Zso tb dh ezXko d/ o;s/ j' e/ ekpb B{z ikt/ s/ ;akj ;a[ikj d/ g[Zso;akjiakdk s?w{o B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx nkgDh ca"i Bkb fg;akto d/ o;s/ ekpbgj[zuk d/D ns/ T[; d/ Bkb eoBb ebkv t/v s/ E'VQh i/jh Bkw-wksq ezgBh dh ca"ij't/.

;akjiakdk s?w{o s/ eoBb t/v d/ Bkb ikD tkbh wjkkokik ;kfjp dh ca"idh ewkB ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fdZsh rJh s/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk,;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk s/ e[M j'o ca"ih nca;o T[BQK dh ;jkfJsk bJh BkbG/i/ rJ/. ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk v/ok fg;akto jh ;h fe 2 io[bkJh 1838 B{z yapog[Zih fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx 15 jkV 1896, w[skpe 27 i{B 1839, B{z bkj"oj[ew-;s eo rJ/ jB s/ T[BQK dh irQk yakb;k yVe f;zx ih syas T[Zs/ p?m/ jB.

fg;akto gj[zu e/ ;akjiakdk s?w{o B/ 29 wkou 1839 B{z fJZe tZvk dopkoehsk fi; ftZu fe d[ZokBh ;odko ns/ fJod frod s/ ya?po d/ gmkD ephfbnK d/yakB s/ j'o eJh gstzs/ nkJ/. iBob nthskfpb/ B/ f;Zy nca;oK dh, fiBQK ftZu fe;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ;G s'I w'jo/ ;B, ;akjiakd/ Bkb w[bkeks eokJh ns/jo fJZe } T[; d/ n"jd/ nB[;ko fybns fdZsh rJh. fJ; dopko ftZu ;afjiakdk;odko w[jzwd jk;aw yakB ;zd'iaJh fJZe T[Zxk wfjwkB ;h i' fe eJh fuo s'I f;ZyK d/feogk-gksq dh j?;hns ftZu fg;akto ofj fojk ;h. fJj ;akj ;a[ikj dk wsq/nk-Gok s/;akjiakdk s?w{o dk ukuk ;h. fJ; d/ Bkb fJ; d/ fszB g[Zso s/ fJZe Gshik ;afjiakdk

1.T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 5, gzBk 114, 121 .

iwj{o th ;h.1

fpBK fe;/ yak; w[;aeb d/ ;akjiakdk s?w{o f;ZyK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fg;akto'HnZr/ iwo{d s'I dZok ya?po ftZu dkyab j' frnk.nbh w;fid d/ Biadhe g[ZiD s/ gskbZrk fe d';s w[jzwd yakB d/ g[Zso nepo yakB d/ fjwkfJsh gmkDK B/ o;sk o'fenkj'fJnk j? s/ nbh w;fid d/ febQ/ ftZu nkeh j'J/ p?m/ jB. 25 i[bkJh B{z o[ektNg?dk eoB tkfbnK BKb MVg j' gJh s/ e[M B[e;kB th j'fJnk. gmkD T[ZuhnKgjkVhnK s/ ;B, fJ; bJh T[j T[ZE'I fiankdk nk;kBh Bkb j/mfbnK B{z fB;akBk pDk;ed/ ;B go T[j fiankdk d/o nV BK ;e/ s/ 29 dh ;t/o B{z gsk bZrk fe T[j nbhw;fid yakbh eo rJ/ jB s/ w?dkB ;kca j' frnk j?.

fJ; MVg ftZu yakb;k ih dh ca"i B/ tX uVQ e/ fjZ;k fbnk s/ gmkDK B{zGikT[D s/ nbh w;fid dk febQk ykbh eotkT[D ftZu T[BQK dk pVk jZ; ;h s/ yak;eoe/ ;a/y t;ktD B? ekcah pjkdoh ftykJh fi; eoe/ T[; B{z 11 egfVnK dhfyabns s/ ;'B/ d/ efVnK dh i'Vh s/ d{;o/ ew/dkBK B{z ;Zs ;Zs egfVnK dhnKfyabnsK s/ efVnK dhnK i'VhnK fJBkw ti'I fwbhnk.2

fJ; fdB eoBb t/v tb'I ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/, ;odko ;akwf;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko nwo f;zx s/ wZbk f;zx Bkb pVk o[Zyk fijk toskT[j'fJnk s/ T[; B? eVe dh X[g ftZu d[gfjo/ jh T[BQK B{z fgZS/ w[V ikD bJh fejk.;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ fJ; rZb dh f;aekfJs ezto B"fBjkbf;zx gk; ehsh go okik r[bkp f;zx B/ fJj efj e/ rZb ocak dcak eo fdZsh fe T[;t/b/ rowh fiankdk ;h s/ j' oj/ joi woi d/ ekoD t/v dh sphns fuV-fuVh j'Jhj'Jh ;h, fJ; bJh nkg; ftZu r[Z;k eoB s/ szr j'D dh b'V BjhI.3

eoBb t/v dh fJZSk nB[;ko Bihp s/ okwr'b gbNDk nbh w;fid d/febQ/ B{z ;zGkbh oZyD bJh Bh:s ehshnK rJhnK s/ pkeh ekpb B{z s[o gJhnK s/ 3;szpo 1839 B{z ;akjiakdk s?w{o d/ Bkb ekpb gj[zu rJhnK. ;akj ;a[ikj fJ; s'IgfjbK jh ekpb gj[zu e/ syas T[Zs/ p?m u[Zek j'fJnk ;h. j[D u{zfe f;Zy ca"i nkgDk

1. ;ajkws nbh, dh f;ya; n?Iv ncarkBia, 231-32 . dopko ;pzXh fiankdk tkecahnsbJh d/y' ftbhnw pko dk *ioBb n"ca J/ wkou aa a a a a agz a 229-242* .

2. pko, ioBb n"ca J/ wkou 336-44L ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k1, gz a 14, 17-18 .

3. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 1, gz a 14, 17-18 .

ezw w[ek u[Zeh ;h, fJ; bJh 5-6 nes{po B{z eoBb t/v d/ Bkb T[j bkj"o B{z w[VgJh. b'V nB[;ko ;akj ;a[ikj s/ nzrq/ia nc;oK dh ;jkfJsk bJh E'VQh fijh nzrq/iahca"i ekpb SZv fdZsh rJh s/ pkeh nzrq/iah ca"i th 16-16 nes{po B{z tkg; w[VgJh s/ 31 d;zpo B{z fco'iag[o nk g[Zih.

;aodko ;akw f;zx d/ bkj"o tkg; w[VB dh skohya dk gsk BjhI bZr;fenk, go i/ T[j ezto B"fBjkb f;zx d/ Bkb bkj"o B{z w[V nkJ? ;B sK 26 Gkd'Iw[skpe 10 ;szpo B{z fJZE/ g[Zi rJ/ ;B .

`` 1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 1, gz a 18-30 . j'o d/y' pko dk *ioBb* s/

;ajkws nbh dh *f;y; n?Iv ncarkBia .*

25

;o i"B ehB dh nkU-Grs;o i"B ehB dh nkU-Grs;o i"B ehB dh nkU-Grs;o i"B ehB dh nkU-Grs;o i"B ehB dh nkU-Grs

ekpb s'I w[Vdh j'Jh nzrq/iah ca"i B{z fvZfrnk s'I okwBor d/ o;s/ f;ZXhe;{o B{z eo fdZsk ;h sKfe r[ioks, tiahopkd d/ o;s/ bkj"o ftZU dh bzxD dk w"ekjh Bk pD/. ;o i"B ehB u{zfe wjkokik yVe f;zx B{z fwbDk ukj[zdk ;h fJ; bJh T[jokw Bro'I bkj"o B{z j' fgnk s/ 12 g'j w[skpe 26 d;zpo 1940 B{z ;akjdo/ gj[zuk.

id 14 g'j B{z ;o i"B ehB B/ wjkokik ;kfjp dh w[bkeks bJh nkT[Dk;h sK wjkokik ;kfjp tb'I ;odko ;akw f;zx, ;odko XzBk f;zx wbtJh, ;odkonso f;zx ekfbnKtkbk s/ caeho niahia[dhB T[; dh g/;atkJh bJh Bh:s ehs/ rJ/. s'gK dh ;bkwh s'I pknd pkd;akjh w;fid d/ pV/ T[Zs/ dopko bZrk fiZE/ fewjkokik ;kfjp ehB B{z fwb/. ya?o ya?ohns g[ZSD s'I pknd ;o i"B ehB tZb'I gzikjiako o[gfJnk f;otkoBk j'fJnk s/ fJZe nzr/qiah pzd{e, fJZe x'Vk ;D/ ;[Bfjoh iahBd/, fJZe nzrq/iah xVh s/ fJZe feou Biao ti'I r[iaohnK. fJ; s'I pknd d';skBk rZb-pks s/ ekpb dh uVQkJh ;pzXh g[ZS-frZS j[zdh ojh .

nzs ftZu wjkokik yVe f;zx tZb'I ;o i"B ehB s/ T[BQK d/ ;kEhnK B{zdoik-p-doik s'jca fdZs/ rJ/. o[ya;s j'D s'I gfjbK ;o i"B B/ r[og[otk;h wjkokikoDihs f;zx dh ;wkX dh fiankos ehsh s/ Biao G/N ehsh .

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso 4, fjZ;k 1, gzBk 49-51 .

26

ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh phwkohezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh phwkohezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh phwkohezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh phwkohezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh phwkoh

23 g'j 1896 w[skpe 6 iBtoh 1840 B{z ;t/o/ id ezto B"fBjkbf;zx n;aBkB eoB bJh jwkw ftZurJ/ sK nzdo iKd/ jh ra;a yk e/ p/j';a j' rJ/.jwkw BtK jh fsnko j'fJnk ;h. fJ; dh rzdh j[nkVQ fdb s'I fdwkra B{z uVQ rJh.ezto ;kfjp d/ e[M B"eo th p/j';a j' rJ/. fJZe B"eo d/ sK g/N ftZu dod T[Zm g?Dd/ ekoD jkbs pj[s Bkia[e j' rJh.

ezto ;kfjp d/ p/j';a j' ikD dh yapo ;[Dd/ ;ko jh B"eo nzdo rJ/ s/T[BQK B/ fJj jkbs d/y e/ GkJh okw f;zx s/ GkJh r'ftzd okw B{z yapo fdZsh. d'B'I GkJhMN-gN jt/bh ftZu gj[zu rJ/ s/ nk e/ d/fynk fe ezto ;kfjp fpBK fjZbD i[ZbD s'Ip/j';a gJ/ jB s/ dzd pzd j'J/ gJ/ jB. T[BQK B/ ezto ;kfjp dh dzdB y'bQh s/ skesdhnK dtkJhnK s/ r[bkp T[BQK d/ w{zj ftZu gkfJnk s/ fgZS'I p/-dw[;ae s/ r[bkp d/fSZN/ fdZs/ fi; Bkb ncakek j'fJnk s/ j';a nkJh. fJsBh d/o B{z ezto ;kfjp d/ fgskwjkokik yVe f;zx th nk gj[zu/ s/ frnkok ;" o[gfJnk f;otkoBk ehsk s/ wksk uzde"o B/ ;tk gzi ;" o[gfJnk tkfonk. fJ; d/ fgZS'I GkJh okw f;zx s/ GkJh r'ftzd okwB// wjkokik ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu p/Bsh ehsh fe ezto ;kfjp B{z j[D nokw j? s/ fcaeodh rZb e'Jh BjhI ns/ T[j feb/Q B{z w[V rJ/ . fgZS'I dopko d/ tZv/ tZv/ ;odkoK B/f;otkoBk ehsk s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B/ YkJh ;" o[gJhnk tkfonk .

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcso 4, fjZ;k 1 gzBk 56-7 .

27

gkfJzdk yakB dh ;a'o;agkfJzdk yakB dh ;a'o;agkfJzdk yakB dh ;a'o;agkfJzdk yakB dh ;a'o;agkfJzdk yakB dh ;a'o;a

17-18 g'j ;zws 1896 w[skpe 30-31 d;zpo ;zB 1839 B[z fg;aktod/ nyapko-Bth; dh noiah s'I gsk bZrk fe casfj yakB gzisko-tkbk sK, fi; B/ T[;fJbke/ ftZu c;kd wukfJnk j'fJnk, uVQkJh eo frnk j? go gkfJzdk yakB B/ jiako/tkb/ gk;/ ;a'o;a wukJh j'Jh j?. ioB?b nthskfpb/ d/ Bkw wjkokik yVe f;zx ihtZb'I j[ew ikoh j'fJnk fe fJ; w[be d/ fJzsiakw bJh x'V-ufVQnK dh ca"i G/ih ikt/, Bkb jh j[ew j'fJnk fe ioB?b wfjskp f;zx d' gbNDK X"Ieb f;zx tkbhnK,ns/ uko s'gK b? e/ ca;kdhnK B{z f;ZXk eoB bJh MN-gN e{u eo d/t. 4-5 wkx,15-16 iBtoh ;zB 1840, B{z jikfoUI yapo g[Zih fe gkfJzdk yakB dh ;a'o;a jkb sZewZmh BjhI j'Jh s/ T[; B/ ;oeko d/ eJh fgzv T[ikV fdZs/ jB. u[BKfu e;awho d/Bkfiaw d/ BKw gotkBk ikoh j'fJnk fe w[iacaokpkd d/ o;s/ jiako B{z gbND G/ihikt/ ns/ 6 wkx B{z ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkb/ B{z j[ew j'fJnk fe fJZe dwjiako/ B{z G/ihnK rJhnK gbNDK ftZu ;akfwb j' e/ gkfJzdk yakB B{z ;'X/.

fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh wb{w j[zdk j? ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B{z thjiako/ ikD dk j[ew j'fJnk fe gkfJzdk yakB B{z ;'XD ns/ wkwb/ dh T[rqkjh eoB.u[BKfu ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fJ; w[fjzw ftZu g{oh ekw:kph j'Jh s/ gkfJzdk yakB B{zJhB wzB b?D go wiap{o j'Dk fgnk s/ nZr/ B{z nkgDh B/e ubDh bJh nkgDk bVekiawkBs d/ s"o s/ T{b d/Dk fgnk fi; B{z fe ;odko ;akw f;zx nkgD/ Bkb bkj"o b?nkJ/. fgZS'I bkj"o'I fJ; B{z S/sh jh fJZias Bkb ftfdnk eo fdZsk frnk .

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 1, 55-56, 61L jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh,oJh;kfB gzikp, 65L frqfcaB , gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, 242 . j'o d/y'skohfya w[bfe jikok, 714-15 .

28

wjkokik yVe f;zx s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"swjkokik yVe f;zx s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"swjkokik yVe f;zx s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"swjkokik yVe f;zx s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"swjkokik yVe f;zx s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"s

21 s/ 22 eZse ;zws 1897, 5 Btzpo ;zB 1840, B{z ;odko ;akw f;zxnNkohtkfbnK B[z d' poVhnK ;yas ;ZNK tZihnK. fJ; fdB wjkokik yVe f;zx ihje[w-;fs eo rJ/ fi; Bkb d/;a gzikp dk ;[jkr Gkr b[ZfNnk frnk, v'rok rodhnkozG j' rJh s/ esbK s/ rZdkohnK dk w[ZY pZfMnk s/ T[;/ fdB b"Y/ t/b/ wjkokikyVe f;zx d/ B"itkB g[Zso s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ dkwkd ezto B"fBjkb f;zxv'rfonK dh ;kia; dh G/N uVQ/ rJ/ fi; Bkb fJZe gk;/ sK phph BkBeh ftXtk j'rJh s/ d{;o/ gk;/ wjkokik yVe f;zx s'I pknd d/;a dh ojh ;jh Yko; th N[ZN rJhs/ d{;o/ gk;/ d't/I w"sK wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ v'rok tiaho fXnkB f;zx dh frDhfwEh j'Jh ;kia;a dk Bshik ;B fijVh fe f;Zy oki dhnK T[Zu nNkohnK B{z Yk e/nkgD/ yakBdkB dh je{ws dk wjZb T[;koB bJh e[M fuo s'I r[zdh ik ojh ;h.

wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ihT{Id/ jh T[BQK d/ ft;atk; dk BikfJia cakfJdkT[mk e/ gjkV ftZu nkgDh skes pDkT[Dh s/ tXkT[Dh v'rfonK B/ ;a[o{ eo fdZsh ;h,fi; B{z nkgD/ nzsb/ fdBhI T[j GKg th frk ;h, ns/ fJ;/ eoe/ T[; B/ tihao fXnkBf;zx d/ Gok r[bkp f;zx B{z izw{ s'I jiako/ tZb G/i fdZsk ;h. go T[; d/ nZyK whND dhd/o ;h v'ro/ GoktK B/ fco nkgDhnK ukbK ubDhnK ;a[o{ eo fdZshnK. fit/H T[Zgofbfynk ik u[Zek j? wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ nekb ubkD/ ;w/I ezto B"fBjkb f;zxfg;akto ;h ns/ fJ; t/b/ r[bkp f;zx th T[ZE/ jh ;h. v'rfonK dh wB;ak fJj ;h fefit/I j' ;e/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ yakBdkB B{z w[ek fdZsk ikt/ sK fe fXnkB f;zxd/ g[Zso jhok f;zx B{z f;Zy oki dh rZdh T[Zs/ fpmkT[D bJh o;sk ;kca j[zdk ikJ/.

fJ; t/b/ wjkokik yVe f;zx B/ v'rfonK dh skes B{z ewia'o eoB bJhoki-gqpzX dk pj[s ;kok ezw nkgD/ fwqs ;odko u/u/s f;zx d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk s/

fXnkB f;zx dh wfjbK ftZu y[bQh nktk ikJh iaok pzd eo fdZsh. fXnkB f;zx B/;odko u/s f;zx B{z pdBkw eoB bJh gfjbK dopko s/ ;afjo bkj"o ftZu ns/fJod frod fJj jtkJh T[Vk fdZsh fe wjkokik yVe f;zx ;odko u/s f;zx B{z pVktiaho pDk e/ T[; dh ;bkj Bkb gzikp B{z cozrhnK d/ nXhB eoB dhnK r'IdK r[zdfojk j? s/ cozrhnK dh ;jkfJsk d/ fJtia ftZu T[BQK B{z nkwdBh ftu'I S/ nkB/ caho[gfJnk d/D dh ;bkj eodk j? fi; Bkb yakb;k ca"i s/;odkoK dh EK nzrq/iah ca"ioZyh ikJ/rh. fJ; rZb B{z eJh ;odko s/ ca"ih nca;o th ;Zu wzB p?m/. wfjbK ftZuwjkokik ;kfjp s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dhnK okDhnK B{z th fJj rZb gj[zuk fdZshrJh fi; eoe/ T[j pj[s vo rJhnK. fXnkB f;zx B/ fJj ukb ub rJh skV e/eJh tZv/ ;odkoK B{z fJj Ngbk fdZsk fe fJ; t/b/ gzikp B{z cozrhnK s'I fJZe' soQKpukfJnk ik ;edk j? fe ;kok oki eki wjkokik yVe f;zx dh EK ezto B"fBjkbf;zx d/ ;g[od eo fdZsk ikt/.

T[Xo'I ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fg;akto'I S/sh p[bk G/fink. r[bkp f;zx B/fg;akto ns/ o;s/ ftZu ezto B{z wB-xVs rZbK ;[Dk e/ fJ; soQK uZeok fdZsk fe T[jM{m ;Zu ftZu goy Bk eo ;fenk s/ r[bkop f;zx dh gZNh ftZu nk e/ nkgD/ fgskwjkokik yVe f;zx d/ fto[ZX j' frnk. bkj"o g[Zid/ ;ko jh ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{zfXnkB f;zx s/ T[; d/ ;kEhnK gk;'I r[bkp f;zx dhnK rZbKdh rtkjh fwb rJh s/T[; B{z ;G rZbK dk g{ok :ehB j' frnk.

S/sh jh fgZS'I wjkokik yVe f;zx dh wjkokDh s/ ezto ;kfjp dh wkskwkJh uzd e"o s/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odkoK B{z th cakj fbnk frnk s/ fJBQK dh ;bkj Bkb8-9 nes{po 1839 dh oks B{z ;odko u/s f;zx xkprkj ftu gko p[bkfJnk s/fgZS'I oki dk pj[s;kok ezw ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B/ nkgD/ jZE b? fbnk. fJ; s'I S/shjh pknd wjkokik yVe f;zx phwko j' rJ/, go fXnkB f;zx B? ezto ;kfjp B{zfejk fe n;b ftZu T[j fpwko BjhI jB pbfe pjkBk eo ojj/ jB sK fe fe;/ soQKfJZE'I fBeb e/ nzrq/iaK gk; ub/ ikD. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe gfjok j'o ;yas eofdZsk frnk. fJj jh BjhI pbfe fejk iKdk j? fe ;kia;ahnK B/ jehwK dh okjhI ;ca?de;eoh s/ o;eg{o nkfde iafjo E'VQh E'VQh d/Dh ;a[o{ eo fdZsh fi; Bkb T[j j"bhj"Bh x[bd/ x[bd/ x[b rJ/ s/ B" d; wjhB/ phwkoh Bkb oVehId/ 5 Btpzo 1840B{z ubkDk eo rJ/.

fXnkB f;zx wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ Bkb jh ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh th

nby w[ekT[Dk ukj[zdk ;h feT[Ife fJ; no;/ ftZU ezto th v'ro/ GoktK dhnK ukbKB{z skV frnk j'fJnk ;h s/ T[; B? fJBQK dhnK ekotkJhnK B{z d/yD GkbD s/ t/b/ f;oo'e ;eD tkbh iBob t?Is{ok s/ ;odko nish f;zx ;zxKtkbhJ/ s/ bfjDk f;zxwihmhnk dh ewkB j/mK fJZe seVh ca"i gjkV tZb G/i fdZsh ;h, Gkt/I iakjok s"o s/fJ; ca"i dk we;d wzvh s/ d{;ohnK gjkVh fonk;sK gk;'I g[okDh T[rqkjh eoBk ;h.fJ; bJh fi; t/b/ wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ dkj-;;eko dk gqpzX j' fojk ;h, fXnkBf;zx ezto B"fBjkb f;zx bJh th fsnkohnK w[ezwb eoh ik fojk ;h. ezto B"fBjkbf;zx B{z th T[;/ fdB wotk d/D dk nzdo{Bh wsbp fJj ;h fe ezto ;kfjp dh w"sB{z d{;o/ ;akjiakfdnK d/ wZE/ w[VQ e/ iK fe;/ j'o pjkB/ T[BQK B{z th S/jh jh fNekD/ brk;e//rk s/ fJ; soQK jhok f;zx bJh ibdh jh okj ;kc j' ikt/rk. T[;/ fdB b'Y/ t/b/ fi; t/b/ wjkokik yVe f;zx dk ;z;eko j' fojk ;h, fXnkB f;zx B/ jia{oh pkradh fvUVQh T[Zso gnkD/ nkdwh w[eoZo eo fdZs/ sKfe fi; t/b/ ezto ;kfjp fJZE'I dhbzxD sK fvUVQh dk SZik T[BQK go m/bQ fdZsk ikt/. fvUVQh d/ Biadhe b'V t/b/tosD bJh fJe gkbeh th wzrtk e/ oZy SZvh. wjkokik ;kfp dh fusk B{z bKp{bkT[D s'I E'Vh d/o fgZS'I jh fXnkB f;zx B/ eoBb nb?raia?Ivo rkovBo B{z nkgD/s'yyakB/ d/ ukbh nkdwh wkw{bh caNhe dh tosh ftZu fbnkT[D bJh fejk ns/ fi;t/b/ rkovBo w[V e/ nkfJnk T[; t/b/ GkDk tos u[Zek ;h.

wjkokik ;kfjp dh fusk jkb/ ib jh ojh ;h fe ezto B"fBjkb f;zxsbkU tZb n;aBkB eoB bJh s[o gJ/. ;akfJd T[BQK B{z fXnkB f;zx dh x[;o-w[;os/ GZi-d"V s'I e[ZM ;aZe g? frnk ;h. Gkt/I fXnkB f;zx B/ o'eDk th ukfjnk go T[j BkwzB/. id w[Vd/ j'J/ nkJ/ sK T[BQK B/ fXnkB f;zx d/ Gok r[bkp f;zx d/ g[Zso whnKT{Xw f;zx dk jZE cV e/ T[; B{z th Bkb jh j? fbnk. fJj d't/I fvUVQh ftZu tV/ jh;B fe X?-X? eodk SZik T[BQK T[Zs/ nk fvfrnk. T{Xw f;zx sK T[ZE/ jh fuZs j' frnk.ezto ;kfjp B{z pj[s fiankdk ;ZN BjhI ;h bZrh, go T[j j/m fvZr gJ/ ;B. T[jT[ZmD jh bZr/ ;B fe fXnkB f;zx MN T[BQK B{z uko gzi v'bh-pfjfonK dh wddBkb, i' T[ZE/ nZr/ jh w"i{d oy/ j'J/ ;B, gkbeh ftZu gk e/ febQ/ d/ nzod b? frnk s/dotkia/ pzd eo fdZs/. ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk gkbh d/ Bkb ikDK ukj[zdk ;hgo fXnkB f;zx B/ XZek wko e/ fgZS/ jNk fdZsk. ;zXKtkbhJ/ s/ j'o eJh ;odkoK B/

nzdo ikD dk :sB ehsk go fe;/ B{z th bkr/ Bk bZrD fdZsk frnk, fJZE/ sZe feezto ;kfjp dh wksk wjkokDh uzd e"o th nkgD/ d'jK jZEK B{z dotkia/ Bkb wko wkoe/ EZe rJh s/ jZE bj{ b[jkD eo bJ/ go dotkiak Bk jh y'fbQnk frnk. fJZe gkbehpfjo/ B/ fi; B/ ezto ;kfjp B{z gkbeh ftZu gkT[D ftZu d{;fonK Bkb ;jkfJskfdZsh ;h fgZS'I eoBb rkovBo B{z dZf;nk fe fi; t/b/ ezto ;kfjp B{z T[ZmD bZfrnkB{z u[Ze e/ gkbeh ftZu gkfJnk frnk ;h sK T[BQK B[z wkw{bh ;ZN bZrh j'JH ;h s/ ezto;kfjp d/ ;oQkD/ T[Zs/ fJZe o[gJhJ/ fisBk bj{ dk fB;akB bZrk ;h, go pknd ftZufi; t/b/ vkeNo j'fBrporo B{z p[bkfJnk frnk ;h sK T[; t/b/ T[BQK dk f;o pj[sp[oh soQK fuZfEnk j'fJnk ;h, ns/ fp;so/ d/ egV/ bj{ Bkb Go/ j'J/ ;B s/ bj{dhnK XkoK trhnK j'JhnK ;B s/ T[BQK d/ puD dh e'Jh nk; BjhI ;h. fi; t/b/dotkiak y'fbQnk frnk ns/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko nzdo rJ/ sK ezto ;kfjp wo u[Ze/j'J/ ;B.

ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"s fgZS'I fJ; ;pzXh ehshnK r[gs ekotkJhnK dky[ok y'i fwNk d/D dk g{ok g{ok :sB ehsk frnk. ezto ;kfjp dh gkbeh nzdofbikD tkb/ gzi/ ejko eoBb rkovBo d/ s'gyakB/ d/ ;B. T[j efjzdk j? fe fJBQKftu'I d' B[z y[cahnk s"o s/ wotk fdZsk frnk, d' w"s d/ vo s'I fjzd[;skB B{z GZi rJ/ s/gzit/I dk e[M gsk BjhI bZrk. ;akfJd T[; B{z th fe;/ soQK gko p[bk fdZsk frnk j't/rk.

fszB fdB sZe ezto ;kfjp dh w"s dh yapo ya[chnk oZyh rJh s/ ezto ;a/of;zx B{z ypo G/ih rJh fe T[j S/sh bkj"o g[Zi ikJ/.

;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 1, 64-72L j?fBrporo, EoNhckJht :hnoia fJB dh Jh;N, 101-105L ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 24-36L ghno;, w?w"fJoi n"ca nb?ria?Ivo rkovBo, 11-26L efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh

f;y; (1849), 44-45 .

29

wjkokDh uzd e"o B/ oki ;zGkbDkwjkokDh uzd e"o B/ oki ;zGkbDkwjkokDh uzd e"o B/ oki ;zGkbDkwjkokDh uzd e"o B/ oki ;zGkbDkwjkokDh uzd e"o B/ oki ;zGkbDk

fXnkB f;zx dk fyankb ;h fe ezto ;a/o f;zx B{z wjkokik pDkfJnk ikJ/,fJ;/ bJh fszB fdB ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"s dh yapo pkjo Bk fBebD fdZshrJh. go u{zfe ;Portk;h ezto ;kfjp d/ xo pZuk j'D tkbk ;h, fJ; bJh ezto ;a/o f;zx B{z e/tb oki-gqpzX jh pDkfJnk frnk. go fXnkB f;zx d/ GkJh r[bkp f;zxd/ izw[ s'I nkT[D s/ jkbks pdb rJ/. okik r[bkp f;zx s/ ;odko nso f;zx;zXKtkbhnk wjkokik yVE f;zx dh ftXtk wjkokDh dk jh gzy fbnk. ca"i th T[;/ d/jh jZe ftZu ;h. n?;h jkbks ftZu ezto ;a/o fz;zx B/ th wjkokDh B[z jZedko gqtkBeoBk wzB fbnk s/ 101 w'jo Biao g/;a ehsh. ;' ;odkoK dh gqtkBrh Bkb 30Btzpo 1840 B{z n?bkB eo fdZsk frnk fe oki-gqpzX wjkokDh uzd e"o eo/rh .

efBzxw fbydk j? fe wjkokDh uzd e"o B/ fJj nkfynk ;h fe T[j fXnkBf;zx d/ g[Zso jhok f;zx B{z w[spzBk pDk bJ/rh. fJ; rZb B? fXnB f;zx B{z th mzYkeo fdZsk, feT[Ife v'ro/ th fJj' jh ukj[zd/ ;B fe fe;/ soQK jhok f;zx B{z oki dktko; pDkfJnk ikt/. wjkokDh s/ T[; d/ ;bkjekoK dh e"I;b fXnkB f;zx dh tXhj'Jh skes d/ fto[ZX ;B Gkt/I fe nZr/ B{z[z ;G iao{oh j[ew ya[d wjkokDh ;kfjpk d/d;yasK Bkb ikoh j'fJnk eoBr/, go fXnkB f;zx B{z fJj rZb ed gqtkB j' ;edh;h. i/ wjkokDh dh e"I;b d/ ;odko fXnkB d/ Nkeo/ s/ ekcah j[f;anko j[zd/ sK s/ T[jfJ; dhnK ;kia;aK d/ s{cakB ftu'I dh oki-gqpzX dh p/Vh B{z gko b? fBed/, s/ ibdh jhEK EK s/ pbt/ j'D bZr gJ/ s/ ca"i ftZu th p/u?Bh g?dk j'D br gJh, fi; s'IyasoBke Bshi/ fBebD dk vo ;h.

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh, n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 224 .2. efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y; (1849) 245-6L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp,

225-6L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 5-1-2L eBQJhnk bkb, skohfya gzikp,387-8 .

ezto ;a/o f;zx fJj ;G e[M d/y fojk ;h ns/ T[j ukj[zdk ;h fe fe;/ soQK d/;a ftZu nwB-nwkB j' ikt/ ns/ wjkokDh ns/ T[; d/ dofwnkB fyZu'-skD dk the'Jh ekoD Bk oj/ . fJ; dk ;G s'I uzrk fJbki fJj ;'funk fe wjkokDh uzd e"oBkb, i' T[; dh GoikJh brdh ;h, T[; dh ;akdh j' ikt/. wjkokDh th fJ; sithiaBkb ;fjws ikgdh ;h s/ T[; B/ fJ; ;pzXh rZb-pks eoB tk;s/ ezto ;a/o f;zx B{zp[bk G/fink s/ fXnkB f;zx B/ ;a/o f;zx B[z nkfynk fe wjkokDh d/ p[bkT[D dknzdo{Bh wsbp T[; B{z esb eo d/D dk j?. ;' ;a/o f;zx fpBk wjkokDh B{z fwbD d/pNkb/ B{z ubk frnk .

3. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 226 .

30

ezto ;a/o f;zx oki-rZdh T[Zs/ezto ;a/o f;zx oki-rZdh T[Zs/ezto ;a/o f;zx oki-rZdh T[Zs/ezto ;a/o f;zx oki-rZdh T[Zs/ezto ;a/o f;zx oki-rZdh T[Zs/

ezto ;a/o f;zx d/ tNkb/ B{z w[V ikD fgZS'I fXnkB f;zx B/ iBob t?Is{ok s/e[M j'o tZv/ tZv/ ca"ih nca;oK Bkb ;bkj eo bJh fe wjkokDh dh EK ;/ao f;zx B{zsyas T[Zs/ fpmkfJnk ikt/ ns/ nkg wjhB/ dh S[ZNh b? e/ izw{ B{z s[o frnk. o;s/ ftu'Ibkj"o ftZu pDkJh rJh pDs dk ;kok jkb ezto B{z fby G/fink ns/ Bkb gbNDK,o;kfbnK s/ s'gyakfBnK d/ ioB?bK s/ e[w/dkBK B{z gotkB/ fby G/i/ fe fi; t/b/ ezto;a/o f;zx ih bkj"o d/ Biadhe gj[zuD sK fJj ;ko/ fwb e/ T[BQK dh ;jkfJsk eoB.fXnkB f;zx dh fuZmh g[Zid/ ;ko ezto ;a/o f;zx B/ pNkfbUI e{u eo fdZsk s/ thotko3 wkx 1897 (14 iBtoh 1841) B{z bkj"o p[X{ d/ nkt/ gk; nk g[Zik. fJZE/ T[; B{zca"iK d/ ;oeod/ s/ w[B;ah w[;Zdh ik fwb/.

T[Xo wjkokDh uzd e"o B/ okik r[bkp f;zx s/ jhok f;zx nkfd dh ;bkjBkb s'gK febQ/ s/ uVQk fdZshnK ns/ fi; t/b/ ezto ;a/o f;zx dh jwkfJsh ca"i febQkb?D nkJh sK s'g s/ s'g toQBh ;a[o{ j' rJh. fszB fdB fJj' jkb fojk. u"E/ fdB;'wtko 18 iBtoh B[z okik fXnkB f;zx B/, i' ezto ;a/o f;zx d/ w[ok;b/ nB[;ko w[VnkfJnk ;h, ftZu g? e/ s'g pzd eotk fdZsh s/ febQk ezto ;kfjp d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk.febQ/ T[Zs/ epiak j' ikD s/ ezto ;a/o f;zx ih wjkokik pD rJ/. wkJh uzd e"o Bkb;fseko tkbk ;b{e ehsk frnk. febQ/ ftZu jh T[BQK dh fojkfJ;a bJh gqpzX eo fdZskfrnk s/ r[iako/ bJh u'yh oew Bh:s eo fdZsh.

fJ; t/b/ d/ MrV/ MKfink ftZu ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B/ e'JhT[Zxk fjZ;k fbnk BjhI fd;dk. wkb{w j[zdk j? fe fJBQK j' ojhnK ;kia;K ftZu e'Jh g/;a Bk ubdh d/y e/ nkg iaok fgZS/ jZN rJ/ ;B .

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;l 2, 7-16L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"cadh gzikp fibd, 2, 226-29, efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y;, 247-48L

eBQJhnk bkb, skohfya-gzikp, 389-90 .

31v'rok ;kia;hnK d/ fto[ZX Bkekw:kp :sBv'rok ;kia;hnK d/ fto[ZX Bkekw:kp :sBv'rok ;kia;hnK d/ fto[ZX Bkekw:kp :sBv'rok ;kia;hnK d/ fto[ZX Bkekw:kp :sBv'rok ;kia;hnK d/ fto[ZX Bkekw:kp :sB

fit/I fgZS/ dZ;/ tkfenks s'I ;g;aN j? fe v'rfonK dh skes bkj"oftZu pVh wiap{s ;h. fJ; t/b/ T[j f;Zy oki d/ okik-;kia pD/ j'J/ ;B.nkgD/ wsbp dh f;ZXh bJh T[j jo Yzr y/b b?Id/ ;B. g"fbfNe; dh fJZepVh tZvh s/ ezw eYD tkbh ukb **pkjo'I bV/ ofjDk, nzdo'I ob/ ofjDk**B{z T[j ya{p ikDd/ ;B, ns/ i' vokwk T[BQK B/ ezto ;a/o f;zx d/ bkj"o nktDT[Zs/ wjkokDh uzd e"o tZb'I w[yakbcas ns/ c/o ezw-;[bMkT[D ftZu y/fbnkT[; dh j'o e'Jh fw;kb gzikp d/ fJfsjk; ftZu Biao BjhI nkT[ZIdh fXnkBf;zx ezto ;a/o f;zx tZb ;h s/T[; dk Gok r[bkp f;zx s/ g[Zso jhok f;zxwjkokDh uzd e"o tZb, sK fe fijVk gk; th Gkok j' ikt/ T[Xo'I jh cakfJdkfJe' nkgd/ NZpo B{z g[Zi/, jo jkbs ftu B[e;kB j't/ sK gokfJnk, cakfJdkj't/ sK nkgDk. i/ wjkokDh uzd e"o dk gk;k Gkok j' iKdk sK T[; B/ fJjefjDk ;h fe w?I sK bkj"o'I pkjo ;K fJ; bJh w/ok e'Jh e;{o BjhI ns/ w/ok Gok s/ g[Zso wjkokDh dh ;/tk oed/ oj/;B, j[D id ezto ;a/o f;zx dkgk;k Gkok j[zdk d/fynk sK d'jK gkf;nK s'I ub ojhnK s'gK B{z pzd eokT[Ds'I gfjbK iBob t?Is{ok dh wkocas T[; B/ r[bkp f;zx s/ jhok f;zx dke;{o wkca eotk fbnk. ;a/o f;zx tk;s/ n?;h jkbs ftZu fXnkB f;zx B{zBKj eo ;eDk w[wfeB jh BjhI ;h.1

fJ; ;G e[M B{z e[M e[ dkB/ ;odko d/y oj/ ;B, go u{zfe T[j;kca fdb s/ f;ZX/ okj/ ikD tkb/ ;B ns/ v'rfonK dh soQK v{zxhnK ukbKubD dh nkdh Bk j'D eoe/ fJ; caB ftZu wkjo BjhI ;B, fJ; bJh T[BQKdh g/;a BjhI ;h ubdh. fJJ ;odko ;B casfj f;zx wkB, Fkw f;zxnNkohtkbk s/ bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk . fJBQK eJh tkoh wjkokik F/o

f;zx B{z ;wMkT[D ns/ v'rfonK d/ ikb ftu'I eZYD d/ :sB ehs/ ns/eJh tkoh fJBQK dh ;bkj dk e[M e[ n;o th j' iKdk, go u{zfe wjkokikpj[s fiankdk wiap{s fdb BjhI ;h fJ; bJh fe;/ yaso/ ftZu g?D' ;ze'ueod/ ofjD d/ ekoD ;yas ekotkJh eoB' ezBh esok iKdk ;h, fi; dkfe Bshik nzs T[; B{z ya[d jh G[rsDk fgnk .2

1. ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 37L ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k2, gz a 13-15 .

2. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 238 .

32

ezto gqskg f;zx s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh w[bkeksezto gqskg f;zx s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh w[bkeksezto gqskg f;zx s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh w[bkeksezto gqskg f;zx s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh w[bkeksezto gqskg f;zx s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh w[bkeks

fi; t/b/ iBtoh 1841 ftZu wjkokik ;a/o f;zx oi-rZdh s/ p?m/ ;B T[; t/b/ekpb ftZu, fiZE/ fe nzrq/iaK B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx tZb'I G/ih rJh ca"i dh ;jkfJskBkb ;akj ;a[ikj B{z syas s/ fpmkfJnk ;h, nwB nwkB ;h, go ezgBh d/ J/buh ;oftbhnw w?eBkNB dhnK g'bhNheb rabshnK s/ r'o/ nca;oK s/ f;gkjhnK dhnK gmkBiaBkBhnK Bkb tXdhnK ik ojhnK pd-ubBhnK B/ gmkDK B{z gVEk fdZsk s/ T[j d';sw[jzwd yakB d/ g[Zso nepo yakB dh ;odkoh j/mK nzrq/ia s/ N[ZN gJ/. 2 Btzpo 1841B{z nb?raia?Ivo poBia esb eo fdZsk frnk, s/ e[M fuo fgZS'I w?eBkNB B{z th gko p[bkfdZsk s/ T[; d/ nf;;N?IN e?d eo bJ/. w?eBkNB d/ woB fgZS'I nrq/ia nca;oK B/ fdbSZv fdZsk s/ nepo yakB Bkb nfjdBkwk eoe/ ekpb'I fBeb s[o/. gmkDK B/ fgZS'I g? e/e[M e[ nca;o e?dhnK s'I fpBK ;G B{z caBkj eo fdZsk s/ fJZe vkeNo pqhvB jh ikB puke/ ibkbkpkd g[Zi ;fenk. go SZsh jh wro'I ezXko tb'I iBob B"N B/ s/ ya?po d/ o;s/iBob g"be B/ f;Zy ca"i dh ;jkfJsk Bkb 15 ;szpo 1842 B{z w[V ekpb T[Zs/ ikepiak ehsk. 5 ngq?b B/ ncarkfB;skB ftZu y[ad gZeh soQK mfjoBk iK nkgDh tZb'I ;akj;a[ikj tork e'Jh pkd;akj fpmkT[Dk w[Bk;p Bk ;wM e/ nwho d';s w[jzwd yakB B{z Biaopzdh -u'I fojkJh d/ fdZsh sK fe T[j w[V ekpb dh je{ws ik ;zGkb/. ebeZfsT[I S[N e/nwho d';s w[jzwd yakB bkj"o g[Zik fiZE/ fe wjkokik ;a/o f;zx Bkb 21 iBtoh 1843B{z w[bkeks ehsh. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ pVh fJZias Bkb T[; dk ;tkrs ehsk s/ c/o nZr/ekpb B{z ftfdnk ehsk.

rtoBo iBob bkov n?bBpo' ikDdk ;h fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ncarkfB;skB dh gfjbh w[fjzw ftZu ns/ wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B/ d{;oh w[fjzw ftZu nzrq/iaKdh ekcah ;jkfJsk ehsh j? ns/ ekpb ftZu nzrq/iah nca;oK ns/ ca"i dh spkjh s'I pknd1842 ftZu wjkokik ;a/o f;zx dh ;jkfJsk s'I pra?o nzr/qiaK tk;s/ ekpb ftZu w[VnkgDk o'jp fpmk ;eDk w[wfeB BjhI ;h, fJ; bJh bkov n?bBpo' ukj[zdk ;h fe T[jfcao'iag[o d/ w[ekw s/ wjkokik ;a/o f;zzx Bkb w[bkeks eoe/ y[ad T[; dh feogkbsk dk

XzBtkd eo/.rtoBo iBob d/ fcao'iag[o d/ g'bhNheb J/izN fw;No i"oi o;b ebkoe

tb'I fJsbkj g[ZiD s/ 19 eZse 1899, w[skpe 2 Btpzo 1842, B{z wjkokik ;a/of;zx tZb'I iao{oh gqpzX bJh caeho nihia[ZdhB B{z uVQd/ tZb ikD dh nkfrnk j'Jh ns/;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk ns/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ th Bh:s ehs/ rJ/ s/j[ew j'fJnk fe caeho niahia[ZdhB s/ fcao'iag[o ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp d/ tehb okJ/ r'ftzdi; dh woih d/ w[skpe ezw eoB.

wZxo dh ;zrqKd 15 Btzpo 1842 B{z ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk s/;odko ;akw f;zx tZb'I wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fJsbkj nkJh fe T[j cb"o g[Zi rJ/ jB s/T[BQK B/ b[fXnkD/ caeho niahia[ZdhB B{z fJsbkj d/ fdZsh j? fi; d/ T[Zso ftZu caeho ;kfjpB/ fbfynk j? fe bkov n?bBpo' S/sh jh f;awb/ s'I b[fXnkD/ nkT[D tkb/ jB, T[; d/nkT[D sZe ;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;akw f;zx cb"o jh mfjoD. fi; t/b/ rtoBoiBob nk ikt/rk T[; t/b/ ;bkj eoe/ T[BQK B{z p[bk fbnk ikt/rk.

d;zpo d/ gfjb/ jcas/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk tZb'I wjkokik ;kfjptZb noiah nkJh fe gfjbK fw;No ebkoe s/ c/o okJ/ fe;aB uzd eZbQ cb"o nkJ/ ;Bs/ fJeZm/ jh fco w[V rJ/ s/ d{;o/ fdB ;akw B{z w[bkeks dh sithia j'Jh. gfjb/ ;odkobfjDk f;zx B/ ebkoe ;kfjp gk; bkN ;kfjp Bkb w[bkeks dk gsk eoB bJh w[;ahoxZb/ fi; d/ T[Zso ftZu ebkoe ;kfjp B/ efjbk G/fink fe T[j d' xzN/ fgZS'I nkJ/rk s/w[bkeks eok fdZsh ikt/rh. eJh d/o fJzsiako eoB fgZS'I ;odko bfjDk f;zx bkN;kfjp d/ v/o/ tZb tJ/ s/ ebkoe ;kfjp gk; w[;aho G/i/. fJ; s/ T[; B/ itkp fdZsk fenZi w[bkeks dk fdB BjhI j? s/ Gbe/ fco'iag[o B{z s[o ikDk j?. fJj rZb nDyhb/;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z pj[s p[oh bZrh s/ T[j Bokia j' e/ nkgD/v/o/ B{z w[V nkJ/ s/ fJ; rZb dh f;aekfJs wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fby G/ih. caeho niahia[ZdhBB/ fJ; rZb ftZu d';a ;odko bfjDk f;zx d/ f;o EZfgnk fi; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk feg'j w[skpe 18 d;zpo B{z wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B/ iwkdko y[a;akb f;zx B{z Bh:s eoe/ G/i fdZsk s/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx d/ Bkw gotkBk fby G/fink fe s'jca/ nkfde i' uhiaKT[BQK gk; jB T[j iwkdko ;kfjp d/ nkdwhnK d/ jtkb/ eo d/D.

fJ; t/b/ jkbks nzdo'I nzdo pdb rJ/ efBzxw fbydk j? fe fJt/I wkb{wj[zdk j? fe tiaho fXnkB f;zx BjhI ;h ukj[zdk fe bkov n?bBpo' s/ wjkokik ;a/o f;zxdh w[bkeks dh sithia f;o/ uVQ/. T[; B{z yasok ;h fe feXo/ T[; B{z spkj eoB iK T[;dh skes B{z s'VD bJh jh Bk e'Jh ftfX pD ikJ/. caeho niahia[ZdhB dk th fJ; t/b/

1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 2, 40 .

2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2, 41 .

fXnkB f;zx tZb fiankdk r{VQ ikgdk j? fi; B/ j' ;edk j? fJ; t/b/ fXnkB f;zx dhfJZSk g{oh eoB ftZu e[M ya[chnk ;jkfJsk ehsh j't/. 10 g'j (22 d;zpo) B{z caehoniahia[ZdhB dh i' noiah wjkokik ;kfjp gk; g[Zih T[; ftZu fbfynk j'fJnk ;h fe bkovn?bBpo' dk fdb ;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;akw f;zx pbfe y[ad wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb thy[a; BjhI j?. 16 g'j B{z i' noaih caeho ;kfjp dh g[Zih T[; ftZu fbfynk j'fJnk ;h feu{zfe bkN ;kfjkp B/ fjzd[;skB tZb B{z s[o ikDk j? fJ; bJh S/sh jh ezto gqskg f;zxB{z w[bkeks bJh G/i fdZsk ikt/. u[BKfu wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B/ gqskg f;zx B{z fcao'iag[o G/i fdZsk fiBQK Bkb fe bkov n?bBpo' dh w[bkeks j'Jh s/ fgZS'I S/sh jh bkN ;kfjpfcao'iago'I w[V frnk s/ ekpb'I w[V e/ nkJhnK ca"iK nkgDhnK-nkgDhnK SkT[DhnK B{z fSV

rJhnK .

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 2, 48, 50, 52 a2. T[wdks[ -stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 2, 52-56 a

33

wjkokik ;a/o f;zx dk esbwjkokik ;a/o f;zx dk esbwjkokik ;a/o f;zx dk esbwjkokik ;a/o f;zx dk esbwjkokik ;a/o f;zx dk esb

wjkokik ;a/o f;zx d/ rZdh T[Zs/ p?mD s/ wjkokDh uzd e"o d/ fjwkfJsh;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko d/;a SZv e/ nzr/qiah fJbke/ ftu ub/ rJ/ ;B fiZE'I fe T[j wjkokDhd/ jZe ftZu :sB eod/ oj/ go e'Jh ;cabsk Bk j'Jh. ;odko nihs f;zx fJ;wsbp bJh ebeZs/ th g[Zik ;h go rtoBo iBob B/ w[bkeks Bk ehs. nyaho i/m 1899, i{B 1842, ftZu wjkokDh uzd e"o d/ wko/ ikD fgZS'I jkbks pdb rJ/sn/ nzrq/ia g'bhNheb J/izN B/ th ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odkoK d/ d/;a B{z nk ikD dh ;bkjfdZsh. uVQd/ wZxo (Btzpo 1842) B{z wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx B{zwe/ohnK s'I fojk eo fdZsk ns/ ;odko nihs f;zx B{z th bkj"o p[bk fbnk ns/fJBQK dhnK iaps ehshnK j'JhnK ikrhoK s/ ikfjdkdK tkg; eo fdZshnK. wjkokik;a/o f;zx B{z fyankb ;h fe j[D ;akia;K dk e'Jh ekoD Bk ofjD eoe/ fiazdrh nwBBkb r[iao/.

;zB 1843 d/ ;a[o{ ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp ns/ tiaho fXnkB f;zx ftZu e[MBkukeh j' rJh fi; dk ekoD v'rfonK dh skes pj[s fiankdk j[zdh ikDk ;h.wjkokik ukjz[dk ;h fe fJBQK dk ia'o xZN ehsk ikJ/ ns/ fJBQK d/ nkdwhnK dh EK n?;/nkdwh ia[zw/tko nk;kwhnK s/ oZy/ ikD fijV/ fe Go';/ :'r j'D. nkgDh g'iah;aB ns/skes B{z yaso/ ftZu g?Idk d/y e/ fXnkB f;zx B/ wjkokik d/ fto[ZX fJZe ;kia;ah gkoNhpDk bJh fi; ftu fszB/ v'ro/ Gok, fXnkB f;zx dk g[Zso jhok f;zx, ;zXktkbhJ/;odko ns/ caeho niahia[ZdhB i[V rJ/. fJBQK dk wB;ak wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B{z syas'Ibkj[D dk ;h go uz{fe nzdo'I nzdohI fJj fJZe d{;o/ d/ fto'Xh ;B, fJ; bJh fJBQK dh;kfi;a f;o/ Bk uVQ ;eh. j[D fXNkB f;zx fpBk wjkoki/ dh fJikias d/ bkj"o'I ra?o-

1.E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd 2, 263-66 a

jkfiao ofjD bZr fgnk s/ gjkV B{z s[o frnk fi; eoe/ wjkokik ;kfjp B{z t?Is{ok B{zj[ew fgnk fe ca"i b? e/ ikJ/ s/ fXnkB f;zx B{z jkiao eo/. nkg nkgD/ Gok r[bkpf;zx d/ efjD T[Zs/ T[j nkg jh nk frnk s/ 9 i[bkJh 1843 B{z nzfwqs;o wjkoki/d/ jia{o jkiao j' frnk.1

j[D fXnkB f;zx B/ nkgDhnK ;kia;ah ukbK s/ia eo fdZshnK ns/ nr;sd/ nkyahoh fdBhI wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ;G s'I S'N/ g[Zso ezto dbhg f;zx B{z izw{s'I bkj"o b? nKdk. id wjkoki/ B/ fJ; d/ bkj"o nkT[D dk ekoD g[ZfSnk sKnkfynk frnk fe u{zfe T[; dh wksk wjkokikDh fizd e"o phwko ;h fJ; bJh eztodbhg f;zx T[BQK d/ do;aB bJh nkfJnk j?. 4 ;szpo B{z r[bkp f;zx dh izw{ s'IfuZmh nkJh feT[j wjkokik ;kfjp d/ do;aB bJh bkj"o nk fojk j?. T[;/ fdBwjkokik B{z gsk bZrk fe fXnkB f;zx, ;[u/s f;zx, jhok f;zx, ;odko bfjDk f;zxs/ ;odko nihs f;zx ;zXktkbhnK B/ fJZe ya{chnk whfNzr ehsh j?. d{;o/ fdB 5;szpo B{z iBob t?Is{ok B/ dopko d/ fgZS'I wjkokik B{z yapo fdZsh fe fJBQK gziK B/wjkokik d/ fto[ZX ;kia;a xVh j?, s/ fJ;/ wsbp bJh ezto dbhg f;zx B{z izw{ s'IfbnKdk frnk j? ns/ r[bkp f;zx Gh izw{ s'I T[BQK dh wdd bJh nk fojk j?, gowjkokik B{z :ehB Bk pZMk. d{;o/ fdB 6 ;szpo B{z wjkokik ;kfjp B/ pkpk ;kfjpf;zx p/dh B{z p[bkfJnk s/ fJ; ;kia;a dh yapo ;[DkJh go T[BQK th ;odko nihsf;zx ;zXktkbhJ/ d/ fJ; ;kia;a ftZu ;akwb j'D dh rZb B{z mhe Bk wzfBnk.2

8 ;szpo B{z r[bkp f;zx bkj"o nk g[Zik s/ 9 B{z dopko ftZu jkiaoj'fJnk. T[;/ fdB ezto gqskg f;zx B/ nkgD/ fgsk wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fJsbkj fdZshfe ;odko nihs f;zx d/ s"o uzr/ BjhI fd;d/. 10 ;szpo B[z dopko d/ fgZS'I r[bkpf;zx s/ fXnkB f;zx B/ wjkkoki/ d/ f;o s/ jZE oZy e/ ;"Ij ykXh fe n;hI jia{o d/tcakdko ojKr/ ns/ ;odko nihs f;zx tb'I Go';k fdbkfJnk. go fJBQK ;kohnKe;wK s/ Go'f;nK dh T[wo uko fdB th Bk fBebh s/ 15 ;szpo B{z GkDk tosfrnk.3

id s'I wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odkoK B{z tkg; p[bk e/ ikrhoKikfJdkdK tkg; d/ fdZshnK ;B, T[j wjkokik ;kfjp d/ pV/ r{VQ/ fwZso gqshs j'D

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 267-9 a2. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 271-73 a3. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 273-75 a

bZR gJ/ ;B ns/ jo t/b/ T[BQK d/ Bkb Bkb ofjzd/ ;B. go wkb{w j[zdk j? fe g[okDhfeoV T[BQK B/ fdb ftu'I Bk rztkJh iK tiaho fXnkB f;zx dhnK ukbK ftZu c; e/nkgD/ yakBdkB ns/ oki d/ Bca/ B[e;kB B{z Bk d/y ;e/. wjkokik ;a/o f;zx u{zfefXnkB f;zx dh tXdh ik ojh skes xZN eoBk ukjz[d/ ;B, fJ; bJh T[BQK d/ fJ;fyankb dk cakfJdk T[mk e/ T[BQK B/ wjkokik ;kfjp gk;'I fXnkB f;zx d/ eko/ ikD dkj[ew d;yas eotk fbnk ns/ T[j j[ew fXnkB f;zx B{z ik fdykfJnk. fXnkB f;zxB/ esb dk gk;k wjkokik ;a/o f;zx tZb B{z T[bNk fdZsk ns/ wjkoki/ d/ esb bJhekria s/ d;yas eo fdZs/. fJj 14 ;szpo dh rZb j?.

nZ;{ 1900 dh ;zroKd, 1 ;szpo ;B 1843 ;a[eotko Bz{ ;t/o wjkokik;a/o f;zx s/ik f;zx d/ pkra d/ uVQd/ tZb nkgDh pkoKdoh ;akj fpbktb s/ rJ/. T[ZE/jh ;odko nish f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx dh ca"i dk w[nkfJBk oZfynk j'fJnk. wjkokik;kfjp gfjbtkBk d/ x'b t/y oj/ ;B fe ;odko nish f;zx nkgDh x'V-uVk s/fgnkdk ca"i ftykT[D bJh nk g[Zik. wjkokik ;kfjp T[Zgo T[Zso tZb d/ Mo'y/ ftZup?m/ ;B fe nihs f;zx B/ j/m'I fJZe BthI raohdh d'Bkbh pzd{e fdykJh. wjkokik;kfjp B/ id Bkbh B{z jZE gkfJnk sK nihs f;zx B/ fgZS'I x'Vk dZp fdZsk. d' r'bhnKwjkokik dh Sksh ftZu ik tZihnk. - *fJj eh drk<* nkyaoh ;apd ;B i' nkg d/ w{zjftu'I fBeb/ ns/ ngk pkoKdoh d/ nzdo tZb B{z fgZS/ jN/ jh ;B fe nish f;zx B/sbtko Bkb T[BQK dk f;o nk tZfYnk.

fJ; t/b/ wjkokik ;a/o f;zx dk j'Djko g[Zso ezto gqskg f;zx s/ik f;zxd/ pkra ftZu s[bk-dkB eo fojk ;h fe ;odko bfjdk f;zx ;zXktkbhnk T[ZE/ ik g[Ziks/ tk;s/ gkT[Id/ ezto dk f;o ik tZfYnk.

fJj ekok eoB fgZS'I ;odko nihs f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx d'B'I f;o b? e/feb/ B{z w[V/. o;s/ ftZu fXnkB f;zx fwb fgnk. fJj g[ZSD s/ fe j[D eh gqpzX j't/rk,fXnkB f;zx B/ itkp fdZsk fe ezto dbhg f;zx wjkokik j'Dr/ s/ w?I T[BQK dk tihao.gsk BjhI nkg; ftZu fXnkB f;zx ns/ nihs f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx dk eh ;wM"sk ;h,

1. ;fwZE, o/fBzr c?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 72-3L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 511-2 a

2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, 28-29L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 513L eBQJhnk bkb, skohfya gzikp, 593L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp,fibd 2, 278L ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 75 a

fi; s'I T[BQK B/ fJ; B[z fcod/ fvZmk iK j'o eh e[M j'fJnk fi; B/ ;zXktkbhnK B[z fJedw fXnkB f;zx d/ fto[ZX eo fdZsk. fJ; t/b/ GkJh r[ow[y f;zx B/ nkfynk fe i/tbN'jk BtK bkT[Dk j? sK fJj eVSk g[okDk fe; bJh oZy fbnk j?< fJj ;[D e/;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko B/ tiaho fXnkB f;zx T[Zs/ th r'bh dkra fdZsh s/ T[; B{z th gkop[bkfJnk .

34

wjkokik dbhg f;zx dk iawkBkwjkokik dbhg f;zx dk iawkBkwjkokik dbhg f;zx dk iawkBkwjkokik dbhg f;zx dk iawkBkwjkokik dbhg f;zx dk iawkBk(jhok f;zx s/ gzvs ibQ/ dk wkfonk ikDk)(jhok f;zx s/ gzvs ibQ/ dk wkfonk ikDk)(jhok f;zx s/ gzvs ibQ/ dk wkfonk ikDk)(jhok f;zx s/ gzvs ibQ/ dk wkfonk ikDk)(jhok f;zx s/ gzvs ibQ/ dk wkfonk ikDk)

fXnkB f;zx B{z wko d/D fgZS'I i/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko ca"iK ftZu ik e/ jkby'bQ fdzs/ ns/ T[BQK B{z nkgDh tZb eoB dk :sB eod/ sK ;akfJd jkbks e[M pdbiKd/. go fJj T[ekJh T[BQK B{z pVh wfjzrh gJh. nkgD/ fgsk tiaho fXnkB f;zx d/wko/ ikD dh yapo ;[Dd/ ;ko jhok f;zx ca"iK gk; g[Zik ns/ gZr bkj e/ T[BQK d/;kjwD/ ;[ZN fdZsh ns/ sbtko eZY e/ efjD bZrk fe bT[ w?B{z th p/;ae wko fdU,w?I fJj gZr sK jh pzBQDh j? i/ s[;hI pBQkUr/. ca"iK wjkoi/ ns/ tiaho d/ esb dh rZb;[D e/ febQ/ T[Zs/ uVQ s[ohnK fiZE/ fe ;odko nihs f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx nkeh j' p?m/;B go sh;o/ fdB ca"iK B/ feb/ s/ epiak eo fbnk s/ d'B'I ;odko s/ T[BQK d/ e[M;kEh wko/ rJ/.

wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z oki-rZdh s/ fpmkfJnk frnk s/ jhok f;zx T[BQKdk tihao pfDnk, ns/ wjkokik ;kfjp dh wksk wjkokDh fizd e"o, i' fJfsjk; ftZuwjkokDh iK wkJh fizdK eoe/ gqf;ZX j?, T[BQK dh ;ogq;s pDh. wjkokik dbhg f;zxwjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ;G s'I S'N/ g[Zso ;B. nkg dk iBw 23 Gkd'I ;zws 1895fpeqwh, 6-7 ;szpo ;zB 1838 Jh L B{z bkj"o ftZu j'fJnk ;h s/ fJ; t/b/ nkg dhT[wo dk S/tk toQk bZrk ;h.

jhok f;zx B/ tiaho pDd/ ;ko jh j"bh j"bh ca"iK ftu'I f;ZyK dh frDsh xZNeoBh ;a[o{ eo fdZsh s/ T[BQK dh EK g{ophJ/ Gosh eoB br fgnk. T[; B/ nkgD/ uku/r[bkp f;zx B{z fejk fe T[j pj[s ;ko/ gjkVhJ/ bkj"o b? nkt/ sK fe yakbf;nK B{z voj/mK ofynk ik ;e/. fJ; t/b/ r[bkp f;zx nkgD/ Gshi/ jhok f;zx B[z ezB[tbQ/Nh oZyDBkb bkj"o d/ yaiakB/ ftu'I pj[s ;kok o[gJhnk izw{ B{z b? frnk.1 fJ; s'I gfjbK

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 289-90 a

wjkokDh uzd e"o t/b/ th fJj p/;a[wko d"bs ;zGkbh oZyD d/ pjkB/ izw{ b? frnk ;hs/ nzs bkj"o dopko dk fJj' jh o[gfJnk nzr/qiaK B[z d/ e/ e;awho nkgD/ bJhyaohdD dk Yetzi pDkfJnk.

wjkokDh fizd e"o dk th GJh ;odko itkjo f;zx u{zfe tiaho jhok f;zxdh skes B{z ewia'o eoBk ukjz[dk ;h fJ; bJh jhok f;zx B/ 25 Btzpo 1843 B{zT[; B{z e?dyakB/ ftZu pzd eo fdZsk fi; eoe/ wjkokik dh jhok f;zx BKb Bkokiarhj' rJh. fJ; t/b/ jhok f;zx B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ;akjiakd/ ezto e;awhokf;zx s/ w[bskBk f;zx B{z th e?d eo fdZsk, go fgZS'I ca"iK dh Bkokiarh d/ ekoDwip{o j' e/ T[BQK B{z SZvBk fgnk. ca"iK B/ fJ; t/b/ jhok f;zx d/ ukuk ;[u/s f;zx B{zp[bkfJnk, go jhok f;zx T[; d/ fto[ZX ca"i b? ufVQnk s/ nkg; ftZu j'Jh bVkJh ftZu;[u/s f;zx s/ T[; dk ;kEh okJ/ e/;oh f;zx wko/ rJ/.1

fJ; xNBk d/ pknd ezto e;awhok f;zx s/ g;a"ok f;zx f;nkbe'N'I pkpkpho f;zx B'ozrkpkdhJ/ gk; nk rJ/ s/ ;odko nso f;zx ;zXktkbhJ/ th T[BQK Bkbnk ob/. wjkokik ;a/o f;zx d/ wko/ ikD d/ pknd ;odko nso f;zx u{zfe ;sb[i'Igko gfNnkb/ s/ EkB/;o nzr/q/iah fjcakias ftub/ fJbke/ ftu ubk frnk ;h fJ;bJh jhok f;zx dh fJj ubkeh f;Zy ca"iK T[zs/ uZb rJh fe nso f;zx caozrh dh ;a?jBkb gzikp T[BQK d/ nXHB eoB bJh :sB eo fojk j?. jhok f;zx fJZe seVh ca"ib? e/ 25 t;ky 1901, 5 wJh ;zB 1844, B{z bkj"o'I fJBQK d/ fto[ZX uVQ fgnk s/ 27t;ky, 7 wJh fdB wzrbtkko B{z s'gK vkj e/ B"ozrkpkd dk v/ok T[vk fdZsk fi; ftZufe pkpk pho f;zx, ezto e;awhok f;zx s/ ;odko nso f;zx ;zXktkbhJ/ wko/ rJ/.2

fJ; ekw:kph B/ jhok f;zx dk f;o j'o th c/o fdZsk. fJ; t/b/ fJ; dktZvk ;bkjhnk iZbQk gzvs ;h fi; B/ fJ; d/ f;o s/ gsk BjhI eh X{fVnk j'fJnk ;hfe jhok f;zx fJ; d/ fJ;ako/ s/ Budk ;h. iZbQk fJsBk w{zj-ia'o ;h fe T[j oki-wkskwjkokDh B{z th p[ok Gbk nkyD'I BjhI ;h fMiedk s/ T[; d/ Gok ;odko itkjo f;zxB{z, i' e[M fuo s'I fojkn j' u[Zek j'fJnk ;h, w[V e?d eoe/ esb eotk d/D dhnKftT[Isk pDk fojk ;h. 19 d;zpo 1844 B{z iZbQ gzvs d/ T[e;kJ/ j'J/ jhok f;zx B/

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 291-95L T[wdks[-stkohy, dcasouko, fjZ;k 3, 47-52 a

2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso uko, fjZ;k 3, 53-56, E'oBNB fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp ,fibd d{;oh, 294-97 a

;odko itkjo f;zx dh frqcaskoh dk j[ew d/ fdZsk ns/ d' e[ jiako gjkVhnK d/ca"ih d;s/ Bkb T[; B{z cVB dh fsnkoh eo bJh.

go j[D yakb;k jhok f;zx s/ iZbQ/ gzvs dhnK fBZs BthnK ;kia;aK s/wjkokDh fizd e"o B{z nky/ dopuBK d/ ekoD szr nk u[Zek j'fJnk ;h. ca"iK d/ gzuKB/ nkg; ftZu ca?;b/ s/ fJeoko eo bJ/ ;B e T[j wjkokDh fizd e"o d/ j[ew d/w[skpe uZbDr/, fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ jhok f;zx dk ;kE d/D'I fJBeko eo fdZsk. iZbQ/gzvs s/ jhok f;zx B{z j[D ikB d/ bkb/ g?Id/ Biao nkJ/, fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ ;'funk fefit/I j' ;e/ bkj"o ;oeko dk yaiakBk ;w/N e/ gjkVK B{z fBeb ubhJ/. ;' 9 g'j1901, 21 d;zpo 1844, SfBSotko dh ;t/o/ i' e[M wkb-yaiakBk jZE bZrk,jkEhnK T[Zs/ bZd e/ whnKwho dk pjkBk eoe/ bkj"o'I izw{ tb B{z GZi s[o/. gsk brd/;ko jh f;zx th T[BQK d/ wro g? rJ/ s/ jhok f;zx B[z bbekko e/ nkfynk fe fJ;soQK u'oK tKC fBeb s[oBk pjkdoK dk ezw BjhI ns/ i/ ikB dh ya?o wzrdk j?I sK iZbQ/B{z ;kv/ jtkb/ eo d/. fJj ;akjdo/ jh g[Zi/ ;B fe ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk s/ioB?b w/tk f;zx wihmhnk fJBQK d/ fgZs/ g[Zi gJ/. jhok f;zx vo Bkb ezpdk fgnk;h, ns/ nZr/ B{z d"fVnk iKdk ;h. iZbQ/ s/ jhok f;zx B/ yakb;k ca"iK BKb G[ubkT[DbJh w'joK d/ SZN/ d/D/ ;a[o{ eo fdZs/ s/ fJ; soQK j' ojh d/o d/ nk;o/ d; pkoK e'jnZr/ B{z GZid/ rJ/. ;odko ;akw f;zx s/ ioB?b w/tk f;zx B/ ca"iK B{z bbekok wkfonkfe *wko' ;{oK B{z, ikD Bk fdU*. fJ; t/b/ jhok f;zx B/ nkfynk fe w/o/ f;o fJj ;kohw[;hps iZbQ/ dh petk; d/ ekoD nkJh j? ns/ jhok f;zx nkgD/ nkg B{z jtkb/eoBk ukj[zdk ;h fe N'N/ N'N/ eo fdZsk frnk. iZbQk gzvs th wkfonk frnk ns/ whnK;'jB f;zx, whnK bkG f;zx s/ dhtkB uzd th wko/ rJ/ .

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 302-3L T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2,65-67 a

2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2, 67-9L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd 2, 303-05L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 529-30 a

35

i;o'N/ s/ izw{ dh w[fjzwi;o'N/ s/ izw{ dh w[fjzwi;o'N/ s/ izw{ dh w[fjzwi;o'N/ s/ izw{ dh w[fjzwi;o'N/ s/ izw{ dh w[fjzw

tiaho jhok f;zx d/ GZi fBebD ns/ wko/ ikD d/ pknd wjkokDh fizde"o dh ;bkj Bkb T[; dk Gok ;odko itkjo f;zx tiaho pfDnk s/ ;odkoitkjo f;zx B/ nkgD/ fwZso fwZ;o bkb f;zx B{z ca"i dk ;odko pDk fdZsk. ;odkoitkjo f;zx pzdk sK pVk fjzwsh ;h, go ;h iaok e[ ;aokph epkph. fJ; bJh ca"iKT[; Bkb pj[s fiankdk y[;a BjhI ;B. T[BQK B/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B{z i'jhok f;zx dh tiahoh d/ fdBhI pBko; B{z ubk frnk ;h, s/ ezto fg;a"ok f;zx B{zp[bkT[D bJh fuZmhnK fbyhnK. ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk sK fJsBh d{o'I nk Bk;fenk, go ezto fg;a"ok f;zx bkj"o g[Zi rJ/. wkJh fizd e"o B/ T[; B{z fJZe seVhikrho d/ e/ f;nkbe'N d/ Biadhe G/i fdZsk.1

fJ; t/b/ ca"i ftZu gzukfJsK dk pVk ia'o ;h s/ ca"ih w[fjzwK dh pKrv'opj[s e[M T[BQK d/ jh jZE ;h. fgSb/ fdBhI fi; t/b/ tiaho jhok f;zx d/ S'N/ Gok whnKitkjo f;zx B/ bkj"o d/ jkbks ns/ jhok f;zx s/ iZbQk gzvs nkfde d/ GZi fBebDs/ wko/ ikD dhnK yapoK ;[DhnK sK T[j fJZe dw i;o'N/ g[Zik fiZE/ fe yakBdkB dhd"bs iwQk oZyh j'Jh ;h s/ fJ; d"bs ftu'I pj[s ;koh nkgD/ uku/ r[bkp f;zx d/febQ/ izw{ ftZu gj[zuk fdZsh.2

ca"iK B{z gsk ;h fe v'ro/ bkj"o dk pj[s ;kok yaiakBk j"bh j"bh i;o'N/ s/izw{ B{z b? rJ/ jB. wjkokDh uzd d/ iawkB/ s'I b? e/ jhok f;zx dh w"s sZe id id thfJBQK dk dkU bZrk i' e[M fJBQK d/ jZE nkfJnk fJj ;w/N e/ gjkV B{z b? rJ/ s/ fJ;soQK fJBQK ;oeko bkj"o dk yaiakBk sK yakbh tork eo fdZsk s/ nkgDhnK g[;asK bJhd"bs iwQK eo bJh. fJj fJj' jh ;oeko bkj"o dh u'oh ehsh j'Jh d"bs ;h fi;

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 307-8L feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk,290-91 a

2. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"c a dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh .

ftu'I 1845-46 dh f;zxK s/ nzrq/iaK dh bVkJh fgZS'I e[M e[ nzr/qiaK B{z d/ e/ r[bkpf;zx B/ nzs e;awho dk oki ;KG fbnk. ;" ca"ih gzukfJsK B/ ;odko ;akw f;zxnNkohtkb/ s/ okik bkb f;zx B{z i;o'N/ s/ uVQkJh eoB ns/ jhok f;zx d/ fJbke/ B{ziaps eo b?D bJh Bh:s ehsk.

fJ; d/ Bkb jh wjkokDh fizd e"o s/ ;odko itkjo f;zx tZb'I bkb osBuzd d[Zrb s/ pktk whjK f;zx d/ jZEhI r[bkp f;zx B{z ;[B/jk G/fink frnk fe jhokf;zx dk fJbkek s/ wkb ns/ okik ;[u/s f;zx dh ftok;s dk nZX fijVk fe jhokf;zx B{z d/Dk ehsk j'fJnk ;h ;oeko d/ jtkb/ eok fdZsk ikJ/ ns/ Bkb/ whnKitkjo f;zx B{z th jtkb/ eo fdZsk ikJ/. fJ; Bkb jh T[BQK fby G/fink fe ya[dr[bkp f;zx d/ fJbke/ B{z BjhI S'fVnk ikJ/rk. go r[bkp f;zx B/ tcakdko B"eo tKC{j[ew wzBD dh EK whnK itkjo f;zx B{z i' fJ; t/b/ i;o'N/ ;h jZbk-;a/o fdZsh feyakb;k ca"i d/ w[ekpb/ bJh fsnko j' ikJ/ s/ fijVh ca"i jhok f;zx B/ uzp/ B{z ;oeoB bJh iwQk ehsh ;h, T[; B[z o[gfJnk s/ fdbk;k d/ e/ f;zxK Bkb bVB bJh yVkeo fbnk. fJ;/ soQK EK EK seV/ s/ yVQ/ j' ikD bJh whnK oDpho f;zx B{z okwBro,dhtkB BkBe uzd B[z MZgkb s/ dhtkB eow uzd B[z g[DS gotkB/ fby G/i/. dhtkBjoh uzd s/ tiaho bygs B{z rVQh nkfd s'I ca"i b? e/ jkiao j'D bJh fby fdZsk.

fJsB/ B{z ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ca"i b? e/ i;o'N/ g[Zi rJ/. nZfrUINkeo/ s/ fe;/ eh yV"Dk ;h. jhok f;zx dk ekodko tiaho puBk nkgD/ e[M nkdwhnK;w/s f;zxK dh ;aoBhI nk fgnk s/ whnK itkjo f;zx fpBK e[M fiankdk bVkJh ehs/ikB pukT[D bJh GZi e/ izw{ B{z fBeb frnk. i;o'N/ T[Zs/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B/epiak eo fbnk ns/ fJod frod d/ fJbke/ B{z ;'XD bJh fsnkoh nkozG fdZsh.

fJ; t/b/ okik ;[u/s f;zx d/ tiaho fBjkb f;zx B/ r[bkp f;zx gk;'I izw{UIfJj efj e/ S[ZNh b? bJh e/ T[j ;Kpk ik e/ yakb;k ca"i d/ Nkeo/ bJh v[Zro ;?BkfJeZmh eo/rk. fJsB/ B{z i;o'N/ B{z ;o eoe/ ;odko ;akw f;zx ;Kp/ gj[zu gJ/ s/ tiaho

1. feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 293L T[wdks[-stkohya, fibd 4, fjZ;k 3, gz a 70L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 531 a

2. feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 293-94 a3. T[wdks[ stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 3, gz a 70 L feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 295

fBjkb f;zx T[BQK gk; nk jkiao j'fJnk. ;Kp/ s'I jowzdo d/ o;s/ ;odko ;akw f;zxs'gK s/ ca"i b? e/ okwrVQ tZb B{z tX/. okik bkb f;zx, ioB?b w/tk f;zx wihmhnk,;odko ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB s/ j'o ;odko nkgDhnK gbNDK s/ s'gyakB/ ns/nthskfpb/ s/ e'oN ;kfjp dhnK gbNDK Bkb bkb/-u[pko/ tZb B{z j'J/ ns/ bkb/-u[pko/, ukotkj nkfd s/ T[BQK d/ Bkb brd/ r[bkp f;zx d/ fgzvK ns/ ikrhoK T[Zs/epiak eo fbnk. UXo gzikp ftZu th r[ioks, ekdokpkd, XzBh, fgzv dkdB yakBnkfd fJbke/ r[bkp f;zx d/ jZE'I fBeb rJ/.

j[D ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk, fwZ;o okik bkb f;zx s/ d{;o/ ;oeod/izw{ B{z x/oB bJh fsnkohnK eoB bZr/. go ca"ih ekotkJH eoB s'I gfjbK T[BQK B/okik r[bkp f;zx B{z ;wMk p[Mk e/ f;ZX/ okj b? nkT[D bJh fJZe j'o :sB eo t/yDkw[Bkf;p ;wfMnk. GfbnK fdBK ftZu okik r[bkp f;zx s/ ;odko casfj f;zx wkBd/ snZb[eks u{zfe pV/ uzr/ oj/ ;B fJ; bJh fJ; t/b/ rZb-pks eoB bJh T[;/ B{zjh Bh:s ehsk frnk. ;odko casfj f;zx wkB, tiaho puBk s/ w[B;ah rDgs B{zBkb b? e/ okik r[bkp f;zx gk; rJ/. r[bkp f;zx bJh yakb;k ca"iK dk Nkekok eo;eDk e'Jh ;[ykbh rZb BjhI ;h ns/ Bkb/ ubke nkdwh ;h s/ yakjw[yakj fe;/ yaso/ftZu BjhI ;h g?D tkbk, fJ; bJh 28 caotoh 1845 B{z T[; B/ ;odko casfj f;zxdhnK ;G rZbK gqtkD eo bJhnK ns/ nkfynk fe i/ bkj"o dopko T[; B{z gZekGo';k d/ d/t/ fe w[V T[; d/ nkgD/ w[be ns/ wkb T[Zs/ jZE BjhI gkfJnk ikJ/rk sKokik jhok f;zx dk i' wkb whnK itkjo f;zx gk; j? jtkb/ eo fdZsk ikJ/rk ns/Bkb jh i;o'N/ dk fJbkek th fi; s/ fe yakb;k ca"iK B/ epiak eo fbnk j'fJnk j?d/ fdZsk ikJ/rk. u[BKfu ;odko ca

sfj f;zx wkB, tiaho puB/ ns/ w[B;ah rDgs B{z Bkb b? e/ okik bkb f;zxd/ v/o/ yakb;k ca"iK d/ e?Ig B{z, i' izw{ s'I d; e[ e'j dh ftE s/ ;h, w[V fgnk. okikr[bkp f;zx B/ tiaho ia'okto{ B{z ;odko d/ Bkb eo fdZsk sK fe v[Zro f;gkjh e'Jho[ektN Bk g?dk eoB. go j[zdk T[jh j? i' T[; wkbe B{z wBia{o j[zdk j?.

whnK itkjo f;zx d/ e[M nkdwh, i' i;o'N/ s'I T[; d/ Bkb izw{ nkJ/ ;Bns/ tiaho puBk s/ w[B;ah rDgs Bkb r[Z;/ ;B, fJBQK T[Zs/ N[ZN gJ/. puB f;zx Bkwh

6. feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 296-97

fJZe uo;h x'V-uVQ/ B/ T[Zuh nktkia Bkb nkfynk *Bwe-jokwhnK BB{z ikD BK fdU,fJBQK B{z esb dk j[ew j?.* fJj ;[Dd/ ;ko jh ;ZfiU yZfpUI r'bhnK toQB bZrgJhnK s/ ;odko casfj f;zx, tiaho puBk s/ w[B;ah rDgs fszB/ jkEh T[Zs/ jh G[zBfdZs/ rJ/ ns/ ;odko d/ Bkb rJ/ gzu pVh w[;aeb Bkb w[V b;aeo ftZu g[Zi/ . w/io po"vc[N nkgDh 3 wkou 1845 dh fuZmh ftZu nkgDh rtoBw?IN B{z fbydk j?fe fJ; ftZu r[bkp f;zx dh ;aokos ;h sKfe wzr/ rJ/ 35 bZy o[gJ/ ftu'I uko bZyo[gfJnk fijVk r[bkp f;zx B/ ;odko casfj f;zx wkB okjhI ;odkoK tZb G/fink;h w[V y'j fbnk ikt/ s/ nkgD/ G/s puB/ B{z wotk fdZsk ikt/.

;odko casfj f;zx wkB s/ T[BQK d/ ;kEhnK dh w"s dh yapo ;[De/ bVkJhdh ;bkj ehsh rJh . ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ fJ; t/b/ i;o'N/ ;B . T[BQK B/T[ZE'I uZb e/ okwrVQ s/ uVQkJh eo fdZsh, okik bkb f;zx B/ d/thrVQ s/ ;odkooDi'X f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ ;Kp/ s'I tiaho osB{ s/ eoB?b fpi? f;zx T[Zs/ Xktk p'fbnk.

izrh pbtkb febQk okwrVQ dk EkB/dko ;h. T[; B/ id d/fynk fe T[;dkNkeok ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ Bkb j? sK T[; dh ;koh fjzws s/ pjkdoh mzvhg? rJh s/ vodk wkfonk febk SZv e/ izw{ B{z GZi fBefbnk. fi; t/b/ T[j okikr[bkp f;zx gk; nkfJnk sK r[bkp f;zx r[Z;/ Bkb bkb ghbk j' frnk s/ fwnkBftu'I sbtko eZY e/ T[; dk f;o ebw eo fdZsk. d{;o/ gk;/ noi[B wZb d/thrVQftZu e[M nfVnk, go r[bkp f;zx dk j[ew nkT[D s/ T[; B/ th febk yakbh eofdZsk. okik bkb f;zx j[D f;ZXk izw{ tb B{z j' fgnk s/ S/ e[ e'j d/ cak;b/ s/ ;zpbd/ w[ekw nk T[sfonk . UXo'I ;odko ;akw f;zx izw{ d/ fpbe[b Biadhe g[Zi rJ/ns/ fgzv BzdBh, i' ;afjo'I d/ e[ e'j th BjhI j'Dk, nk v/ok bkfJnk.

16 u/so ;zws 1902 fpeqwh w[skpe 27 wkou 1845, B{z izw{ T[Zs/ Xktkp'fbnk frnk. 28 wkou dh oks B{z gjkVhnK B/ ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ v/o/ T[Zs/ fJZepVk i'ao dk jZbk ehsk ns/ d' s'gK cV bJhnK, go ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ MN w"ek;zGkb fbnk. nkg jkEh s'I T[Zso gJ/ ns/ nkgD/ nkdwhnK B{z i'V e/ w'VtK jZbk

1. feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 299-302 L e?ohno n"ca w/iao po"vca[N, 287-297

ehsk, nkgDhnK s'gK S[vk bJhnK ns/ gjkVhnK B{z wko e/ Gik fdZsk. r[bkp f;zx d/fjwkfJshnK B/ wkw{bh fijk w[ekpbk ehsk, go okik r[bkp f;zx ;wMdk ;h feT[j fiankdk d/o BjhH nV ;e/rk, fJ; bJh T[; B/ ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkb/ns/ ;odko ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB dh wkocas nkgD/ nkg B{z jtkb/ eoB ;pzXh rbpks ;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhJ/ Bkb S/Vh s/ fJj ;bkj j'Jh fe r[bkp f;zx fsZb/d/ sbk s/ gj[zu e/ okik bkb f;zx Bkb fJZeoko gZek eo bt/. go okik bkb f;zxB/ nZr'I iktp fdZsk fe fisBh d/o sZe whnK itkjo f;zx B{z ;kv/ jtkb/ BjhI ehskiKdk T[sBh d/o sZe e'Jh rZb f;o/ BjhI uVQ ;e/rh. okik r[bkp f;zx tk;s/ u{zfej'o e'Jh ukok jh BjhI ;h ns/ Bk jh T[; ftZu bVB dh fjzws ;h, fJ; bJh T[; B/okik bkb f;zx dh fJj ;aos th gqtkB eo bJh ns/ whnK itkjo f;zx B{z jtkb/eo fdZsk.

rZb-pks ;a[o{ j'D t/b/ ;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ u{zfe okik r[bkpf;zx B{z Go';k fdbkfJnk fe i/ r[bkp f;zx nkgd/ nkg B{z jtkb/ eo d/t/ sK T[jbkj"o sZe T[; B{z fe;/ soQK dh y/ub BjhI j'D d/t/rk ns/ r[bkp f;zx B{z ;odko w/tk f;zx d/ puB T[Zs/ g{ok fJspko ;h fJ; bJh T[j ;odko w/tk f;zx d/ b;aeoftZu nk frnk s/ nkgD/ nkg B{z jtkb/ eo fdZsk .1

a

1. feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 302-3 a2. feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk, 303-5 L e?ohno n"ca w/io po'vc[aN, 294-6 a

36

okik r[bkp f;zx dh jkiao iwkBsokik r[bkp f;zx dh jkiao iwkBsokik r[bkp f;zx dh jkiao iwkBsokik r[bkp f;zx dh jkiao iwkBsokik r[bkp f;zx dh jkiao iwkBs

;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk, okik bkb f;zx, ;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhnks/j'o ;oeod/ okik r[bkp f;zx B{z Bkb b? e/ bkj"o B{z tkg; w[V gJ/ s/ 27 u/so1902, w[skpe 7 ngq?b 1845, B{z okth d/ ezY/ nk g[Zi/. okik bkb f;zx iaok szrfdb nkdwh ;h. T[; B{z fJj yako ;h fe ra[bkp f;zx B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z T[; d/ jtkb/feT[I BjhI ehsk s/ ;odko w/tk f;zx d/ b;aeo ftZu feT[I frnk j?, fJ; bJh T[; B/nkgD/ fwZso tiaho ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z ;odko w/tk f;zx d/ fto[ZX e[M gZNh gVQkfdZsh s/ itkjo f;zx T[; d/ ej/ bZr e/ w/tk f;zx d/ fto[ZX j' frnk s/ j' ;edk j?T[; Bkb e'Jh G?Vk ;b{e th eodk s/ nZfrUI pbtk j' g?Idk go GkJh okw f;zx B/ftZu g? e/ ;wMkfJnk fe nkg; ftZu dzrk ca;kd uzrk BjhI . fJ; Bkb ;ko/ jhpopkd j' ikDr/, Biadhe jh f;o s/ p?mk j'fJnk vkYk t?oh w[be T[Zs/ nk epiak eo/rk, s/ fJ; soQK ;[orpk;h wjkokik dh pDkJH j'Jh je{ws, ;odkoh s/ skidkoh;G yake j' ikJ/rh, fJ; bJh nkgDhnK iVQK nkg/ gZND tkbhnK ca;kd tkbhnKrZbK Bk eo' . fJBQK ;apdk B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z iaok fNekD/ b? nKdk ns/;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhJ/ f;o nk ojh w[;hps Nb rJh.1

fisBk ;odko itkjo f;zx nVQG ;h T[sBh jh wjkokDh fizd e"o nebwzds/ j[f;anko ;h, T[; B/ 27 u/so, 7 ngq?b dh oks B[z fJZe fuZmh s/ T[; T[Zs/ e/;o dkgzik bk e/ r[bkp f;zx B{z G/i fdZsh fe s/oh nkU Grs s/ fJias ftZu fe;h gqeko dkcaoe BjhI nkJ/rk s/ ikB wkb dh jo gqeko oZfynk ehsh ikt/rh . u[BKfu d{;o/ fdBr[bkp f;zx B{z ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh jt/bh ftZu T[skok fdZsk frnk s/ jo soQKT[; dh yaksodkoh ehsh rJh .2

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2, gz 71-2 a2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 3, gz 73-4

wkb{w j[zdk j? e fJ; t/b/ fe;/ B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx iK wkjkokDh fizd e"oB{z fJj ;aZe gk fdZsk ;h fe u{zfe ca"i dk e[M fjZ;k okik r[bkp f;zx dk fjwkfJsh j?fJ; bJh ;akfJd okik r[bkp f;zx feXo/ gjkV B{z jh Bk GZi ikJ/ . go u{zfe ;odko;[bskB w[jzwd yakB, ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbks/ ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnKtkb/ ikDd/ ;B e/ r[bkp f;zx GZi e/ BjhI ikJ/rk iKBjhI ikD fdZsk ikJ/rk, fJ; bJh T[BQK ya[d jh fJBQK dh ;aZe B{z ocak eoB bJh iKfJBQK d/ efjD/ s/ j/m fbfynk jkiao-iawkBs-Bkwk 12 t;ky 1902, 22 ngq?b1845, B{z fby e/ ;oeko/ dkyab eo fdZsk.

soiwk jkiao-iawkBs Bkwkn;hI ;odko ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB, ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odko

;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnKtkbk i' ;odko d/ w[bkiw jKfJ; t/b/ okik ;kfjp okik r[bkp f;zx pjkd[o f;gkj-;kbko d/ jkiao iakwB jia{odh ;/tk ftZu j'J/ jK, fi; t/b/ th jia{o ;odko dk j[ew j't/rk jkiao eo fdnKr/. fJ;ftZu e'Jh T[aiao BjhI j?. fJ;/ bJh fJj e[M ;soK jkiao-iakwB d/ sohe/ s/ fbye/ fdZshnK jB fe ;Bd oj/.

skohya 12 t;ky 1902, w[ekw bkj"o .(w'jo) ;[bskB wj[zwd yakB (cako;h)(w'jo) nekb ;jkfJd uso f;zx (cako;h)(w'jo) nekb ;jkfJ s';akyakBk w[pkfoe okik bkb f;zx (cako;h)(w'jo) nekb ;jkfJ nso f;zx ekfbnKtkbk (cako;h)(d;yas) ;jh (r[ow[y)(d;yas ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk);jh (r[ow[yh)(w'jo) Grs okw (cako;h) fJsbkj j'Jh(w'jo) dhBk BkE 1886 (cako;h)(nbpd) GkJh okw f;zx ih(w'jo) f;wo r'fpzd GkJh okw f;zx 1892 (r[ow[yh)

okik r[bkp f;zx uko e[ wjhB/ bkj"o fojk s/ nr;s d/ d{;o/ jcas/ izw{B{z ftfdnk eo fdZsk frnk . fJ; no;/ ftZu 3 i/m 1902, 14 wJh 1845, B{z

;odko itkjo f;zx B{z tiahoh dh fyabns fwbh s/ T[j gZeh soQK tiaho gqtkB ehskfrnk . 22 jkVQ w[skpe 3 i[bkJh 1845 B{z wjkokik dbhg f;zx dh wzrDh;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkb/ dh bVeh Bkb j'Jh s/ 8 ;ktB, 21 i[bkJh, B{z;odko uso f;zx tZb'I ;arB s/ eZgV/ nkfd g[Zi/ fi; ;pzX ftZu jo gk;/ pVh y[;ahwBkJh rJh .

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, gz a 77-80 a

37tiha ao itkjo f;zx dh w"stiha ao itkjo f;zx dh w"stiha ao itkjo f;zx dh w"stiha ao itkjo f;zx dh w"stiha ao itkjo f;zx dh w"s

fgZS/ fbfynk ik u[Zek j? fe wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ ezto ga;"ok f;zx B{z u'yhikrho d/ e/ f;nkbe'N tZb G/i fdZsk ;h, go r[bkp f;zx d/ izw{ B{z w[V ikD d/ S/sh jh fgZS'I T[; B/ fco wjkokik dbhg f;zx d/ fto[ZX d"V GZi ;a[o{ eo fdZsh . fpBkfe;/ B{z dZ;/ iK ;oeko bkj"o dh nkfrnk bJ/ T[j ;sb[i'I gko j' e/ b[fXnkD/ d/o;s/ nzpkb/ frnk, go fejk iKdk j? fe nzrq/iaK B/ T[; dh e'Jh rZb Bk ;[Dh s/ T[jfBok;a j' e/ gzikp B{z w[V nkfJnk . j[D T[; B{z nkgDh fojkfJ;a nkgDh ikrho ftZuw[;aeb fd;h, fJ; bJh d[nkpk i/jbw B{z ubk frnk s/ e[M fdB T[ZE/ mfjo e/nNe d/ feb/ ik e/ nkeh j' p?mk .

fi; t/b/ fJj yapoK bkj"o g[ZihnK sK ;odko itkjo f;zx B/ ;odkouso f;zx nNkohtkb/ dh ewkB j/mK fJZe ca"i nNe G/ih sK fe ezto g;a"ok f;zxgk;'I febk S[vk fbnk ikt/. ;odko uso f;zx B/ nNe g[Zi e/ ezto g;a"ok f;zx Bkbw[bkeks ehsh s/ T[; B{z ;wMkfJnk fe s[;hI nkgD/ g[okD/ fJbke/ ftZu ub/ ikU s/nkokw u?B Bkb fiazdrh r[iako'I, wjkokik ;kfjp d/oki ftZu ca;kd g?dk eoBk uzrkBjhI , feT[I fe fJj nkgDh iVQ nkg gZND tkbh rZb j?. ezto ;kfjp B/ ;odko usof;zx dh fJj rZb gqtkD eo bJh s/ e"b fJeoko s/ gZe/ j'D dk puB b? e/ 30nr;s B{z febk yakbh eo fdZsk s/ Bkb dh fJZe ;oK ftZu v/ok eo fbnk. ;odkouso f;zx B/ ezto ;kfjp Bkb j'Jh ;koh rZb-pks bkj"o ;odko itkjo f;zx B{zfby G/ih . ;odko itkjo f;zx fJj yapo ;[D e/ pVk y[a; j'fJnk s/ fJBkw nkfddk bkbu d/ e/ ya[cahnk s"o s/ e[M nkgD/ nkdwh G/i fdZs/ fe fit/I j' ;e/ nNe ike/ ezto g;a"ok f;zx dh nby w[ekT[D. u[BKfu fJBQK nkdwhnK B/ nNe ik e/ ezto;kfjp B{z gko p[bkfJnk.

1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, gzBk 81 e[M fbykohnK B/ fJ; eko/ ftZu casfjyakB fNtkD/ dk jZe j'Dk fbfynk j? s/ e[M e[ B/ ;odko uso f;zx B{z Bkb bg/fNnkj? go n;hI fJ; wkwb/ ftZu ;'jB bkb B{z fiankdk Go';/:'r ;wMd/ jK .

fi; t/b/ ezto g;a"ok f;zx d/ wko/ ikD dh yapo bkj"o g[Zih sK T[; t/b/ca"iK ftZu tiaho itkjo f;zx d/ fto[ZX r[Z;/ dh nZr GVe T[Zmh . u[BKfu ca"ih gzuK ftu'Ie[M nca;o wjkokDh fizd e"o gk; nkJ/ ns/ ca"iK dh Bkokiarh dk fiaeo ehsk fi;s'I wjkokDh ;kfjpk B{z jkbs d/ ftrV ikD dk pVk s"yabk j'fJnk .

6 nZ;{ ;zws 1902, fdB ;a[eotkko, 19 ;szpo 1845 B{z id okik bkbf;zx, dhtkB dhBk BkE, py;ah GRs okw, ;odko nzod f;zx ekfbnKtkbk s/yabhck B{odhB gbNDK B{z ;wMkT[D bJh T[BQK dhnK b?BK ftZu rJ/ sK ca"ih nca;oKB/ iwk j' e/ ezto g;a"ok f;zx d/ wko/ ikD pkps pVk r[Z;k iakjo ehsk s/ g[ZS-gqshsehsh fe fJ; dh i[azw/tkoh mhe fe; d/ f;o j?. fJj ;koh rZb yabhck B{odhB B/wjkokDh ;kfjpk B{z nk ;wMkJh. d{;o/ fdB ;t/o/ ;ko/ tZv/ tZv/ ca"ih gzu nca;o feb/jkiao j'J/ s/ p/Bsh ehsh fe wjkokDh ;kfjpk ;kv/ Bkbub e/ b?B ftZu do;aB d/D. T[Zso ftZu wjkokDh ;kfjpk B/ j[ew fdZsk fe nZi dk fdB ofjD fdZsk ikJ/ s/eb T[j ;odko ijkto f;zx B{z Bkb b? e/ b?B ftZu nkt/rh.

fJ; t/b/ r[bkp f;zx v'ro/ B/ uzrk w"ek skV e/ nkgDh ukb ubDhnkozG fdZsh. T[; B/ whnK fgoEh f;zx s/ d{;o/ okig{sK B{z p[bk e/ nkfynk e/ fit/I j';e/ itkjo f;zx B{z wko w[ekT[D bJh :sB eoB. u[BKfu whnK fgoEh f;zx s/ T[;d/ v'ro/ ;kEh bkj"ok g[Zi/ s/ f;zxK dhnK gbNDK ftZu fwb e/ ;odko itkjo f;zxd/ fto[ZX X[y ojh nZr s/ia wuk fdZsh.

8 nZ;{ ;zws 1902, fdB n?stko, 21 ;szpo 1845, B{z ;t/o/ jh wjkokDh;kfjpk B{z Bkb b? uZbD bJh ca"ih nca;o feb/ nk g[Zi/, go fsnko j[zd/ j[zd/ T[BQK B{zb"Yk t/bk j' frnk. T[Xo gbNDK ekbhnK g? ojhnK ;B . j[zdh ik ojh d/o dh yapo;[D e/ gbNDK B/ ioB?bh eo fdZsh. ioB?bh d/ fprb ;[D e/ wjkokDh ;kfjp B/MN-gN ;odko itkjo f;zx s/ wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z Bkb b? e/ gbNDK dhnKb?BK tZb B{z e{u ehsk . fJ; t/b/ e[M gbNDK fdZbh dotkia/ gk; w"i{d ;B s/ e[Mfeb/ tZb B{z tZX ojhnK ;B. ;odko itkjo f;zx s/ wjkokik dbhg f;zx fJZe jkEhT[Zs/ ;tko ;B s/ wjkokDh ;kfjpk d{;o/ T[Zs/ . gbNDK B{z fwbD d/ wjkokDh;kfjpk B/ nkfynk fe T[BQK dk Gok itkjo f;zx r[Bkjrko j?, go j[D T[j T[BQK dh;aoD nk frnk j? . fJ; bJh ca"iK feogk eoe/ T[; B{z wkca eo d/D . nZr/ B{z T[je'Jh n?;h rZb BjhI eo/rk fi; Bkb gbNDK B{z Bkokiarh dk e'Jh w"ek j't/, go

v'rfonK r[bkp f;zx tZb'I G/i/ rJ/ whnK fgoEh f;zx nfd B/ fJsBk uVQktk uVQkfJnkj'fJnk ;h fe GVekJ/ j'J/ pzfdnK T[Zs/ fe;/ rZb dk e'Jh n;o Bk j'fJnk . ftu'I fe;/B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx tkb/ jkEh B{z fpmkT[D bJh bbekok wkfonk. wjkps d/jkEh B{z fpmkT[D dh d/o ;h fe wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z itkjo f;zx dh r'd ftu'I b?fbnk frnk. fJ; t/b/ ;odko itkjo f;zx B/ e[M p'bD dk :sB ehsk go o"b/ftZu fe;/ B/ ;zrhB T[; dh yZph tZyh ftZu eZY wkoh . T[j ;Zi/ gk;/ B{z w[fVnk jh ;hfe ;kV eodh fJZe r'bh nk tZih s/ T[j gko p'b frnk. Gok B{z nZyK nZr/ e'jj'fJnk t/y e/ wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ pVk tobkg ehsk, go pD eh ;edk ;h . j[zdkT[jh j? i' e[dos B{z wBia{o j[zdk j?.

d{;o/ fdB 9 nZ;{ ;zws 1902, 22 ;szpo 1845, fdB ;'wtko B{zwjkokDh fizd e"o gk; yakb;/ B/ wzB fbnk fe T[BQK B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z wkoBdk ekok whnK fgoEh f;zx (i' r[bkp f;zx tZb'I G/fink frnk j'fJnk ;h) d/ ej/ s/ehsk j?, go j[D T[j soQK wjkokDh ;kfjpk dh nkfrnk ftZu ofjDr/. wjkokDh;kfjpk B/ j[ew ehsk fe je{ws dk eko'pko T[j nkgD/ jZE ftZu b? bJ/rh s/ dhtkBdhBk BkE s/ ;odkoK dh ;bkj Bkb ;kok gqpzX ehsk ikJ/rk ns/ ;oekoh gotkfBnKT[Zs/ wjkokDh ;kfjp ya[D nkgDh ;jh gkfJnk eo/rh .

j[D wjkokDh B{z tiahoh dh gdth ;zpXh ca?;bk eoB ftu e[V n"eV ijhikgh . fJ; t/b/ ;odko fwZ;o s/i f;zx th g;a"o'I nk frnk ;h . fJ; bJh fJ; t/b/fszB nkdwh tiahoh d/ T[whdtko ;B, okik r[bkp f;zx, fwZ;o bkb f;zx ns/fwZ;o s/i f;zx, fJj fszB/ nkgD/ ngD/ Yzr Bkb skes jk;b eoB d/ :sBK ftZu;B s/ t/b/ d/ jkbks B{z ;kwQD/ oZy e/ tihaoh bJh fJBQK fszBK ftu'I fe;h d/ jZe ftZuca?;bk eo ;eDk pVk w[;aeb s/ w[;aebK tkbk ;h . fJ; bJh wjkokDh fizd e"o B/th T[jh sohek tofsnk fijVk fe eJh tkoh wjkokik oDihs f;zx tofsnk eod/;B . fJj sohek ;h gouhnK gk e/ ca?;bk eo b?D dk . u[BKfu gzi gouhnK

2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, gzBk 82-86L w[jzwd bshc,fj;Noh nkc dh gzikp, 553-56 .

3. ;'jB bkb, dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, gzBk 86

pDkJhnK rJhnK fiBQK ftu'I d' ykbh oZyhnK ns/ pkeh fszBK T[Zs/ r[bkp f;zx, s/if;zx s/ bkb f;zx d/ Bkw fby/ rJ/ . gouhnK eZYD dk ezw pkbe wjkokik dbhgf;zx B/ ehsk ns/ u{zfe bkb f;zx dh gouh fBeb nkJh fJ; bJh T[;/ B{z tiaho wzBfbnk frnk . go ca"iK pj[s T[; d/ jZe ftZu BjhI ;B . fJ; bJh oki dk pj[s ;kokezw wjkokDh B/ nkgD/ jZEK ftZu b? fbnk.

1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, fibd 2, gzBk 326-27 .

38

eeokb/ s' I tkg;eeokb/ s' I tkg;eeokb/ s' I tkg;eeokb/ s' I tkg;eeokb/ s' I tkg;

;odko itkjo f;zx dh w"s d/ S/sh jh pknd ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/d/ bVe/ ;odko ekjB f;zx d/ ftnkj dh skohya ;h . fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx dkfJj fJeZbk jh bVek ;h . tZvk bVek ;odko mkeo f;zx ;zB 1842 ftZu ;[ortk;j' u[Zek ;h . fJeb"sh bVeh phph BkBeh ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh Xow-gsBh ftXtkj' u[Zeh j'Jh ;h . bkj"o ftZu tos/ rJ/ fJ; Bt/I GkD/ ekoD gsk BjhI ;h jkbks j'oeh gbNk yk ikD s/ ;odko ekjB f;zx dh ;akdh ftZu jh e'Jh ftxB nk gt/ . fJ;bJh ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ fJ; ya{B yaokp/ d/ nyakV/ s'I iaok go/ j' e/ ;akdh B{z BfiZmb?D dh ;bkj ehsh s/ ;sb[i'I gko nkgDh ikrho ftZu fgzv eeokb/ ub/ rJ/ .

;akdh dk ekoi j'J/ B{z E'Vk fuo jh j'fJnk ;h fe f;zxK s/ nzro/iaK dh izrfSV gJh . fJ; bJh ;odko ;akw f;zx dh ra?os B/ rtkok Bk ehsk fe T[j j[D gzikps'I pkjo ofjD . fJ; bJh T[j nkgD/ fgzv nNkoh B{z w[V nkJ/ . ;o b?gb frqfcBfbydk j? fe ;odko ;akw f;zx dh pjkd[oh T[Zs/ sK fe;/ B{z ;aZe j' jh BjhI ;h ;edk,go fiBQK jkbks ftZu d'BK gkf;nK s'I bVkJh fSVh ;h s/ fit/I BkbkfJe s/ p/JhwkBnkdwhnK dh nrtkJh j/mK ca?i w"s d/ w{zj XZeh ik ojh ;h T[; B{z ;odko ;akw f;zxd[Zy s/ nca;'; Bkb d/y fojk ;h s/ T[j fJ; soQK dh bVkJh d/ fto[ZX ;h, fJ; eoe/u[Zg-ukg nNkoh ftZu p?mk ;h . fJ; gk;/ nzro/iaK B/ uko ;kb s'I fsnkoh ehsh j'Jh;h, w/om, ;jkoBg[o, nzpkbk s/ eoBkb dhnK S"DhnK ndkwhnK, izrh ;wkB s/o;d gZm/ Bkb GohnK j'JhnK ;B, ns/ y[d rtoBo ;o j?Boh jkofvzr s/ ewKvo-fJB uhca ;o jhT{ r"ca fJZe seVh s/ w[ezwb s"o s/ fsnko ehsh j'Jh ca"i dh ewkBeo oj/ ;B . d{;o/ gk;/ ;odko bkj"o dh ca"ih fsnkoh dh jkbs fJ; d/ fpbe[b

1. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 65l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd gfjbh242 .

T[bN ;h . d' fszB wjhB/ gfjbK nkw s"o s/ bkj"o ftZu fe;/ B{z fyankb th BjhI ;hfe nzro/iaK Bkb izr bZr gJ/rh fJ; bJh fe;/ B/ fsnkoh eh eoBh ;h s/ fiBQKnca;oK B{z e[M gsk ;h T[j u{zfe gzikp s'I pkjo d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B s/ fJZE/ B"eoh eoe/o[gJhnk ewkT[D bJh nkJ/ j'J/ ;B fJ; bJh T[BQK B{z gzikp Bkb eh fgnko j';edk . T[BQK B{z fiZXo'I nkgDh nkwdBh d/ gZe/ ofjD s/ rZca/ fwbD dh T[whd j'JhUXo jh ob rJ/ . fJ; t/b/ bkb f;zx ;oeko bkj"o dk tiaho ;h s/ s/i f;zx ca"iKdk ewKvo-fJb jhca, fi; B{z fe bkb f;zx tiaho B/ g;a"o'I p[bkfJnk ;h . fJj d'B'Ijh nzdo'I nzdo'I Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ nca;oK Bkb ob/ j'J/ ;B s/ ukjz[d/ ;B feezgBh Bkb Nkeo/ ftZu f;Zy ca"i B{z jko j' ikJ/ .

fJBQK jkbks ftZu e'Jh g/;a Bk ubdh d/y e/ ;odko ;akw f;zx u[Zg ukg nkgD/fgzv nNkoh p?mk ;h go c/o{ ;afjo dh bVkJh ftZu okik bkb f;zx dh jko d/ fgZS'Iid wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ skrhd/ ;[B/j/ T[Zgo'I Ebh G/iD/ ;a[o{ ehs/ sK T[j izr d/w?dkB ftZu g[Zi frnk ns/ Xowh ;{ofwnK tKC{ ;GoktK dh bVkJh ftZu gzikp dhnkiakdh bJh nkgDh fizd x'b x[wk frnk .

;GoktK dh bVkJh dk jkb dZ;D s'I gfjbK gzikp ;pzXh Jh;N fJzvhnkezgBh d/ eowukohnK dhnK ehshnK fsnkohnK dk fiaeo eoBk iao{oh j? sK fejkbks dk uzrh soQK E"j gsk br ;e/ .

2. eoBb w{s'I, og'osl nko n?B e;N, fj;Noh n?c dh n?Be[n?;N n?c dh gzikp,

efBzxw, fj;Noh n"c dh f;y;, nkfd .

39 Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dhnK gzikp ;zpzXh fsnkohnK

Jh;N fJzvhnK ezgBh b[fXnkD/ SkT[Dh w"}{d ;h s/ fco'}go[ th T[BQK d/ jZE ftu ;h . fJBQhI d'jhI EkJhI T[BQK d/ g'bhNheb J/izN w"}{d ;B i' gzikp dh g'}hFB d/y oj/ ;B . ncrkfB;skB dh gfjbh bVkJh d/ BshfinK B/ T[BQK B{z :ehB fdbk fdZsk ikgdk ;h fe fisBh d/o sZe gzikp ftu T[BQK dh skes BjhII pDdh T[sBh d/o se ncarkfB;skB ftu T[BQK dh g'}hFB ekfJw ofj ;eDh n"yh j? . fJ; f]nkb B{z 1841 d/ ne{spo ftu bkov n?bpok B/ tbkfJs'I fjzd[;skB B{z s[oB s'I gfjbK b?cafNB?IN vhT{o?Iv B{z c'aih B[esk fBrkj s'I gzikp ;zpzXh fJe :kd -dkFs (Memoir) fsnko eoB bJh j[ew fdZsk s/ Bkb jh fjzd[;skB tZb' gzikp dh jZd d/ nB[wkB fd;D sK d{o'I c'ai fJeZmh Bk eoBh gt/ ns/ bkfrUI ;[ykb/ jh uVQkJh ik ;e/ . b?caNhB?IN vhT{o?Iv dh gzikp ;zpzXh :kd-dkFs 22 nes{po 1841 B{z bkov n?bBpo' B/ vhT{e n"ca t?fbzrNB B{z G/ih s/ gzit/I fdB 26 nes{po 1841 dh fuZmh ftu vhT{e B{z fbfynk fe gzikp ftu yZg gJh

j'Jh j? s/ @ n;b ftu w[be dh je{ws fJe vkY/ wko/ - y'o/ nkdwh fXnkB f;zx d/ jZEK ftu j? id th fXnkB f;zx B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z ekcah seVk wf;{; ehsk, T[j fJBQK (;kvhnK ekp[b ikD tkbhnK) ca"iK s/ o;d ][oke B{z o;sk d/D' BKj eo d/t/rk, iK fit/I w?B{z f}nkdk vo j?, jZbk eo e/ T[BQK B{z spkj eo d/t/rk . fJ; soQK ;kB{z S/sh jh ekotkJh eoBh gJ/rh . fJ; t/b/ pkoK j}ko ca"i fcao'}g[o d/ B}dhe fJeZmh j'Jh j? sK fe f;ZyK tZb fBrkj oZy/ s/ b'V t/b/ tosh ik ;e/ . w/ok wsbp (gzikp ;zpzXh :kd - dkFs G/iD dk <) fJj ;h fe s[;hI w?B{z fJj ;bkj d/ ;e'

fe gzikp T[Zs/ jwbk eoB dk ;G s'I uzrk sohek fejVk j? <@ Jh;N fJzvhnK ezgBh pV/ g{o/ }'o Bkb gzikp dh jZd T[Zs/ ca'i fJZemh eoB ns/ j'o fsnkohnK ftu i[Nh j'Jh ;h s/ fJzrb?Iv ftu th fJ; ;zpzXh u'yh fbyk - gVQ j' ojh ;h . ncarkfB;skB ftu nzr/q}h skes s/ o'jp B{z poeko oZyD ;zpzXh vhT{e n"ca t?fbzrNB B/ nkgDh 6 ng?qb 1842 dh fuZmh

ftu bzvB s'I bkov fcaNi?obv B{z fbfynk ;h fe @ gzikp dh j;sh B{z ekfJw oZyDk pj[s }o{oh j't/rk. go w?I fJj }o{o nkyKrk fe i/ n;hI ncarkfB;skB ftu nkgDh g'}hFB ekfJw oZyDh j? sK fgFkto ,]?po dk

dZok, ibkbkpkd ns/ ekp[b sZe d/ dZo/ ;kB{z }o{o b? b?D ukjhd/ jB .2-7 i{B 1842 B{z nbkjkpkd s'I bkov n?bBpo B/ vhT{e n"ca t?fbzrNB

B{z fbfynk @ w?I ewKvo-fJB-uhca Bkb ;bkj eo e/ j[ew d/ fdZsk j? fe Btzpo ftu ;ojzd fvft}B ftu (eoBkb iK fcao'}g[o ) fJe oh}ot c'ai iwQK eo bJh ikt/. fJ; ftu pkoK gbNBK fgnkdk c'ai (uko :{oghnB gbNBK) gzi o;kb/ , d' gbNBK y[Zb/ x'V-uVQ/, uko s[og x[V?bh s'g]kBk s/ fszB pksohnK fgnkd/ s'g]kB/ dhnK j'DrhnK . e[b c'ai gzdoK j}ko Bcoh dh j't/rh.3 fJj fsnkohnK T[; t/b/ dhnK jB id fe jkb/ wjkokik F/o f;zx ih ihT[Id/ ;B ns/ f;ZyK tZb'I e'Jh n?;h rZb BjhI ;h j'Jh fi; dk fe Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh tZb'I e'Jh pjkBk pDk e/ th e'Jh d'F T[BQK d/ wZE/ wfVQnk ik ;edk . 20 ;szpo 1843 B{z p?oeg[o s'I n?bBpo' B/ ][d t?fbzrNB B{z

nkgDh fuZmh ftu fbfynk ;h fe @ ;kv/ fto[ZX e'Jh th i}pk wkb{w BjhI j[zdk, T[j (f;Zy) nkg; ftu MrV oj/ jB, w?B{z feXo/ T[BQK tZb'I ;kv/ Bkb t?o dk Bkw fBFkB se th BjhI fd;dk .1 go wjkokik F/o f;zx dh w"s s'I pknd gzikp d/ jkbks ezgBh dh nzdo{Bh fJZSk d/ nB[;ko YbD bZr gJ/ . 15 ;szpo 1843 B{z wjkokik F/o f;zx wko/ rJ/, ;tk e[ wjhBk fgZS'I n?bBpo 20 nes{po 1843 BP{z

fbydk j? fe @ w?I nkgD/ tZb'I ukj[zdk jK fe gzikp dh je{ws oDihs

f;zx dh id fe gzikp ;kv/ gqpzX ftu nk ikt/rk @2 ;zB 1844 d/ nkozG ftu jkbks fJ; soQK d/ pD rJ/ fd;d/ jB fe bkov n?bBpo' B{z bVkJh bZrD s'I fJZeh wjhB/ gfjbK gsk ;h fe bVkJh fe; t/b/ j't/rh

ns/ Btzpo-d;zpo 1845 s'I gfjbK BjhI bzxDk gJ/rk . @ 20 ngq?b 1844 B{z n?bBpo' B/ fbfynk fe w?B{z g{oh T[whd j? fe Btzpo 1845 s'I gfjbK ;kB{z e'Jh jZbk o'eDk BjhI gJ/rk. T[; t/b/ w?I jo rZb bJh fsnko j' iktKrk . fJ; ;w/I ftu n;hI nkgDh skes pDkT[D bJh u[Zg ukg ;G e[M eo btKr/ ;kv/ gk; tZvhnK ewkBK bJh nca;oK dk pj[s xkNk j? . ;koh ca"i B{z pj[s e[M f;ybkJh dh b'V j? ns/ w?B{z s;Zbh j? fe nmkoK wjhB/, fijV/ w?I wzrdk jK, c"ai B{z b'VhIdh jkbs se fbnkT[D bJh ekcah Bkb'I f}nkdk BjhI jB.3 wJh 1844 dh fuZmh ftu c/o

fbfynk j? fe @ Btzpo 1845 ftu ca'i bVkJH bJh jo gqeko fsnko

j' ikt/rh.4 Btzpo 1845 dh gZeh skohy dZ;D ns/ ngq?b 1844 ftu

@ nmkoK wjhB/ wzrD @ s'I n?IU gqshs j[zdk j? fe fit/I ]k; Bh:s skohy B{z bVkJh 2k bZr ikDk bkov n?bBpo' dh w[Zm ftu j[zdk j? . fJ; gqeko dhnK ca'ih fsnkohnK s'I fJbktk Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ b'V g?D s/ ca'iK ;sb[i'I gko eoB bJh g[b pDkT[D tkbhnK p/VhnK th fcao'}g[o iwk eo bJhnK ;B . f;ZyK tZb' u{zfe ezgBh d/ fto[ZZX e'Jh n?;h rZb BjhI ;h ehsh ik ojh fi; B{z bVkJh dk ekoD dZf';nk ik ;edk fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ fjzd[;skB ns/ fJzrfb;skB ftu b'eK d/ fdbK ftu fJ; Y'Jh ik ojh bVkJh dk f]nkb g?dk eoB s/ T[BQK B{z fJ; ;zpzXh ]po ;[DB bJh fsnko eoB tk;s/ gqkg'rzvk th F[o{ eo fdZsk ;h . ;o ukob; B/ghno B/ EkJhI EkJhI

SkUDhnK ftu b?euo d/D/ F[o{ eo fdZs/ fe @ f;Zy nk oj/ B/.@1 fJ; t/b/ fJzrfb;skB dh je{ws B/ bkov n?bBpo' B{z tkg; p[bk fbnk s/ T[; dh irQk ;o j?Boh jkfvzr fjzd[;skB ftu rtoBo-iBob pDk e/ G/i fdZsk i' 23 i[bkJh 1844 B{z fJE/ g[Zik. bkov n?bBpo' dh gzikp ;zpzXh gkfb;h B{z ikoh oZyd/ j'J/ ;o j?Boh jkofvzr rtoBo-iBob B/ w/io i"oi po"vcaN B{z, i' bVkJhnK yVhnK eoB ftu ske ;h, sBkf;ow s'I pdb e/ fcao'}g[o dk g'bhNheb J/izN pDk e/ gzikp dh ;ojZd s/ b? nKdk . i"oi po"vc[aN B/ fcao'}g[o nkT[Id/ jh fJj :sB F[o{ eo fdZs/ fe bkj"o oki ftu c[ZN g?dk eo fdZsh ikJ/ ns/ nzr/q}K d/ gzikp ftu dk]b j'D bJh o;sk y'fbnk ikJ/ . i"oi po"vcaN dh vkfJoh ftu 26 wkou 1845 dh skoh] j/mK fJ; soQK fbfynk j'fJnk j? 26 wkou 1845 okik BkGk dk w'jsfwd e/vk f;zx p[bkT[D go j}{o (w/io i"oi po"vcaN) dh ;/t/ ftu jk}o j'fJnk . w[bkeks t/b/ ;kfjp B/ T[; B{z fejk fe s[;hI wjkokik d/ w'jsfws pD e/ bkj"o ikU s/ T[E/ fNe' ns/ T[E/ d/ jkbks nZyo nZyo ;kB{z d;d/ oj' n"o fit/I j' ;e/ T[; (;oeko bkj"o ) xo ftu p/fJscaeh s/ Bcaos c?abk fdU ns/ ;oeko nzr/q}h d/ (gzikp ftu) dk]b j'D dh sith} eo' ns/ ;oeko bkj"o dk B;p-Bkwk fby e/ G/i' . ;oeko ( nzr/q} ) tZb'I s[jkvh gkbDk j't/rh ns/

okik BkGk dh pj[s ]?o]kjh j't/rh . T[; (e/vk f;zzx ) B/ B;p-Bkwk fby fdZsk go bkj"o ikD ns/ ofjD s'I BKj eo fdZsh . nk]o j}{o B/ r[Z;/ j' e/ wjkokik BkGk B{z fuZmh fbyh fe e'vk f;zx B{z f;o'-gkU d/ e/ S[ZNh fdZsh rJh ns/ fJ; d/ j[ew Bk wzBD dh fFekfJs, ;}k d/D dh wBFk, j}{o tZb'I fJ; B{z fdZs/ rJ/ j[ew ns/ fJ; d/ fJBeko eoB ns/ fJ; d/ g[Zso B{z, i' f;nkDk nkdwh j? fJ; ezw bJh fsnko eoB tk;s/ fbfynk . fi; dk jkb/ se BkfGT[I itkp BjhI nkfJnk. ;[fDnk frnk j? fe j}{o bkvt/ d/ tehb T[Zs/ pj[s r[Z;/ j'J/ fe T[; dk w[nZeb (bkvt/tkbk ;odko nihs f;zx) nkgD/ fJeoko g{o/ BjhI

eodk . @ fJ; t/b/ w'o' fgzv dh T[bMD th tX rJh . go po"vca[N B{z id wjkokik dbhg f;zx d/ sfjs j/mK ;h s/ fJ; dk gqpzX th T[BQK d/ jh nca;o efonk eod/ ;B . wkou 1845 B{z id bkj"o GkJh fpFB f;zx p/dh ndkbsh s/ T[BQK d/ e[M ;kEh nkgD/ ;oeko ezw bJh sbtzvh d/ gZsD' bzzx e/ fJ; fJbke/ ftu rJ/ sK po"vc[aN B/ T[BQK B{z tkg; ub/ ikD dk j[ew d/ fdZsk s/ Bkb/ e[M c"ai fJZemh eo bJh . Jh;No tkb/ fdB 160 fgnkdk f;gkjh s/ fszB ;" sbtkodko x'V-ufVQnK B{z Bkb b? e/ sbtzvh ik g[ZIik . fJ; t/b/ GkJh fpFB f;zx tkg; w[V u[Zek ;h s/ T[; dhnK p/VhnK dfonk ftu ik ojhnK ;B . po"vc[aN fJ; rZb B{z ;kwQD/ oZy e/ fe T[BQK B/ ca;b d/ e[M j'J/ B[e;kB dk w[Zb BjhI Gfonk, T{mK s/ x'fVnK dh bZdh j'Jh fJe nk]oh p/Vh cV bJh s/ r'bh th ubtk fdZsk, fi; Bkb GkJh fpFB f;zx dh gkoNh dk fJe nkdwh wkfonk frnk . fw;No o"poN n?B a e;N, i' fJ; t/b/ po"vc[N d/ Bkb ;h, fbydk j? fe fJj f;ZyK Bkb bVkJh dh gfjbh r'bh ;h i' po"vc[N tZb'I dkrh rJh. fJ; soQK ezgBh d/ eowukohnK tZb' j'o th fBZehnK w'NhnK rZbK j'Jhnk fiBQK ;kohnK B/ obe/ nzs bkj'o ftu f;ZyK B{z :ehB fdtk fdZsk fe nzr/q} f;zX tKC{ nkeoD jh gzikp d/ oki th y'jD B{z fsnko j' gJ/ jB . fJ; bJh nk]o T[BQK th fsnkoh F[o{ eo fdZsh . go f;ZyK dh fsnkoh pVh e[t/b/ F[o{ j'Jh . ezgBh d/ g'bhNheb J/izNK B/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ eJh pV/ }[zw/tko H?o-gzikph tZv/ nca;oK B{z nkgD/ Bkb rzY fbnk j'fJnk ;h s/ fJBQK gzikp Bkb HZdkoh T[Zs/ rtoBo-iBob B{z fJsBk G'o;k j' frnk j'fJnk ;h fe bkov n?bBpo' B/ bVkJh s'I fJZeh wjhB/

gfjbK jh vhT{e n"ca t?fbzrNB B{z nkgDh 15 caotoh 1844 dh fuZmh ftu fby fdZsk ;h fe fJ; rZb s/ Go';k oZy' fe w?I p/b'V/ jh iK ibdh ftu bVkJh BjhI S/VKrk, ns/ i/ w?B{z bVkJh bkT[Dh jh gJh sK w?I ]k; jZd se ekw:kph gfjbK jh jkf;b eo b?D bJh g{ok :sB eoKrk. e;N fbydk j? fe pj[s ;ko/ b'e po"vc[N B{z jh fJ; bVkJh dh S/V S/VB tkbk pbfe fJ; bVkJh dk w{b ekoD ;wMd/ ;B . e[M th j't/ fJ; rZb s'I fJBeko BjhI ehsk ik ;edk fe Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dhnK fsnkohnK s/ T[e;kjNK B/ ;zB 1845-46 dh bVkJh g??dk eo fdZsh .

ekowkJheb ;fwZE fbydk j? fe @ gzikp dh bVkJh ;zpzXh Bk sK w/oh fJj okJ/ j? fe f;ZyK B/ fpBK S/V/ jwbk ehsk j? s/ Bk jh fJj fe n;hI T[BQK Bkb e'Jh pVh Xhoh Bkb tos/ jK i/ f;ZyK B{z fpbe[b nk}kd je{ws

;wMDk ukjhdk ;h sK ;kB{z T[BQK B{z S/VBk BjhI ;h ukjhdk @ i/ 1809 dk nfwdBkwk d'BK j{ewsK ftueko ekfJw ;h sK f;ZXk ;tkb fJj j? fe d';sh d/ ekB{zBK B{z gfjbK fe; B/ s'fVnk < w/oh gZeh okJ/ fJj j? fe

gfjbK n;hI d';sh d/ ekB{zB s'V/ jB . @2

40

nzr/}K s/ f;zxK dh bVkJh w[deh d/ w?dkB ftu fit/ fgZS/ dZf;nk ik u[Zek j? fe Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ g'bhNheb eowukohnK B/ gzikp ;zpzXh nkgDhnK fsnkohnK w[zewb j[zdhnK ik ojhnK d/y e/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ H?o f;Zy ns// g{ophJ/ nca;oK Bkb :kokBk rzY fbnk ns/ fJj fcao'}g[o'I fjb ojh sko d/ w[skpe bkj"o ftu BZuD bZr gJ/ f;Zy ca"iK B{z spkj eoB bJh r'Idk r[zdD bZr gJ/ . Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dhnK ca"ih fsnkohnK fcao'}g[o d/ g'bhNheb J/izN dhnK ekotkJhnK d/ ekoD g?dk j' rJh GVekjN ns/ bkj'o ftu Bt/I pDk bJ/ rJ/ ezgBh d/ y[cahnk fjwkfJshnK d/ ekoD nkgD/ d/F T[s/ nkT[Id/ fd; oj/ ]so/ B{z o'eD bJh f;Zy ca"iK bJh izr s'I pr?o j[D j'o e'Jh ukok jh BjhI ;h fojk, fJ; bJh nzs T[BQK B/ th ibdh fsnkoh eoBh nkozGh . e[M fuo gfjbK s'I u{zfe d/F ftu ]{B ]okp/ dh jkbs ojh ;h ns/ nkg' ftu gkN'-XkV j'Jh ;h fJ; bJh c"aiK B{z fJe-w[Zm eoB bJh gzuK B/ whnKwho ns/ d{;oh ca"ih v/fonK ftu dhtkB bkJ/ s/ oki d/ tcakdko ofjD d/ gqD ehs/ ns/ gbNDK dhnK gzukfJsK bVkJh d/ fdBK bJh pzd eo fdZshnK . eh f;Zy ;odko s/ eh f;gkjh ;G gzikp d/ Bkw s'I nkgDhnK ikBK tkoB bJh fsnko ;B . i/ nzdo' nzdo p/JhwkB ;B sK fwZ;o t}hos/ ewKvo-fJB-uhca 1 fiBQK dk fe bVkJh d/ n]ho ik e/ th g{oh soQK gki Bk T[xfVnk . 12 nZ;{ ;zws 1902 w[skpe 27 ;szpo 1845 B{z ]kb;k ca"iK B/ EkU EkJhI v/fonK ftu gqD-gZsq Go/ fe T[j jo soQK wjkokik dbhg f;zx ns/ oki-wksk wjkokDh fizd e"o d/ tckdko ofj e/ caozrh Bkb izr eoBr/ . fJSZo/ d/ v'o/ cako;h ftu Go/ j'J/ gqD-gsq dk gzikph T[bEk fJ; soQK j? L soiwK n;hI i' okw-oiwD d/ f;gkjh ns/ S'N/ tZv/ j[zd/dko ;D/ eoB?b i'X f;zx, e[w/dkB r[bkp f;zx, ;w/s ioB?b p[X f;zx wkB jK fJ; t/b/

fbys eo e/ fdzd/ jK ns/ gqD eod/ jK fe u{zfe ;ops ]kb;k ih B{z ftuko eo e/ ns/ fJe-;bkj/ j' e/ pkdFkj dbhg f;zx t}ho wkJh (fizd e"o) ;kfJpk wB}{o s/ gqtkD jB fJ; bJh ;kv/ ftu'I e'Jh th fJ; ftuko ns/ ;bkj s'I pkjok BjhI j't/rk . fJj e[M Fpd gqwkD-gZsq d/ s"o s/ fby/ rJ/ jB . d{ih rZb-gfjb/ B"oks/ ]kb;k ih dhnK c"aiK fcao'}g[o tZb e{u eoBrhnK . fJeoko gZek j? fe ]kb;k ih gfjb/ B"oks/ fco"}g[o tZb B{z e{u eoBr/ ns/ Xow-B/w nB;ko ;ops ]kb;k fco"}g[o ftu caozrh d/ Nkeo/ j't/rk . d[;fjo/ tkb/ fdB ;sb[i dfonk d/ ezY/ j't/rk . d[;fjo/ dk fdB fcao'}g[o tZb B{z gko eoB dk fdB w[eZoo j'fJnk J? . mhe j't/rk . 12 nZ;{ ;zws 1902 B{z ;ops ]kb;k ihU d/ bkw d/ v/o/ fJZSo/ fJj fbys j'Jh . ;jh r[bkp f;zx e[w/dkB, i'X f;zx eoB?b, ioB?b p[X f;zx wkB,nFoca nbhw/io, cafsj f;zx ,ekBQ f;zx fo;kbk Bz a1, okw f;zx fo;kbk Bz a2,;ktD f;zx fo;kbk Bz a 3, ihT[D f;zx fo;kbk Bz a4,- fo;kbk Bz a5, fXnkB f;zx fo;kbk Bz a6 . Btzpo d/ sh;o/ jcas/ ]kb;k ca"iK wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh ;wkX s/ jk}o j'JhnK s/ e;wK ykXhnK fe T[j jo soQK dopko d/ tcakdko ofjDr/ ns/ ;sb[i'I gko caozrh d/ Nkeo/ s/ bVB ikDr/ . go fJj ;G e{M ;[nko eh ;edk ;h id fe gzikp ;oeko d/ f;ftb s/ ca"ih d'B' tZv/ nca;o (i' H?o-f;Zy s/ H?o-gzikph ;B) ezgBh Bkb ob/ j'J/ ;B . ]kb;k caa"iK dk fJbkB nzrq/}K T[Zs/ bVkJh dk jZbk eoB dk BjhI ;h pbfe bVkJH bJh fsnko j' e/ nkJ/ j'J/ nzr/q}K d/ Nkeo/ s/ nkgD/ fJbke/ ftu nkgD/ jZeK d/ pukU bJh bVBk ;h, fit/I fe bkj"o dopko tZb'I nukBe izrh fsnkohnK bJh fdZs/ ekoDK s'I ;kca f;ZX j? . gfjbK ekoD fJj ;h fe ;oeko nzr/q}h B/ gzikp ;oeko tZb'I bVkJh fSVB tkb/ fe;/ ekoD d/ g?dk j'D s'I fpBK jh gzikp dh jZd T[s/ bVkJh bJh jo soQK fsnko nzr/q}h ca"i dh fJe pVh Gkoh frDsh fbnk

iwk ehsh j/? ns/ ][d rtoBo iBob th gzikp dh jZd tZb B{z tfXnk ufbnk nk fojk j? . d{;ok fJj fe Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ nc;o ;sb[i'I gko bkj"o dopko d/ nkgD/ fJbke/ ftu bkj"o d/ f;ftb s/ ca"ih nkdwhnK B{z ikD'I o'ed/ jB . sh;ok fJj fe nzr/q}K B/ okik ;[u/s f;zx d/ fcao'}g[o d/ ]ikB/ ftu iwk gJ/ o[gJhJ/ ;zpzXh gzikp ;oeko dh wzr g{oh BjhI ehsh, ns/ u"Ek fJj fe w'o' fgzv ;zpzXh wjkokik BkGk Bkb MrV/ ftu nzrq/}K B/ gzikp ;oeko d/ fto[ZX d]b fdZsk j? . Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh tZb'I ca"ih fsnkohnK ns/ T[BQK d/ fcao'}g[o ftu p?m/ g'bhNheb J/izN po"vca[N tZb'I j' ojh S'V ykBh dk e[M e[ f}eo T[go ehsk ik u[Zek j? s/ dZf;nk frnk j? fe fJ; dk nzdo{Bh wo;d eh ;h s/ fet/I v/Y d' ;kb gfjbK jh rtoBo-iBob B{z bkj"o dopko Bkb bVkJh bZrD dh mhe skoh] se dk gsk ;h . fJ; s'I fJj rZb ;kca f;ZX j? fe bVkJh dk fi; t/b/ b'V j't/ bk b[nk b?Dk ezgBh d/ nca;oK d/ nkgD/ jZE ftu ;h ns/ T[BQK nkgD/ Bkb ob/ j'J/ iK obD tkb/ bkj"o ;oeko d/ tZv/ nca;oK T[s/ fJsBk gZek Go';k ;h fe rtBo-iBob m'e pik e/ fJe ;kb d; wjhB/ gfjbK jh efj ;edk ;h fe ««fJ; rZb s/ Go';k oZy' fe w?I p/b'V/ iK ibdh ftu bVkJh BjhI S/VKrk ns/ i/ w?B{z bVkJh bkT[Dh jh gJh sK w?I ]k; jZd se ekwk:kph gfjbK jh jk;b eo b?D bJh g{ok :sB eoKrk .ª fJBQK jkbsk ftu bVkJh S/VB dk d'F ;oeko gzikp d/ f;o wVQBk tkfenks d/ fto[ZX j? . ;sb[i dfonk d/ dZyD B{z ;oeko bkj"o dk ekcah fJbkek ;h . fJ; bJh fi; t/b/ ;oeko bkj"o dk ekch fJbkek ;h . fJ; bJh fi; t/b/ ;oeko bkj"o dhnK ca'iK bVkJh bJh iwk j'Jh s/ j' ojh nzrq/}h ca"i d/ Nkeo/ bJh (nzrq/}K s/ jZbk eoB bJh BjhI) ;sb[i'I gko j'JhnK sK T[j nkgD/ fJbke/ ftu jh ik e/ T[sZohn ;B nzrq/}h fJbke/ ftu BjhI .1 fJj mhe j? fe 25 ngq?b 1809 d/ nfjdBkw/ ftu fJj rZb fbyh j'Jh ;h fe nzdo{Bh gqpzX bJh b'V s'I f}nkdk ca"i T[; fJbke/ ftu BjhI oyh ikt/rh fijVk fe ;sb[i d/ dZyD B{z ;oeko bkj"o dk j? go j[D id fe g{oh soK bVkJh bJh fsnko fJe pVh ca"i nzrqiK B/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ fJbke/ dh ;ojZd T[s/ fbnk yVh ehsj ;h ns/ fJbke/ B{z ]sok ;kca fd; fojk ;h sK ;oeko bkj"o B{z T[; d/ w[skpe jh gqpzX eoB bJh ca"i th f}nkdk frDsh ftu oyDh g?Dh ;h . ca"ih fsnkohnK ns/ ;ojZd T[s/ ca"i b? nkT[D dh gfjb ezgBh tZb'I j'Jh ;h, ;oeko bkj"o tZb'I BjhI . fJ; s'I fJbktk w/io ekowkJheb ;fwZE fbydk j? fe fJj 1809dk nfjdBkwk

gfjbK jh nzrq/}K tZb'I s'fVnk ik u[Zek j'fJNk ;h id fe T[BQK B/ fcao'}g[o ns/ gzikp d/ ftueko ;sb[i ftu f;ZyK d/ fJe i}ho/ T[As/ e[p}k eo fbnk .2 fJ; bJh BK sK nwbh tkfenks dh fpBK s'I ns/ BK jh nfjdBkw/ B{z nZr/ eo e/ fJj nkfynk ik ;edk j? fe bkj"o dopko B/ nzrq/}h fJbke/ T[s/ e'Jh jwbk ehsk j? . u{zfe bVkJh dhnK fsnkohnK th gfjbK nzrq/}K B/ ehshnK, bkj"o d/ fJbke/ dh jZd T[s/ ca"i th gfjbK T[BQK jh fbnk iwk ehsh, ;oeko bkj"o d/ nkdwhnK B{z T{BQK d/ nkgD/ jh fJbke/ ftu dk]b j'D' th ezgBh d/ nca;oK B/ jh o'fenk ns/ T[BQK T[s/ r'bh ubkT[D dh gfjb th T[BQK jh ehsh , f;ZyK d/ i}ho/ T[s/ ep}k eoB eoe/ nfjdBkwk th T[BQk tZb'I jh N[ZNk, ;oeko bkj"o dhnK ikfJ} wzrK B{z g{ok eoB ftu e'skjh th T[[BQK jh ehsh , nkgD/ nkdwh G/ie/ bkj"o dopko ftu c[ZN g[nkTD ns/ nzrq/}K d/ gzikp s/ ep{}k eoB bJh ;k}F dh e'fFF th T[BQK B/ jh ehsh, bkj"o dopko d/ t}ho ns/ ewKvo-fJB-uhca B{z nkgD/ Bkb rzYD ns/ bVkJh ftu rZdkoh eoB dh T[e;kjN d/ e/ d';sh dh fto'Xsk th ezgBh d/ g'bhNheb J/izNk B/ jh ehsh, ns/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ g{oph B"eoK B{z nkgD/ Bkb obkT[D bJh n?bkB th ezgBh B/ jh eZY/, fJ; bJh f;ZX/ iK N/Y/ YzrK Bkb bkj"o ezgBh d/ f;o jh nkTI[dh j? . ns/ u{zfe bVkJh bZrD s' gfjbK jh 13 d;zpo 1845 B{z rtBo-iBob B/ ;oeko bkj"o ns/ eg{oEbk s/ ;sb[i'I dZyD d/ fJbke/ B{z }ps eo b?D dk n?bkB eo fdZsk1 ns/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ fJbke/ ftu jh bVkJh brh, fJ; bJh ;oeko bkj"o d/ fJbke/ T[s/ jwbk eoB dk d'F ezgBh d/ f;o nkT[Idk j? ns/ u{zfe bVhnK rJhnK 1w[deh bVkJH i' f;zx s/ nzzzzro/}K dhnK bVkJhnK ftu'I gfjbh bVkJh ;h, 18d;zpo B{z bVh rJh ;h . Gkt/I fJ; bVkJh ftu Gh okik bkb f;zx t}ho ezgNB fBeb;B dh ;bkj Bkb jh nkgDh c"ai nzro/}h ewKvo-fJB-uhca ;o jhT{ r"ca d/ fto[ZX b? e/ frnk, fit/I fe eoBb w{s'I B/ nkgDh ohg'oN ftu fbfynk j?, go ;oeko bkj"o dk ;sb[i d/ dZyD dk fJbkek }ps eo b?D dk n?bkB fJ; s'I gzi fdB gfjbK jh 13 d;zpo 1845 B{z ;okJ/ bFeoh ]kB s'I eo fdZsk ;h fi; t/b/ w[deh dh bVkJh F[o{ j'Jh sK T[; tb/ ][d rtoBo-iBob ;o j?Boh jkofvzr dk nkgDk fdb Gh fJj rtkjh fdzdk ;h fe j'o sK j'o fJzrfb;skB d/ b'e Gh fJ; bVkJh B{z f;ZyK tbI'I nzro/}h ;ojZd T[s/ ehsk frnk jwbk BjhI wzBDr/ . po"vcN d/ nf;;N?IN o"poN Bhvjw e;N T[; t/b/ rtoB-

iBob d/ Bkb ;h . T[j fbydk j? fe T[; t/b/ w?I rtBo-iBob d/ Bkb jh fgZS/ ;tko ;K, ns/ n;hI g?db ca"i dh T[vhe ftu fJe doZ]s d/ j/mk p?mk rJ/ . rtoBo-iBob B nkfynk ªªWill the people of England consider this an actual invasion of our frontier and a justification for war ? noEks eh fJzrfb;skB d/ be fJ; B{z ;kvh ;ojZd T[s/ jwbk ns/ bVkJh bJh fJe ;Zuk ekoD ;wMDr/ < { R. N Cust Linguistic and Oriental Essays-Another Chapter in the History of the Conquest of the Punjab, part vi, p. 46-47.] bVkJhnK ftu fiZsK th bkj"o dopko d/ H?o-f;Zy s/ g{ophJ/ nca;oK t}ho bkb f;zx ns/ ewKvo-fJB-uhca s/i f;zx B{z nkgD/ Bkb y[cahnk s"o s/ rzY e/ T[BQK dh rZdkoh Bkb gqkgs ehshnK, fJ; bJh y[cahnk s/ ftzr/ YzrK Bkb nkgD/ g?Ish; ;kb d/ fwZso wjkokik oDihs f;zx s/ T[BQK d/ tko;K d/ oki B{z spkj eoB dh pdBkwh f;ZXh T[BQK d/ wZE/ brdh j? . fJ; tZvh bVkJh dk w[ZY jh rZdkoh Bkb pZMk . eoBb w{s'I, i' ;oeko bkj"o d/ f;Zy fo;kb/ dk nca;o ;h, fbydk j? fe ªª12 d;zpo B{z ca"i fcao'}g[o'I 7 whb d/ cak;b/ s/ ;sb[i'I gko j'Jh . okik bkbk f;zx B/ f;ZyK B{z fejk fe nzr/q}h ca"i dhnK uko d/;h gbNDK }o{o T[BQK Bkb nk obBhrnK . UXo d{;o/ gk;/ fcao'}g[o d/ eko w[ysko egskB fBeb;B B{z ;[B/jk G/i fdZsk fe ;oeko dh wo}h d/ fto[ZX ca"iK ;sb[i'I gko j' gJhnK jB ns/ ioB?bK B{z th T[BQK dh fJZSk d/ fto[ZX Xohfenk frnk j?, ns/ ;Zm j}ko ca"i fcao'}g[o s/ e{u eo ojh j? fi; B{z fe pukT[D bJh S/ j}ko Gh nkdwh T[E/ BjhI jB, nzs ftu egskB gk;' ;bkj gZ[Sh fe S/ ;Zm j}ko ca"i fcao'}g[o s/ e{u eo ojh j? fi; B{z fe pukT[D bJh S/ j}ko Gh nkdwdh T[E/ BjhI jB, nzs ftu egskB gk;'I ;bkj g[ZSh fe T[j eh eo/ . itkp ftu egskB fBeb;B B/ okik bkb f;zx B{z fejk fe T[j nkgDh ca"i d/ gzMh j}ko nkdwh tZyo/ eo e/ ewKvo-fJB-uhc d/ Nkeo/ nkdwh B{z jko j' iktrh s/ pkeh dh ca"Ii fsZso fpZso j' e/ w[V dfnkUI gko ubh ikt/rh . fJ; rZdkoh B/ nzr/q}K B{z fJe :ehBh jko s'I puk fbnk . 15 d;zpo B{z fszB fvth}B fgnkdk ca"i 24 s'gK, uko fo;kb/ dhnK gbNDK,;ko/ jh p/ekfJdk x'Vk-uVQ/ ns/ okik bkb f;zx dk Gkoh s'g]kBk T[; dh ewkB j/mK w[deh B{z s[o gJ/ i' fcao'}g[o'I 28 whb d/ cak;b/ s/ dZyD-uVQd/ B{z j?«« .1

nk]o Bshik T[j jh j'fJnk fi; bJh fe fJj ca"i w[doh fbikJh s/ d'jK dh bVkJh j' gJh . efBzxw fbydk j? fe ªªbkb f;zx jwb/ dk w'joh ;h, go nkgD/ gfjb/ fwE/ wB'oE nB[;ko T[; B/ nkgDh ca"i B{z bVkJh ftu c;k fdZsk s/ fgZS'I T[BQK B{z fpBK ewkB d/, fit/I T[BQK dh pjkd[oh T[BQK dhnK 17 s'gK y[Z; rJhnK, go nzrq/}K dh cafsj fJsBh w[ezwb BjhI ;h fisBh fe pj[s ;kohnK bVkJhnK ftu cafsj gkT[D tkfbnK dh j'Dh ukjhdh ;h . fJ; bVkJh B/ ezgBh d/ ca"ih nca;oK B{z frnkB eok fdZsk fe f;Zy Bk sK p[}fdb jh jB ns/ Bk jh c'e/ dwri/ wkoB tkb/ jB . pkti{d fJ; d/ fe okik bkb f;zx nzr/q}K Bkb ofbnk j'fJnk j'D eoe/ f;zxK B{z bVfdnK Sv e/ fy;e frnk ;h, fi; pjkdoh Bkb T[j T[; d/ fgZS'I th bVd/ oj/ T[; B/ fJj rZb ;gFN eo fdZsh fe Gkt/I tZv/ nca;oK B{z rzY fbnk frnk j? go f;Zy f;gkjh fpBK d' jZE ehs/ d/ GZi fBebB tkb/ BjhI jB . fJ; bJh T[BQK c?;bk ehsk fe fisBh d/o se ;o i"B fbNbo dh ca"i Bkb w/b Bk j' ikJh T[sBh d/o se c/o{ Ffjo tkbh f;Zy ca"i Bkb wZEk Bk bkfJnk ikt/ . w[deh dh jko fgZS'I f;zxK B/ ;sb[i d/ T[oko fJeZm ehsk fi; ftu fJj rZb ;gFN j' rJh fe t}ho fwZ;o bkb f;zx B/ oki Bkb Xo'j ewkfJnk j? j/mh s/ ca"i dk B[e;kB ehsk j?, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z w"s dh ;}k d/Dh ukjhdh j? s/ fJ; B{z ikB'I j? wko ;[ZNDk ukjhdk j? . fJ; rZb dk fFeo eodk j'fJnk fJe ;wekbh s/ tkfeceko b/ye eft wNe fbydk j? fe fJ; t/b/ s/i f;zx s/ p{V f;zx B/ f;zxK dhnK p{V f;zx B/ f;zxK dhnK pVhnK fwzsBK eoe/ T[; B{z S[vkfJnk s/ T[; dh ikB pukJh .1 41 c/o{ Ffjo dh bVkJh 21 d;zpo d/ b"Y/ t/b/ c/o{ Ffjo d/ bkr/ f;Zy ezg{ s'I uko e[ whb dh ftZE T[s/ ;o i"B fbNbo dh ca"i ;o jhT{ r"c dh w[Zy ca"i dk w/b j' frnk . fJE/ th ewKvo okik bkb f;zx jh ;h s/ s/i f;zx ;jkfJe-;?Bk dh ewkB eo fojk ;h . FkfJd fJ;/ f]nkb Bkb fe w[ekpb/ T[s/ nkgD/ jh nkdwh jB . r"ca B/ fsokekbK d/ t/b/, fi; t/b/ fe ;{oi fSgD ftu xzNk e[ jh ofjzdk ;h, jZbk p'b fdZsk s/ nkgD/ wFj{o s'g]kB/ Bkb nZr

toQkTDh F[o{ eo fdZsh . go nZfrUI, efBzxw fbydk j? fe,ªªf;Zy s'gK p/Vh s/}h s/ wro yV/ ;B . fJ; soK ;kwQfDUI Nkeok nzrq/}K dh nk; d/ ftoZ[X ;h s/ T[j ;G j?okB ;B . f;Zy s'gK e/ fBFkfBnK B/ nzr/q}h s'gK B{z uoyhnK s'I bkj e/ G'IfJ wkfonk s/ pko{d c{e e/ nksF-pk}h tKC{ jtk ftu T[vk fdZsk . eJh ;[enkvoB nZX ftu'I wo'V e/ fgZS/ B{z XZe fdZs/, eJh gbNDK B{z SkBDh eo e/ Gik fdZsk ns/ w[Feb Bkb nBQ/ok j'D s/ nzrq/}h ca"iK f;ZyK d/ w'ofunK d/ e[M e[ fjZ;/ dpk ;ehnK . oks d/ nB/Qo/ ns/ jmhb/ Nkeo/ B/ nzrq/}K dh j'F G[bk fdZsh . ;kohnK gbNDK ns/ ;kohnk fe;wK d/ f;gkjh nkg; ftu ob rJ/ . ioB?b bVkJh ftu nkgDhnK fiZsK ;zpzXh FZe ftu ;B ns/ eoB?bK B{z fJj BjhI ;h gsk fe T[BQK dhnK gbNDK ns/ fi; ca"i Bkb T[j ;B T[BQK dk eh pfDnk j? ,,,,,nzrq/}K dh g'ihFB fJe ;u-wZu d/ ]so/ s/ xpokjN tkbh ;h . fJ; :kdrkoh oks B{z T[j w[Feb Bkb jh T[; irQk d/ wkbe ;B fiZE/ fe T[j yV's/ ;B . T[BQK gk; e'Jh ;jkfJe ca"i BjhI ;h id fe d[FwB (f;Zy) fJe j'o d{;oh ca"i d/ ;jko/ s/ j' rJ/ ;B ns/ f}nkdk frDsh Bkb eo ;ed/ ;B .««1 e;N fbydk j? fe ª;koh oks s'g s/ s'g ubdh ojh . n;hI ikDd/ ;K fe ;kv/ pukU dk e'Jh Yp BjhI fojk, ns/ fisBh d/o se n;hI bVkJh Bk fiZs bJhJ/ ;kv/ ftu'I fJe th fgZS/ (pu e/) BjhI ik ;e/rk pbfe ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ jh wko w[ekJ/ ikDr/ .«« fJ; t/b/ wkb{w j[zdk j? fe FkfJd T[BQK B{z bkb f;zzzx ns/ s/i f;zx dh rZdkoh T[s/ g{ok g{ok :ehB BjhI ;h pZMdk . Gkt/I n;b rZb ;kca fJj fd;dh j? fe fJj nzdo'I sK gZeh soQK d/Dk ukj[zd/ . f;Zy f;gkjh u{zfe fJwkBdkoh Bkb tsB dh nk}kdh bJh nkgDhnK fizdK x'b x[wk oj/ ;B fi; G/d dk fe FkfJd nzrq/}K B{z gsk BjhI ;h ns/ T[j xpok oj/ ;B, ns/ nzs ftu f;Zy wko/ fJ; eoe/ rJ/ fe T[j fJBQK nca;oK B{z fJwkBdko ;wM e/ fJBQK j[ewK dh gkbDk eod/ oj/ . fJ; xpokjN dh jkbs ftu 21-22 dh oks B{z nzrq/} c/o{ Ffjo ftu mfjo/ ofjD ftu nkgDh jko :ehBh d/y oj/ ;B, fJ; bJh fco'}g[o tZb B{z fgZS/ jN ikD dhnK ;bkjK ;'uD br/ pfbe/ ekfJw-w[ekw n?vi{NzN-iBob e?gNB bwbh B/ e[M fo;kb/ B{z j[ew th d/ fdZsk ;h fe T[j f;ZXk fcao'}g[o B{z e{u eo ikJ/ .2 fJj jh BjhI pbfe jfEnko SZv e/ fpBK-Fos nkgD/ nkg B{z f;ZyK d/ jtkb/ eo d/D d/ T[gkU th ;'u/ ikD br gJ/ ns/ ;oekoh ekr}K B{z nZr bk e/ c{e d/D dhnK ftT[IsK th pD rJhnK ;B3 ns/ jkbks fJ;

jZd se fto[ZX iKd/ fd; oj/ ;B fe rtoBo-iBob B/ nkgD/ g[Zso s/ gqkJht/N ;?feqNoh B{z e[M ;oekoh ekr}, nkgDk ;Nko n"ca dh pkE, ns/ nkgDh B?g'bhnB tkbh sbtko i' vhT{e n"ca t?fbzrNB tZb'I s'jck fwbh j'Jh ;h. d/e/ nzpkb/ tZb B{z ub/ ikD dk j[ew d/ fdZsk ;h ns/ efj fdZsk ;h fe i/ jko j' ikt/ sK T[j ;oekoh ekr}K B{z nZr bk e/ c{e d/t/ s/ nkg f;ZXk fdZbh B{z ubk ikt/ .4 go 22 d;zpo dh ;t/o/ j[zd/ ;ko jh gk;k gbN frnk . nzr/}K B{z sK n?t/I jh bkb f;zx ;zpzXh FZe gJ/ j'J/ ;B . bkb f;zx sK oks B{z jh nkgD/ ;ko/ y[Zb/Q x'V-ufVQnK ns/ s'g]kB/ dhnK ;Zm s'gK d/ s'guhnK B{z Bkb b? nzfwqs;o-bkj"o tZb B{z GZi fBefbnk ;h .1 fi; t/b/ nzr/q}K B{z fJ; rZb dk gsk bZrk sK pkeh ofjzdh f;Zy c"ai B{z jo EK s'I ;[ykb/ jh fgZS/ jNk fdZsk frnk . fiT[I jh fdB ufVQnk ns/ f;Zy c"ai dk d{;ok fjZ;k goQk pzBQh B}dhe nkfJnk sK EZe/ N[ZN/ s/ G[y Bkb u{o j'J/ nzr/q}K B{z fJe fBok;-Goh s/ p/-ckfJdk jZE g?o wkoB dh bVkJh ;kjwD/ fd;h . fJj ;jkfJe f;Zy ca"i s/i f;zx dh ewkB j/mK ;h . T[; d/ fBoSb ns/ T[sFkj-Go/ f;gkjhnK B/ T[; B{z pE/ok nkfynk fe gj[ c[Nd/ ;ko jh nzrq/}K T[s/ N[N gt/ . go T[; dk sK we;d ;h G:zeo ]kb;k ca"i B{z jotkT[Dk s/ fsZso fpso eotkT[Dk, ns/ nzrq/}K Bkb ehsh rzY-sg B{z f;o/ ukVQBk . fJ; bJh T[; B/ T[sBh d/o se e[M Bk ehsk id se fe bkb f;zx d/ GZi fBebD dk gsk Bk bZr frnk ns/ nzrq/}K B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z nkgD/ MzfvnK d/ fJod frod iwK Bk eo fbnk . nk]oh t/b/ th fdqVQ s/ eoVk jZbk eoB dh EK fJe fdykt/ wkso wkw{bh MVg jh bJh s/ e[M fuo fgZS'I nkgD/ wksfjsK B{z e[M j[ew fdZs/ fpBK jh n?t/I nzBQ/-tkj GZi fBefbnk .fJj T[j t/bk ;h fi; t/b/ fe nzrq/}K d/ sg]kB/ dk pko{d w[e u[Zek j'fJnk ;h ns/ T[BQK dh ca"i dk fJe fjZ;k w[V e/ fcao"}g[o B{z jfNnk ik fojk ;h . fJ; t/b/ i/ }ok e[ fjzws Bkb nZr/ B{z dZp ukVQh iKdh sK nzr/q}K dk fe'Jh th gq:sB T[BQK dh pkeh ca"i B{z puk BjhI ;h ;edk .2 fjzws Bkb jZbk eoB dh EK s/i f;zx GZi fBebD fgZSI ;[bkj bJh nzrq/}h e?Ig ftu ubk frnk ns/ rtoBo-iBob ;o j?Boh jkofvzr Bkb ik w[bkeks ehsh . eh rZb-pks j'Jh, fJ; dk t/otk gqrN BjhI ehsk frnk go nkfynk fJj iKdk j? fe rtoBo-iBob B/ T[sBh d//o se

e'Jh rZb-pks eoB' BKj eo fdZsh fisBh d/o fe nzrq/}h ca"iK bkj"o dhnK ezXK EZb/ Bk gj[zu ikD .3 1eoBb w{s'I dh og'oN, gzBk 6,

2Cuningham,History of the Sikhs (1849),308-09 w{s'I nkgDh og'oN (gzBk 6-7) ftu fbydk j? fe s/i f;zx 22 skohy B{z nkfJnk ns/ T[; B/ wkwb{h fijh bVkJh fgZS' jh jN ikD dk j[ew d/ fdsk .

3History of the Punjab (Allen s Co,1846),ii, 344 1efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;Zy; (1849),307-8

1

ykBdkBykBdkBykBdkBykBdkBykBdkBj'o d{;o/ f;ZX{ ik f;ZX{-pokV iZNK1 tKC nNkohtkb/ ;odko Gh nkgDk

fgZSk i?;bw/o d/ w'Yh i?;b GZNh-okig{s Bkb ik w/bd/ jB . ir wZb dkg[Zsq Xok fJ; ]kBdkB dk gfjbk pzdk ;h i' okig{skfBUI T[Am e/ gzikp B{znkfJnk ns/ ;zB 1580 Jh;th d/ eohp wkbt/ ftZu c{b wfjoki nk e/nkpkd j'fJnk . fJj nkgD/ ;w/I dk fJe uzrk okrh ;h ns/ okr-ftZfdnkd/ ikd{ jkb sZe Gh T[; B{z pV/ ;fseko Bkb :kd eod/ jB .2

;zB 1735 d/ eohp fJ; ykBdkB ftZu fJe tkoh fjZb i[b j'Jh s/fJBQK ftZu'I e[M c{b wfjoki fgzv s'I T[m e/ b[fXnkD/ d/ f}b/ nbkekirokUI ftZu fJzdrVQ (ekUIe/) nk t;/ . fJ; ]kBdkb d/ fJ; t/b/ d/fJfsjk; ;pzXh e[m gsk BjhI ubdk . f;oca fJsbk jh gsk bZrdk j? feekUIe/ d/ u"Xoh ekBQ uzd d/ d' g[Zsq r"jo s/ e"o uzr/ okm fBeb/ s/ nkgDhfe;ws niwkT[D bJh gzMh e[ ;tko b?e/ wkM/ tZb nkJ/ . fJZE/ fJBQK B/nNkoh s'I uVQd/ tZb nZX e[ whb dh ftZX s/ nk w'VQh rZvh s/ Bt/I fgzv dkBkUI nkgD/ fgSb/ fgzv d/ BkUI T[As/ ekUIe/ oZfynk . fJj fgzv jkb sZe T[E/nkpkd j? .3

1. "Sidhu, with its branch the Barar, or Sidhu-Barar, is the largest andmost important of the Jat tribes of the Punjab, for from it have sprungthe great Phulkian families of Patiala, Nabha and Jind and the Brarfamily of FAridkot. the Sidhu trace their origin to Jaisal, a Bhatti Rajputand founder of Jaisalmer... The pure Bhatti Rajputs of Bhattiana stilladmit their relationship with the Sidhu and Barar." Rose, H.A. - AGlossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W.F.P., iii 421

2. ;:Zd jkd j;B s/ ;:Zd oip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 60-1l b?gb frqfcB,gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, 238

3. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca;, (1890), 238 .gzE gqekF ftZu fbfynk j? fe r'o/ B/ ;zws 1794 B{z Xb/FNk d/ bkr/ fJe fgzvt;kfJnk s/ T[; dk Bkw r'og[ok ofynk . gzE gqekF, d{ih n?vhFB, 835.

fJj fdB ]kb;/ bJh pV/ fpyV/ ;B . ;?c[Zd"bk Btkp npd[b;wZd Bk fdb/fo-izr dk g[Zsq }eohnk ykB i' fJfsjk; ftZu ª]kBpjkdo« eoe/ gqf;ZX j? bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h . f;zxK dh esb-nkw sKfJ; d/ fgT[ d/ }wkB/ s'I jh fJe Fkjh caowkB Bkb ikoh j' u[Zeh j'Jh ;hid fJj j[ew j' frnk ;h fe fiZE/ feXo/ Gh e'Jh f;Zy fwb/ fpBk g[ZSgqshs d/ esb eo fdZsk ikt/ .1 fJ; wsbp bJh bkj"o s'I ]kB pjkdodhnK rFsh c"iK fBebdhnK s/ f;ZyK B{z N'b Gkb ftZu fgzv' fgzvfcodhnK . fiZE/ feXo/ f;zxK B{z gsk brdk T[E/ ik Skgk wkodhnK s/T[BQK B{z cV e/ bkj"o gj[zuk fdzdhnK . fJBQK rFsh d;fsnK B/ wkM/ s/fonkVeh dk ;kok fJbkek rkj wkfonk . eJh tkoh dPkp/ s/ BZe/ d/T[gob/ fjZf;nK sZe Gh fJj ik g[Zid/ . fJ; soQK j}koK dh frDsh ftZuf;zx geVh: geVh: e/ bkj"o g[Zid/ ofjzd/ . fiZE/ T[jfdZbh dotki/ d/uVQdh tZb pk}ko Byk; ftZu bzv/ pk}ko dh EK s/ Fjhd eo fdZs/ iKd/. eJhnK B{z sbtko Bkb esb ehsk, eJhnk B{z uoyVhnK s/ ukVQe/T[BQK dhnK jZvhnK eVek fdZshnK, eJhnK B{z w{zrbhnK Bkb e[Ntk e/wotk fdZsk ns/ eJhnK B{z j'o eJh gqeko d/ s;hj/ d/ e/ wko w[ekfJnk. T[BQK d/ f;o d/ w[Bko/ u[D/ iKd/ ;B s/ p/-f;o XV esb-rkj ftZudptk fdZs/ ikd/ . fJ;/ n;EkB s/ jh fJBQK FjhdK dh :kd ftZu bkj"odk Fjhd-rzi j? .2 fJj i[bw e/tb f;zxK T[s/ jh BjhI ;B j[zd/ . whowzB{ d/ t/b/ sK f;zxDhnK B{z gh n;fj s/ nefj eFN fdZs/ rJ/ id feT[BQK d/ d[ZX u[zxd/ pZfunK d/ N'N/ N'N/ eo e/ T[BQK dhnK M'bhnK ftZu gkJ/rJ/, T[BQK B{z G[Zy/ GkD/ jo o'} ;tk ;tk wD dkD/ ghjD B{z fdZs/ iKd/ ;Bns/ T[BQK B{z yzBh yzBh o'Nh s/ r[}kok eoBk g?Idk ;h, go FkpkF T[BQk r[o{d/ bkbK s/ r[o{ dhnK pZuhnK d/, fiBQK B/ fJj ;ko/ eFN fyV/ wZE/ ;jkobJ/ s/ j}koK ftZu'I fe;/ fJe B/ Gh nkgDh fizd pukT[D bJh Xow B{zfsnkrDk gqtkD Bk ehsk .3 fJBQK w[;hpsK d/ ekoB f;zxK B{z xo xkN4. w[BFh dkfBFto fbydk j? fe pzdk f;zx pjkd[o d/ esb d/ pkd j[ew j' frnk fe

fiE/ feXo/ Gh fJ; fcoe/ d/ b'e fwbD, MN esb eo fdZs/ ikD . fwcaskj-T[-stkohy, ;ck 396 .

5. rD/Fdk; pv'jok, fo;kbk fJ-;kfjp B[wk, 198-9l eBQJhnk bkb, skohfy-bkj"o219 nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqs Bkwkl bshc, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, 193 .

6. frnkB f;zx, gzE gqekF . fJj ;]shnK fJ; jZd se ehshnK iKdhnK ;B s/ f;zxK B/fJBQK B{z fJ; soQK fyV/ wZE/ ;jkfonk fe jkb se fJj ]kb;/ dh nodk; dk fjZ;k pDhnKubhnK nk ojhnK jB .

SZv e/ izrbK ns/ gjkVK tZb B{z fBeb ikDk g? frnk . go fJj ;G e[MGh T[BQK dh ;fgfoN B{z Bk e[ub ;fenk, pbfe T[j d{D ;tkJ/ j[zd/ rJ/. fJj r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dh f;zxK ftZu c{eh j'Jh BthI o{j ;h fi; B/ T[BQKB{z ;Zu-w[Zu fuVhnK s'I pk} ns/ frZdVK s'I F/o pDk fdZsk ;h . fJ; t/b/]kb;/ ftZu jT[w? s/ ngDZs BjhI ;h . T[j r[o{ gzE dh ;/tk bJh ihT[Id/ns/ r[o{ gzE B{z uVQdhnK ebK ftZu oZy tykT[D bJh e[opkB j' iKd/ ;B. eJh fBZi dk bkG T[BQK B{z Gowk e/ GoktK Bkb'I s'V BjhI ;h ;edk ns/fe;/ fBZih B[e;kB iK ikB dk vo T[BQK B{z nkgD/ gzE dh ;/tk s'I fgZS/ BjhI;h jNk ;edk . gzE dh ;/tk T[BQK dk we;d ;h Gkt/I T[j fe;/ Gh jkbss/ g'}hFB ftZu ;B . Gkt/I e'Jh f;zx ;odko ;p/r f;zx dh g[}hFB ftZubkj"o dk e[stkb ;h s/ Gkt/ ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ eg{o f;zx tKC je{wsdk eZNV fto'Xh . fdb ftZu fJZSk ;kfonK d/ fJe' ;h s/ T[j ;h fe ªijKijK ]kb;k ;kfjp, sjK sjK foZfXnk fonkfJs, d/H s/H casfj, fpodeh g?i oj/, gzE eh ihs, ;qh ;kfjp ih ;jkfJ, ]kb;/ ih d/ p'b pkb/ .« fJj'jh ;t/o/ ns/ Fkw r[o{ d/ j}{o T[BQK dh nodk; ;h s/ fJ; B/ jh T[BQK B{z fJeikB s/ fJe w[Zm eo oZfynk ;h . fJ;/ e[opkBh dh ;fgfoN s/ gzE bJh ikBKx'b x[wkT[D dh feos B/ j}koK pzfdnK d/ wo fwN ikD go Gh e"w B{z fBZsBtK fBo'nk, ihT[Idk ikrdk s/ uVQdhnK ebK ftZu ofynk . frDsh ftZu]kb;k Gkt/I nkN/ ftZu b{D Gh BjhI ;h go r[o{ Go';/ T[BQK T[j e[M eoftykfJnk i' eo'VK dh frDsh tkb/ j}koK d/ Nkeo/ s/ Bk eo ;e/ .

f;zxK dhnk nkgk-tko{ e[opkBhnK s/ gzE bJh xkbK s'I T[s;kjs j' e/ekT[IfenK d/ r"jo s/ e"o Gh nzfwqs;o g[Zi/ s/ gzv/ dh gkj[b SZe e/ f;zx ;ZirJ/ s/ fJBQK d/ Bkw r"jo f;zx s/ e"o f;zx j' rJ/ .1

fiZE/ j[D fgzv nNkoh nkpkd j? T[E/ T[; t/b/ fJe g[okDh E/j j[zdh ;hfi; B{z fNZpk :k y/Vk2 nkyd/ ;B s/ fJ; d/ T[go p?okrh ;kX{nK dk v/ok ;h

1 oJh;kfB gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd gfjbh, 238 .2. b?gb frqfcB B/ ?gzikp uhca;" ftZu fJ; n;EkB B{z, fiE/ fe pokrhnK dk v/ok j[zdk

;h s/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r'o f;zx B{z nk p;D bJh fejk, fNpbhnK ik eotk (Bibliaor Karewa) fbfynk j? . ;:Zd jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh B/ fNZpk T[oca yo/tk(oJh;kfB-gzikp, gzikp, gzL 61) . mhe fNZpk :k y/Vk, j'Dk ukjhdk j? . pj[s ;kohnKg[okDhnK E'jK ni/ sZe fNZp/ iK y/V/ jh nytkT[IdhnK jB .

. fJ; v/o/ d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ e[M eZu/ e'm/ ;B . fJ; fBZe/ fij/ fgzv s/ T[;d/ fJod frod dh G"I d/ wkbe Gh p?okrh jh ;B . w[be ftZu npsohd/ ekoD u'ohnK s/ vke/ nkw ;B fiBQK s'I eJh tkoh ;kXK d/ e'm/ s/ v/okGh ;[Ze/ BjhI ;B pud/ . ;kX{ ftuko/ pV/ szr ;B s/ j?okB ;B fe eh eoB .p?okHhnK ftZu'I fJe pktk w{b dk; ;B fiBK Bkb fgzv t;kT[D d/ fdBk s'I jhr"jo/ dk pVk gq/w j' frnk j'fJnk ;h . id r"jo f;zx nzfwqs Se e/ f;zx ;ifrnk s/ T[j d/ Bkb j'o eJh ;zpzXh ns/ ;zrh ;kEh f;zx ;i rJ/ sK pktkw{b dk; B{z fynkb nkfJnk fe i/ e'Jh T[BQK dh fJ; npsoh d/ t/b/ ;jkfJskeo ;edk j? sK fJj r[o{ e/ f;zx jh jB . f;zx T[; t/b/ dhB d[yhnK d/ oky/s/ rohpK d/ ;jkJh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B i' b'eK dh w[;hps nkgD/ rZb gk e/ GhT[BQK d/ eFN fBtkoB B{z fsnko j' g?Id/ ;B . fJj ;'u e/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r"of;zx B{z nkfynk fe s[;hI ;kv/ gk; jh ub p;' s/ nkgD/ ofjD bJh ;kv/ y/V/ s/fJe T[Zuh nNkoh pDk bU, s/ fJod frod dh G"I dh wkbeh Gh s[;hI jh ;KG'I. n;hI sK ;kX{ jK, nkokw Bkb f}zdrh r[}koBk ukj[zd/ jK, d' wX{eVhnKo[ZyhnK fwZ;hnK i' fwb ikD, ;kB{z T[j jh pj[s jB .

r"jo f;zx B/ pktk w{b dk; dh fJj rZb gqtkD eo bJh s/ E/j B{z nknkpkd ehsk s/ T[BQK d/ nkyD w{ip fJE/ fJe T[Auh nNkoh nk pDkJh . r"jof;zx dh nNkoh T[Au/ fNZp/ s/ j'D eoe/ d{o'I fd;dh ;h . fJ; d/ Bkw s/ j"bhj"bh fgzv dk Bkw Gh nNkoh tZiD bZr fgnk .

id f;zx ;odko S'N/ S'N/ iZE/ pDk e/ wZbK wkoD bJh d/F ftZu fcoBbZr/ sK r"jo f;zx nkgD/ ;zpzXhnK ;w/s ;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/iZE/ ftZu Fkwb j' frnk . ;odko r[op]F f;zx ;odko Gzwk f;zx Gzrh s/;zrhnK ftu'I fJe f;o-eZY ;odko ;h . T[; d/ d' j'o ;kEh ;odko ;B, fJeT[; dk Gshik r[Zio f;zx s/ d{;ok ;odko bfjDk f;zx ekjb'I . ;odkor[op]F f;zx d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZS'I T[; dh eK s/ r[Zio f;zx ;odkopfDnk . r[Zio f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx d'B'I ;odko joh f;zx Gzrh d/ fw;bdko;B .

fJ; t/b/ r"jo f;zx B/ j"bh j"bh nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/ep}k eo fbnk fiBQK dh ;bkBk nkwdBh ;Zs j}ko o[gJ/ ;h .1

1. ;:Zd jkdh j;B (oJh;kfB-gzikp gzL 61, ns/ b?gb frqfcB (gzikp uhca;, gzBk238) B/ r"jo f;zx d/ nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/ ep}k eoB dk ;zB 1737Jh;th fdZsk j?, fi; t/b/ ykB pjkdo }eohnk ]kB bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h ns/ BkdoFkj ni/ fjzd[;skB T[s/ jZbk, eoB BjhI ;h nkfJnk . fJ; t/b/ jkb sZe f;zx B/nkw ep}/ eoB/ BjhI ;B nkozG/, fJ; bJh fJ; skohy T[s/ }ok FZe g?dk j?, go u{zfej'o e'Jh rtkjh fJ; d/ fto[ZX th BjhI, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z rbs Gh BjhI nkfynk ik;edk.

;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZS'I r"jof;zx ;odko r[Zio f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx GzrhnK d/ Bkb jh fojk . T[;dh pjkdoh s'I gq;zB j' e/ ;odko r[Zio f;zx B/ T[; B{z nmkoK j}ko S/;' o[gJ/ wkwb/ dk fJbkek ikrho ftZu d/ fdZsk .1

~~~

1. oJh;kfB-gzikp ftZu nmkoK j}ko d" ;' o[gJ/ ikrho fbyh j'Jh j? i', f}nkdkgqwkDhe j? . frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd gfjbh, 238 .

42;odko Fkw f;zx B[{ z ;Zdk;odko Fkw f;zx B[{ z ;Zdk;odko Fkw f;zx B[{ z ;Zdk;odko Fkw f;zx B[{ z ;Zdk;odko Fkw f;zx B[{ z ;Zdk

fi; t/b/ c/oP Ffjo d/ w?dkB'I bkb f;zx s/ s/i f;zx d/ GZIi fBebD dh ]po bkj'owjkokDh fizd e"o B{z g[Zih sK T[BQK B/ 25 dz;po 1845 B{z d; ;tko ;odko f;zxtZb T[BQK d/ fgzv nkNoh G/i/ ns/ T[BQK B{z izr ftu Fkwb j'D bJh ;[B/jk G/fink .fit/I T[go dZf;nk ik u[Zek j?, ;odko Fkw f;zx BkbkfJe ns/ p/JhwkB g{ophJ/nc;o dh ewkB j/mK f;Zy c"} B{z spkj eoB dh pdBh:s Bkb bVh ik ojhbVkJh d/ fto[ZX ;h go id wjkokDh tZb' T[go' Ebh skehdh ;[B/j/ g[ZiD/ F[o{ j' rJ/ns/ fJj fynkb g?Zdk fdf;nk fe T[j FkfJd ew fdbh d/ ekoD w"s s'I vo e/ fgZS/jfNnk j'fJnk j? sK T[; B/ izr ftu Fkwb j'D dk c?;bk eo fbnk ns/ Bkb jh;"j yk bJh fe bVkJh jkoh ikD dh jkbs ftu T[j ihT[Idk BjhI w[V/rk . fJ; t/b/ bkb f;zx s/ s/i f;zx nkgDhnK c"iK B{z Gik e/ dfonkT[I gko j' u[Ze/j'J/ ;B ns/ ;GoktK fgzv d/ B}dhe fJeZm/ j' rJ/ ;B . ;odko Fkw f;zx 28d;zpo B{z bFeo ftu Fkwb j' frnk . f;Zy c"iK }'o d/ ojhnK ;B fe w[V dfnkT[igko j' e/ MZN nzr/q}K T[Zs/ Xktk p'fbnk ikt/ . f;oc d' ;odkoK s'I fpBK ;ko/ jh fJ;rZb d/ jZe ftu ;B ns/ ;GoktK d/ B}dhe g[b pzBDk F[o{ ehsk frnk . fJj d';odko ;B fwZ;o s/i f;zx ewKvo fJB uhc ns/ ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk.go d'jK dk B[esk fBrkj tZyok tZyok ikgdk j? . s/i f;zx u{zfe nzrq/}K Bkb ofbnkj'fJnk ;h fJ; bJh T[j T[BQK dh p' p;h t/b/ jZbk BjhI ;h Bh:s T[s/ FZe ;h fJ;bJh T[j fJj BjhI ;h ukj[zdk fe fJj rZdko b'e f;Zy c'i B{z fe;/ e[EK c;k e/ nikJhIwotk d/D .

T[Xo s'gK s/ pko{d d/ xkN/ ns/ w[deh ns/ c/o{ Ffjo ftu j'J/ B[e;kB d/

1. Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs (1890), volume ii, 242-432. Moution, Rapport (1846), p. 7; Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs (1890), ii 12

ekoD nzrq/} th jZbk eo e/ nkgDh fiZs B{z f;o/ Bk uVQk ;e/ ns/ fJ; soQK wjhBk e[u[g ukg Bkb phfsnk . fi; t/b/ ;GoktK dk g[b fsnko j' frnk sK 15 iBtoh1846 B{z f;Zy c"iK dfonkU gko j' gJhnK . nzrq}K tZb'I e'Jh ]k; ekw:kp o[ektNBk gkJh rJh , ns/ wkw{bh E'VQhnK fijhnK r'bhnK uZbD ubkT[D s/ fgZS/ jN rJ/. FkfJd T[BQK dk nkgD/ jh nkdwh jB, fJ; bJh fi; t/b/ T[j nkgDh f;Zy c"i B{zjokT[D ftu ekw:kp j' ikDr/ sK nZr/ dfonk j'D d/ ekoD jkfonK j'fJnK B{zf}nkdk nk;kBh Bkb spkj ehsk ik ;e/rk iK u{zfe nzr/q}K gk; Gkoh s'gK jkb seBjhI ;B nkJhnK fJ; bJh T[j e'Jh tZvh bVkJh ;j/VBk BjhI ;h ukj[zd/ . i/ f;Zyc"iK ;odko Fkw f;zx dh ;bkj wzBdhnK ns/ w[V dfonkU gko Bk j[zdhnK ns/T[E/ jh nzrq}K tZb'I jZb/ dh T[vhe eodhnK sK T[BQK tk;s/ nkgDh g'}hFB B{z pukJhoZyDk f}nkdk nk;kB j[zdk ns/ id th nzr/q}h c"iK dfonk gko j'D dk :sBeodhnK sK T[BQK B{z B[e;kB th pj[s gj[zukfJnk ik ;edk

4343434343nbhtkb dh MVgnbhtkb dh MVgnbhtkb dh MVgnbhtkb dh MVgnbhtkb dh MVg

wkbt/ d/ ;odkoK s/ okfinK ftu'I bkvt/ dk ;odko okik nihs f;zx jh fJeT[Zxk ;odko ;h fi; B/ fJ; izr ftu ;oeko bkj"o dk gZy fbnk ;h . T[j bkj"o;oeko dk ikrhodko ;h s/ b[fXnkD/ d/ B}dhe pZd'tkb ftu T[; dk febk ;h .fi; t/b/ nzr/q}K dh b[fXnkDk c'o; fpqr/vhnk thbo dh ewkB j/mK p;hnK d/w[ekw s/ w[y c"i Bkb w/b bJh rJh ;h sK T[BQK B/ okj ftu ;odko nihs f;zx d/pZd'tkb d/ feb/ s/ ep}k eo fbnk . fi; t/b/ w[deh s/ c/o{ Ffjo B/ nzrq/}K B{zb[fXnkD/ tZb'I nt/;bk eo fdZsk sK ;odko nihs f;zx B/ nk e/ w[V pZd'tkb T[Zs/nkgDk ep}k eo fbnk . 17 iBtoh 1846 B{z id ;odko oDi'X f;zx wihmhnk b[fXnkD/ d/ B}dhe'I;sb[i gko j'fJnk sK ;odko nihs f;zx th T[; d/ Bkb fwb frnk . fJBQK B/b[fXnkD/ dh SkT[Dh d/ e[M fjZ;/ c{e fdZs/ . fi; t/b/ fJj ]po rtoBo iBobbkov jkofvzr ns/ ewKvo fJB uhc ;o jhT{ r'c B{z bZrh sK T[BQK ;o j?oh ;fwZEB{z,i' 17 iBtoh B{z Xowe'N ns/ cfsjrVQ d/ fefbnK s/ ep}k eoB bJh G/finkfrnk ;h , j[ew G/fink fe T[j b[fXnkD/ ik e/ eoBb r"vph dh ;jkfJsk eo/ . ;oj?oh ;fwZE b[fXnkD/ tZb B{z tXdk j'fJnk 21 iBtoh B{z pZd'tkb e'b gj[zfunk jh;h fe ;odko oDi'X f;zx s/ ;odko nihs f;zx B/ nukBe Xktk p'b fdZsk . ;oj?oh ;fwZE dh c"i fsZso fpZso j' rJh ns/ T[; dk ;kok wkb n;pkp s/ j;gskbh;N'o f;zxK d/ jZE nkfJnk . fJ; t/b/ i/ feXo/ fpqr/vhnk feT[oNB dk Xowe'N tZb'Ink fojk fo;kbk n?B t/b/ f;o e[M ;jkfJsk Bk nk eodk sK FkfJd fJ; MVg ftunzr/q}K dk j'o th f}nkdk B[e;kB j[zdk .

1. M'Gregor, History of the Sikhs (1846), ii, 132

go pZd'tkb dh jko dk X'Dk ;o j?oh ;fwZE B/ b[fXnkfDT[I jN e/ jcs/ fgZS'I28 iBtoh B{z X' fdZsk id fe j'o nzrq/}h c"i nk ikD s/ nbhtkb dh MVg ftu;odko oDi'X f;zx dk gk;k fYZbk g? frnk s/ wdd bJh e'Jh s'gK Bk g[ZiD s/ T[;B{z jko j' rJh. nbhtkb ftu f;zxK dh pjkdoh dk f}eo eodk j'fJnk E"oBNB fbydk j? fef;Zy pj[s fdqVQsk Bkb bV/ ns/ ;kv/ fo;kb/ Bkb eJh tkoh jZE' jZEh MVgK bJhnK.;'bQt/I bK;o fo;kb/ T[Zs/ f;Zy fgnkfdnK d/ fJe jZb/ t/b/ T[BQK (f;Zyk) B/ nkgDhnKp{zdeK go/ ;[N fdZshnK ns/ nkgDhnK sbtkoK s/ YkbK b? e/ B/f}nK dk nK Nkeokehsk . fJe f]nkb fJj th j? fe u[zfe pZd'tkb dh bVkJh ftu ;o j?oh ;fwZE dh jko B/T[; B{z pdBkw eo fdZsk ;h, T[; dh ;koh T[wo dh ewkJh o[VQdh ik ojh ;h ns/fJ; pdBkwh BP{z S/sh jh B/eBkwh ftu pdb ;eD dhnK e'Jh pj[s T[s;kj dkfJeT[whdK th BjhI ;B ojhnK ,fJ; bJh nbhtkb ftu j'Jh wkw{bh i/jh MVg B{zwBxVs pBktNK Bkb pj[s ;kok tXk e/ ;oekoh fv;g?uK ftu fJe pVh Gkohskohyh bVkJh dh Feb ftu g/F ehsk frnk j? sK fe ;o j?oh ;fwZE dh pdBkwhXZsh ik ;e/ . fJ; f]nkb dh rtkjh J/ a n?b a n?vw} dh g[;se ÒtKvforzi n"cJ/ B?u[ofb;N fJB fJzvhnkÓ s'I fwbdh j? fi; ftu fe T[j nbhtkb d/ w?dkB dkf}eo eodk j'fJnk fbydk j? L ¿nbhtkb ;zpzX pj[s e[M nkfynk ik u[Zek j? go ;Zu/ fBogZy rtkj T[; t/b/fbyhnK rJhnk rZbK Bkb' fpbe[b jh tZyoh rZb dZ;d/ jB . ¿w?I T[; oD G{wh ftu fJe n?;/ nkdwh d/ Bkb fcfonk jK i' T[; bVkJh ftu

1. Gough and Innes, The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars,111-2., Latif, Historyof the Punjab, 544-45, Autobigrophy of Sir Harry Smith, 523-35, Edwards,Reminiscence of a Bengal Civiliam (1866), p. 98, Cust, O. S L. Essays, V. 7-157.

2. go okik bkb f;zx s/ s/i f;zx dh soQK ;odko oDi'X f;zx dh Bh:s T[s/ e'JhFZe BjhI ehsk ik ;edk . frqfcB fbydk j? L-

Ranjodh Singh was, if any thing, superior to the other leaders of theSikh Army, if leaders they can be called but he was no triator. He had noconfidential agents in the British camp as Raja Lal Singh had, nor did he, likethe Raja, pray for and labour for the triumph of the English , Punjab Chiefs(1890), i, 272-73.

3 History of the Punjab (1846),ii. 349.

w"i{d ;h . T[; B/ w?B{z :ehB fdbkfJnk ns/ T[; dh rZb dh j'o eJh d{;fonK B/Fkjdh Goh j? fe fi; t/b/ (fJ; bVkJh pkps) ;oekoh fpnkB fbfynk ik fojk;h sK fJe pVh ekw;kp wBzebgDk ezw eo ojh ;h . T[; d/ bc} ;B fe ÒnbhtkbfJe fbys ftu jh nkJh bVkJh ;h feT[Ife ;kv/ ftu'I T[; t/b/ se fe;/ B{z th gskBjhI ;h fe n;hI e'Jh bVkJh bV/ jK id se fe fJ; d/ jkbks fJe gZso ftugqekFs BjhI ;B j' rJ/ fi; B/ ;kv/ ftu'I jo fJe Bkb fJB;kc s'I th tX uzrk;b{e ehsk. Ó ¿go T[j fJ; B{z fpBk veko gh rJ/ ns/ ;kvhnK pj[s ;kohnK fjzd[;dskBhbVkJhnK ns/ fjzd[;skBh HbshnK dh soQK bVkJh d/ n]oh Bshi/ B/ fJ; pkpsB[esk uhBh pzd eok fdZsh . ¿fJe nkfJoF ej/rk fe c'i dk ;kwkB t?oh d/ jZE nk ikD eo/ e/ Ò;kB{zpZd'tkb ftu xkNk fgnkÓ ns/ e'Jh th w[pkbrk fJ; B{z fiZs ftu BjhI pdb ;e/rk.go E'V/ fuo fgZS' fgZS' B{z jN oj/ f;ZyK d/ fJe d;s/ s/ e[M r'bhnK d/ uZbD ns/fJe iK d' d;fsnK d/ jZb/ B{z tXk uVQk e/ fJe pVh tZvh bVkJh dZf;nk frnk ns/fJ; soQK nbhtkb d/ w?dkB B{z fjd[z;skB d/ fJe w?o/EB dk oDy/so eoe/ fbyfrnk . @

1Adams, A.L- Wanderings of a Naturalist in India, the WesternHimalayas and Kashmere; Edmonston and DoUglas, Edinburgh, 1867, p.60-1 :-

Much has been said of Aliwal, but can did witnesses give a far differentaccount from that written at the time.

I wandered over the field with one who had been present at the enagementhe assured me, and his testimony has been corroborated by many others, thata fruitful imagination was at work when the official account was drawn up. Hiswords were:--

"Aliwal was the battle of the despatch, for none of us knew we hadfought a battle until the particulars appeared in a document which did morethan justice of everyone concerned."

But they gulped it down, and like many of our Indian battles andIndian blunders, the final issue of the struggle disarmed criticism.

An Irishman would say, "We gained a disadvantage at Budiwal." by thebaggage of the Army falling into the hands of the enemy; that no exaggera-tion could well turn it into a victory but shortly afterwards, a few shots and thecharge of a squadron or two in persuit of a host of retreating Sikhs weremagnified into a grand combat and thus the plain of Aliwal has been recordedas the scene of one of India's Marathons.

also see Cunningham, History of the Sikhs (1849), p. 613

44;GoktK dh bVkJh;GoktK dh bVkJh;GoktK dh bVkJh;GoktK dh bVkJh;GoktK dh bVkJh

;odko Fkw f;zx dh Fjhdh;odko Fkw f;zx dh Fjhdh;odko Fkw f;zx dh Fjhdh;odko Fkw f;zx dh Fjhdh;odko Fkw f;zx dh Fjhdh10 cotoh 184610 cotoh 184610 cotoh 184610 cotoh 184610 cotoh 1846

c/o{ Ffjo ftu jko d/ fgZS'I bkj"o dopko B/ okik r[bkp f;zx B{z izw{ s'Ibkj"o p[bkfJnk . wjkokDh fizd e"o B{z FkfJd fJj f]nkb j't/ fe r[bkp f;zx izrftu dopko dh ;jkfJsk eo/rk . i/ T[j ukj[zdk sK bVkJh B{z bwek ;edk ;h . goT[j nkgDk T[b{ f;ZXk eoBk ukj[zdk ;h , fJ; bJh T[; B/ }kjok s"o s/ e'Jh rZbnzrq/}K d/ fto[ZX Bk ehsh pbfe jko yk u[Ze/ j'J/ f;ZyK B{z jh T[; B/ e';Bk F[o{ eofdZsk ns/ nzrq/}K Bkb rZb pks nkozG eo fdZsh. rtoBo iBob th fJ; rZb'I ][F ;h fe bkj"o dopko JhB b?D B{z fsnko j?feT[Ife T[j ;Zu/ fdb'I wfj;{; eo fojk ;h fe ;ko/ gzikp B{z ;o ehs/ fpBk fJ;bVkJh B{z ekw:kph Bkb ]sw BjhI ehsk ik ;e/rk ns/ ]kb;k c"i dh w"}{drh ftugzikp B{z ;o eoB bJh g?o g?o T[Zs/ ]sok j' ikD dh jkbs ftu gzikp B{z ;o eoBbJh g?o g?o T[Zs/ bVkJh bzph j' ikD dh jkbs ftu rowh d/ w";w ftu r'fonKtk;s pVh Fkws j't/rh ns/ fe;/ nkw phwkoh d/ g? ikD Bkb nc;oK ns/ f;gkjhnKdk pj[s f}nkdk B[e;kB j't/rk . fJj th wfj;{; ehsk ik fojk ;h fe ;ko/ fjd[z;skBftu b'eK d/ wB v'b/ j'J/ jB ns/ bVkJh bzph g? ikD dh jkbs ftu T[BQK dk nzrq/}K dh c"i d/ nfiZs j'D ;zpzXh :ehB j'o th fjZb ikJ/rk ns/ w[be ftu F'o Fokpkg? ikJ/rk . dfonk f;zX se nkgDh cfsj d/ Mzv/ M[bkT[D ns/ gzikp B{z nzr/q}hje{ws j/mK b? nkT[D dk f]nkb rtoBo iBob d/ wB B{z j[bkok fdzdk ;h . go;G s'I gfjbK rZb ]kb;k c"iK B{z sbtko d/ }'o Bkb iK bkj"o dopko d/ fpBkFos JhB wzBD s/ ;sb[i'I ;wM e/ fjzd[;skB dk jo S'Nk w'Nk ;odko w"ek fwbD

s/ nkgDh nk}kdh bJh fsnko j' e/ jZE g?o wkoB d/ :sB eoB br gJ/rk. go i/feXo/ w[be d/ ;ko/ ;odko f;o bZE j? e/ fe;/ fJe :'r ns/ nkgk tko{ nkr{ d/j[ew j/mK nkfd eZm/ j'J/ sK bkj"o dopko dh fsnko po fsnko pjkd[o ]kb;kc"i B{z fJe nZXh j'o jko Bkb g{oh soQK w[ekfJnk BjhI ik ;e/rk. fJBQK rZbK B{z ;kwQD/ oZy e/ rtoBo iBob B/ r[bkp f;zx B{z efj G/fink fe]kb;k c"i B{z s'V fdZs/ ikD fgZS'I ;oeko ftu f;Zy pkdFjs B{z gqtkD eo b?D bJhfsnko j't/rh . go r[bkp f;zx B/ itkp fdZsk fe c"i B{z s'V d/D dk fJeoko eoBkT[; d/ n]fsnko s'I pkjo j? . efBzxw fbydk j? fe nkgD/ wsbp B{z g{ok eoBbJh r[bkp f;zx f;Zy j'J/ j'D go T[j T[BQK B{z j'o vok s/ :oek e/ nkgDh ;/tk d/pdb/ T[BQK gk;'I nkgDhnK fBi dhnK rZbK wBtkT[Dk ukj[zdk ;h fi; ftu fe nzsT[j g{oh soQK ekw:kp j' frnk . UXo u{zfe f;ZyK dh okiXkBh ftu ik e/ T[BQK gk;'IJhB wBtkT[Dk nzr/q}h je{ws d/ o'jp B{z ekfJw oZyD bJh }o{oh j' fojk ;h , fJ;bJh r[bkp f;zx ns/ nzrq/}K ftu e'Jh fJj' fijk ;bjk ;wM'sk j' frnk fe nzr/q} f;Zy c"i T[Zs/ jZbk eoB ns/ jko j' ikD s/ ;oeko bkj"o (fi; d/ w[yhJ/ fJ; t/b/ okik r[bkp f;zx v'rok, fwZ;o bkb f;zx t}ho s/ fwZ;o s/i f;zx ewKvo JhBuhc ;B) T[; B{z y[b/Q s"o s/ fsnkr d/t/, ns/ ;sb[i dfonk dk okj ns/ bkj"o sZe;Ve nzrq/}k tk;s/ ]kbh SZv fdZs/ ikD . fJ; w{oysk Goh gkfb;h ns/ p/FowKtkbh rZdkoh d/ jkbks ftu ;GoktK dh izr j'Jh. fJj ;koh rZb pks cotoh1846 d/ gfjb/ jcs/ dh j? id fe rtoBo iBob ;o j?Boh jkofvzr dk e?Igfco'}g[o ;h . rtoBo iBob dk e?Ig ni/ fco'}g[o jh ;h fe 7 cotoh B{z nzr/q}K dhnKtZvhnK s'g, fiBQK dh jcfsnK s'I T[vhe bZrh j'Jh ;h, g[ZiDhnK F[o{ j' rJhnK s/d{;o/ fdB se ;kok s'gykBk g[Zi frnk .fJ;/ fdB 7 cotoh B{z fwZ;o bkb f;zxt}ho B/ nkgD/ nkdwh fco'}g[o rtoBo iBob gk; G/i/ ns/ nkgDhnK bkj"odopko dhnK c"iK dh go/Qpzdh s/ j'D tkbh bVkJh dk BeFk T[; B{z G/i fdZsk. fi;

1. efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;Zy; (1849); 219-21L wo/, fpqfNF fJzvhnk 713-15

c"i d/ nc;o jh dFwB Bkb ob/ j'D s/ nkgDh bVkJh dk BeFk gfjbK jh t?ohB{z d/ d/D, T[; d/ jkoB ftu fe;/ B{z eh FZe j'Dk j'fJnk < fJe gk;/ nc;oK dh p/JhwkBh dh fJ; soQK jZd j'Jh ;h, d{;o/ fe fJe nzr/q}nc;o B{z SZNhnK ;GoktK d/ ;kwQD/ e[M f;Zy ;tko B}o gJ/ . fJBQK ftu'I fJe B{z T[;B/ p[bkfJnk .fJj f;Zy x'V uVQk pVh ]Fh Bkb T[; e'b ubk frnk ns/ T; d/ Bkbjh nzr/q}h e?Ig B{z so fgnk fiE/ fe fJ; dh w[bkeks nzrq/}h ewKvo fJB uhc bkovjhT{ r"c Bkb eokJh rJh. rZb pks eod/ j'J/ f;zx ih B/ fejk fe fJ; ftu e'JhFZe BjhI fe ]kbf;nK B{z eJH tko jko j' u[Zeh j?, go T[j bVB bJh fco fsnkopo fsnko vN/ j'J/ jB ns/ fJj rZb fdb ftu'I T[Zeh jh eZY fdZsh ikJ/ fe f;zxnkgDh ;oeko Bkb b{D jokwh eoBr/ iK SZv e/ GZi fBebDr/ . 9 cotoh B{z rtoBo iBob fco'}g[o'I ewKvo fJB uhc d/ e?Ig ftu nk frnkns/ d{;o/ fdB 10 cotoh B{z ;t/o/ jh f;zxK T[Zs/ jZbk eoB dk c?;bk j'fJnk .wkb{w j[zdk j? fe s/i f;zx B{z nzr/q}K tZb'II j'D tkb/ jZb/ d/ tes dk gsk ;h . nzrq/}K Bkb u{zfe fJ; rZb dk nzdo'I nzdo c?;bk j' u[Zek j'fJnk ;h fe f;Zy c"i B{z T[BQKd/ nc;o SZv ikDr/,fJ; bJh s/i f;zx ukj[zdk ;h fe fe;/ gkf;UI th nzr/q}K dkvNtK Nkeok Bk j't/ . bkb f;zx sK T[; dh i[zvh dk :ko ;h ns/ T[j ][d th nzr/q}K Bkb ofbnk j'fJnk ;h fJ; bJh T[; T[zs/ s/i f;zx B{z g{ok Go';k ;h . s/i f;zxB{z i/ eo vo ;h sK ;odko Fkw f;zx dk,fi; B/ fe ;"IIj yk bJh j'Jh ;h fe T[j fJ;izr ftu ikB se e[opkB eo d/t/rk ns/ i/ f;zxK B{z jko j' rJh sK w?dkB ftu'IihT{Idk BjhI w[V/rk . frqfcB fbydk j? fe nkfynk iKdk j? fe ;GoktK dh bVkJh s'Igfjbh oks(9 cotoh 1846) B{z s/i f;zx B/ ;odko Fkw f;zx B{z th nkgDhrZdokBk ;k}F ftu Fkwb eoB dk fBFcb :sB ehsk s/ T[BQK B{z nkfynk fe T[j

1.E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 315; tkJhekT{IN jkofvzr (o{bo} n"ca fJzvhnk)113, n?vtov}, p?Irkb f;ftbhnB, 99; efBzxw (1918), 192

2. w?rq?ro, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y;, fibd d{;oh, gzBk 146"He said that Khalsa had no doubt been beaten several times;

but they were determined to fight against; and it must not be sup-posed they would prove unfaithful to their employers and deserttheir cause."

j'o t/y' ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh, 180-81

th nzr/q}K d/ gfjb/ jZb/ t/b/ T[; d/ Bkb jh fNeb ubD, go ;odko Fkw f;zxfJe tZyoh fwZNh dk pfDnk j'fJnk ;h . T[j fJBQK Nek gzEh GkV/ d/ NN{ BwejokwhnK ftu'II BjhI ;h . T[j T[; nkgk tko{ ;odko fBjkb f;zx dk nDyhbk g[Zso;h fi; B/ fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ Fohoe eFN B{z fBtkoD bJh j;{z j;z{ eod/nkgDh ikB tko fdZsh ;h . T[; B{z f;zxK dh jko ftu nkgD/ tsB dh nk}kdh y[Z;dhB}o nk ojh ;h . T[j fJ; d/ fgZS'I ihT{Dk nkgDh nDy B{z tZNk bZrDk ;wM e/ fJ;d/ Bkb jh s[o ikD B{z fsnko j'Jh p?mk ;h . T[; B/ s/i f;zx dh fJ; fBzdBh: ekbheos{s T[zs/ fxoDk gqrN eod/ j'J/ T[; d/ Bkb Fkwb j'D' fJBeko eo fdZsk . fJ;go s/i f;zx B/ r[Z;/ Bkb nkfynk @ i/ s{z n?vk jh pjkd[o j?I sK fJe tkoh yk sK ;[rzXfeT[Ife w?AI ;wMdk jK fe nzs w//o/ Bkb jh nk ikDk j? . ;odko Fkw f;zx T[; t/b/;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu jk}o j'J/ ns/ r[o{ B{z jk}o Bk}o eoe/ e/ puBehsk fe i/ f;zxk B{z jko j' rJh sK w?I w?dkB ftZu'I fiT{Idk BjhI fBebK rK .

10 cotoh B{z ;t/o/ jh nzro/}K B/ jZbk eo fdZsk ns/ f;zx th nZfrUfsnko j' gJ/ . ;t/o/ jh Fkw f;zx B/ fuZNk pkDk ;ik fbnk ns/ nkgDh yk; ;tkohdh uhBh x'V/ s/ ;tko j' fBeb gJ/ . ;odko Fkw f;zx dh uVQsb dk f}eo j'fJnkwNe fbydk j? .

gfjo oks ;w/I fJFBkB Fkw f;zx ftZu Bdh d/ tfVnk .i[gih gfVnk .

g[B dkB pj[s eho/ wod[ B/, fXnkB r[oK ek XfonkG"ib[ s[fonk .

fBw;eko ;;so/ gfjo/, s'Vk pzd{eh ifVnkiok Bk vfonk .

efjs wNe np i[X Xow ek f;nkw f;zx oD ufVQnkyzvk cfVnk ..28..

d'jhI fXohI szp{o yVed/, i[ZX dh GJh fsnkohbFeo Gkoh .

tZiB sw[o}k n"o w[obhnK, ;[Eoh ofD e/ ;kohnfXe fgnkoh .

1. gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, gzBk 243l u'gVk, dh gzikp n?} J/ ;"toB ;N/N, 164

uVQ/ o;kb/ n"o gVsbK r'ok p/ F[wkohrod r[pkoh .

efjs wNe np gzE e/ T[go, M[e ojh Bzdo ;kohbFeo Gkoh .

d'jhI pzd{eK szp{o yVed/, bVd/ Bdh feBko/w[byK tko/ .

ubB pzd{eK n"o ofjeb/, s/r/ uwefD Gko/pD/ d[Xko/ .

rZifD ;{ow/ ;Bw[Zy j' e/, ofjD d/ ftZu g[eko/b?fD j[bko/

efjs wNe r'bk fgnk to;/, trd/ o[dq gqBko/b?fD j[bko/ ..30..

e[vbhnK SzdFkw f;zx ;odko B/ ehnk shoE fJFBkBrT{nK jkEh wD; e/ ;Bw[y ubk i[nkB .;Bw[y ubk i[nkB i[ZX dh GJh fsnkoh .nzro/} ;kE ;{owk nkg dhdkoh .wNek r'o/ wod B/ wko' phu w?dkB .cfV yzvk jZE rofink Fkw f;zx pbtkB ..31..

bVkJh s/ ikD s'I gfjbK ;odko Fkw f;zx B/ f;gkjhnK B{z ftnkfynkBfdZsk ns/ ;wMkfJnk fe nZi s[jkvh e"wh nD] dh goy dk ;wK nk frnk j?, i/s[;hI ykb;/ d/ ;Zu/ ;g[Zso j' sK nkgD/ f;zx Bkw s/ dkVhnK B{z bki Bk bZrD fdU,g[oik g[oik j' e/ eZN woBk ns/ d/F dh nk}kdh bJh nkgDhnK fizdK e[opkB eod/Dk go izr ftZu t?oh B{z fgZm Bk fdykT[Dk .1

f;Zy c"i ih ewkB dh soshp fJ; soK ;h fw;o s/i f;zx fJ; izr dkewKvo-fJzB-uhc ;h, fi; B/ yk; eoe/ nkgD/ puk bJh fJe p[oi pDkfJnk j'fJnk;h . sK eh yso/ t/b/ T[; ftZu b[e ;e/ . ;Zi/ gk;/ ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnktkbk;h i' y[Zb/ x[V ufVnk dh ewkB eo fojk ;h . yZp/ gk;/ ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbkns/ ioB?b w/tk f;zx wihmhJ/ dk fpqr/v ;h ftueko ;odko ekBQ f;zx wkB ns/

1. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 66l gzE gqekF, d{ih tko, 837

ioB?b nftskphb/ d/ fpqr/v ns/ ioB?b wfjskp f;zx wihmhJ/ ns/ ioB?b r[bkpf;zx gj{ftzfvnk ;h . fJE/ jh fwFo s/i f;zx dk fpqr/v ns/ p[oi ;h okik bkb f;zx;jkfJe c"i dh ewkB s/ fJe gk;/ tZyok yVk ;h .

nzro/}k nkgDk tZvk s'gykBk vkfjnk ns/ s'g T[s/ s'g uZbD bZrh . okik bkbf;zx B/ nzro/}K B{z fJsbkj fdZsh j'Jh ;h fe f;zxK dk ;Zik gk;k, fiZE/ ;odko nsof;zx ekfbnKtkb/ d/ ybQ/ x'V ;B ew}'o j? fJ; bJh ioB?b fve dk vth}B;[ykbk nZr/ tZXdk ubk frnk . fJ; t/b/ eoBb w's' B/ s/i f;zx B{z ;bkj fdZsh fej[D o;kfbnK B{z nZr/ eoB dk t/bk j?, feT[Ife fgZS/ B{z jNd/ ik u[e/ nzro/ih vth}BB{z fo;kb dh ;jkfJsk Bkb GKi fdZsh ik ;edh j? . go s/i f;zx sK fJj eoBk jhBjhI ukj[zdk ;h . fJ; bJh T[; B/ fJj rZb gqtkB Bk ehsh ns/ w{s'I nkgD/ fo;kfbnKgk; B{z w[V frnk . go fi; t/b/ f;zxK B{z fve d/ tX/ ub/ nkT[D dk gsk bZrk sKT[BQK B/ eoBb w{s'I ns/ j'o nc;oK dh ewKB j/mK jZbk eoe/ fJ; B{z fgZS/ B{z XZefdsk ns/ y[d iBob fve B{z fJe wko{ i]w nk frnk . fJ; dh wZdd bJh iBobfrbpoN G/fink frnk, go T[j th e[M Bk pDk ;fenk ns/ f;zxK B/ fgZS/ jNk fdskns/ fJj' jkb ;o j?oh ;fwE d/ vth}B dk j'fJnk ns/ ;ys B[e;kB T[mk e/ fJ;B{z th fgZS/ w[VBk fgnk . fJ; t/b/ bVkJh d/ nkozG ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx jo EKgj[zu e/ f;zxK B{z vZN e/ ;{othoK tKr bVQB bJh jZbk-F/ok ns/ j";bk d/ fojk ;h .

nzro/}h s'gK d/ jZb/ dk f;zxK y{p vN e/ w[ekpbk ehsk ns/ fJbkjh p]F s/ wky/ yKB/ nZfrU T[j nZr tokJh fe nzro/}h s'gK fJBQK B{z s'gK u[Zg Bk eok ;fenK ns/nzro/}K B{z fJj gqshs j[zdk ;h fe fJ; soK to ojh nZr ftZu T[BQK B{z ekw:kph j';eDh n;zGt j? .

fJ; t/b/ dh f;zxK dh bVkJh dk f}eo eodk j'fJnk Fkj w[jzwd fbydkj? L

nkJhnK gVskbK phV e/ s'gykB/ .

1. frqfcaB, gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, gzBk 122. efBzxw, fj;Noh nkc dh f;Zy; (1849), 322, 3243. n?vtov}, pzrkb f;ftbhnB, 99-100l wo/, pfofNF fJzvhnk, 718l w{s'I,

og'os (1846), 8 gzE gqekF (d{ih tko), 837l frqfcB, gzikp uhca; (1890), 2434. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp (1846), 352l [poNB, c;N n?Iv ;?ezv f;Zy

tko}, 39-40

nZr'I f;zx B/ gk;V/ w'V ;[N/ .w/tk f;zx s/ wky/ yK j'J/ f;ZX/ .jZb/ fszB cozHh d/ s'V ;[ZN/ .Fkw f;zx ;odko nNkohtkb/pzB FFsoh i'V ftS'V ;[N/ .Fkj w[jzwdk f;zx B/ r'fonK d/tKr fBp{nK bj{ fBu'V ;[ZN/ ..90..

izr fjzd gzikp dk j'D bZrk\d't/I pkdFkjh c"iK GkohnK B/nZi j't/ ;oeko sK w[Zb gkt/fijVhnK ykb;/ B/ s/rK wkfonK B/ .;D/ nkdwh r'fbnK Bkb T[vDjkEh Yfjzd/ ;D/ nzpkohnK Bh .Fkj w[zjwdk fJe ;oeko pkM'Ic"iK fis e/ nzs B{z jkohnK B/ ..92..

y[Zb/Q x'V ufVnk tZb nzro/}k B/ fJj w[V e/ fJe jZbk c/o ehsk fi; Bkbw{s' d/ fo;kb/ d/ e[M e[ g?o fBeb gJ/ ns/ e[M e{ ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnKtkb/d/ x'V-uVQ/ fjZb rJ/ . yZp/ gk;/ d/ f;zxK B/ fiZE/ fe ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk s/iBob w/tk f;zx wihmhnk ewkB eo oj/ ;B, ewkB dh pjkdoh tykJh s/ eJhtko f;zx sbtkoK jZEh b? e/ nzro/}h c"iK d/ ftub/ fjZ;/ T[s/ f;o-s'V N[N gJ/ ns/T[BQK ftZu rVpV wuk fdZsh . ftukb/ th ioB?b dhnK e'oN dhnK g[okDhnK c"iKns/ ioB?b wfjskp f;zx dhnK c"iK B/ pVh pjkdoh Bkb nkgD/ w'ofunK dhoZfynk ehsh . fJ; t/b/ f;zx B/ pjkdoh d/ T[j i'jo ftykJ/ e/ t?oh th nZF nZF eoT[fmnk . go fi; t/b/ bVkJh ;kohI gk;hI rfj-rZu j' ojh ;h, ewKvo-fJB-uhc s/if;zx ns/ bkb f;zx nzro/} Bkb gfjb/ ehs/ j'J/ ;wM's/ nB[;ko ftZu'I GZi fBeb/ns/ nkg dfoUI gko j' e/ ftZu'I fJe p/Vh y[bk e/ ik v[ptk e/ ;Zsb[i dk g[b s[VtkfdZsk sK fe fiZE/ sZe j' ;e/ ykb;k c"i spkj s/ popkd j' ikt/ .1 GZiD t/b/ s/i

1. w{s'I, og'oN, 8-9l n?vtov}, pzrkb f;ftbhnB, 100l efBzxw, 327l w?ro?ro,fibd d{;oh 176, wo/, pfofNF fJzvhnk 718, gzE gqekF (d{ih tkoh), 839

f;zx B/ nkgD/ vthiB d/ pkeh ;ko/ ;odkoK B{z th j[ew G/i fdZsk fe T[j c"iK B{z SZve/ GZi fBebD, go w{s' fbydk j? fe e/tb fJe B/ jh T[; dk j[ew wzfBnk ns/ j'o;G nkgDh nkgDh EKJ/I nyho dZw sZe vZN/ oj/ . T[; d/ Bkb obD tkbk fJj T[;dk i[zvh dk :ko fw;o bkb f;zx jh ;h .

ekowkJheb ;fwZE fbydk j? fe fi; t/b/ s/i f;zx c"i B{z SZv e/ d"V ikDdh fsnkoh eo fojk ;h e[M x'V-uV/ ;ogN bk e/ T[; d/ p[oi gk; g[Zi/ s/ T[; B{zfejk fe T[j ibdh jh T[; EK g[Zi/ fiE/ fe ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ f;gkjh fjZbD/ F[o{j' rJ/ jB sK fe T[j T[; B{z ;jkfJsk bJh nk g[Zik ikD e/ yV' ikD go s/i f;zxT[BQK B{z fJj efj e/ w'V fdZsk fe ;odko Fkw B{z B{z ej' fe T[j vN/ ofjD ns/ w?I g[bdh gfenkJh dk gqpzX eoe/ S/sh jh T[BQK dh ;jkfJsk bJh nKdk jK . go g[b T[E/g[Zid/ ;ko jh T[j dfoUI gko ubk frnk . fJj th nkfynk iKdk j? fe T[; B/dfonKT[I gko j' e/ nZm dZ; s'gK nkgDh tZb d/ ezY/ T[s/ phV fdZshnK fiBK dkwe;d jko/ j'J/ f;zxK d/ dfonkTI gko j'D dh e'fFF ftZu o'e gkT[Dk s/ T[BK B{zspkj eoBk gqshs j[zdk ;h .1 wNe efjzdk j? fe L

bkb{ dh bkbh rJh, s/i{ dk frnk s/i .oD ftZu fgZm fdykfJ e/ w'Yk nkJ/ c/o .w'Yk nkJ/ c/o w{}h w[odko ;dktB .d[Fkb/ jzYkJ/ rkdhnK w[cs rtktB .efjs wNe ftZu irs d/ j'sh uou ftuko .bkb{ s/i{ BZm e/ nkJ/ ghm fdyko ..34..

s/i f;zx s/ bkb f;zx d/ Gi fBebD Bkb f;zx dh bkJhB dk ftukbkpj[s ;kok ykbh j' frnk . fJ; bJh T[BQK dk pj[s ;kok fXnkB fJXo j' frnk . ns/g[b s'V fdZs/ ikD dh ypo Bkb ;koh gk;h xpokjN tZX rJh . fJ; t/b/ dh jh sKnzro/} skV ftZu ;B . T[BK B/ fJe dZw f;zx/ d/ ;Zi/ gk;/ yb/ x'V-ufVnK tZb fJepV/ i'o dk jZbk p'b fdZsk . fJe sK fJj gk;k nZr/ jh iok j"bk ;h d{;o/ g[b d/ N[NikD B/ ;ZN wkoh, fJ; bJh fJBQK d/ g?o fEVe rJ/ .

j[D bVkJh dk ;kok i'o yZp/ gk;/ ;odko Fkw f;zx ns/ ioB?b w/tk f;zxtZb g? frnk . nzro/}K dh p/F[wko skes fJXo N[N gJh . fi; t/b/ ;odko Fkwf;zx B{z s/i f;zx ns/ bkb f;zx dh rdkoh ns/ dfonk dk g[b s[VtkD dh ypo

1. o/fBzr ca?fwbh n"c bkj"o, 183-84

fwbh sK T[j r[Z;/ Bkb fpZco/ s/ MzibkJ/ j"J/ F/o dh soQK wko'-wko eodk j'fJnknZr/ tZfXnk . fJ; t/b/ T[; B/ fuZNk pkDk gfjBhnK j'fJnk ;h ns/ nkgD/ yk;n;tkoh dh uhBh x'Vh T[s/ ;tko ;h . j[D t/y fojk ;h fe ykb;/ dh fis j' ;eDdh e'Jh nk; BjhI ojh . ftukbk rdkoK B/ ykbh eo fdZsk j? ns/ ;Zik gk;k T[Iiezwi'o j'D eoe/ fEVe frnk j? ns/ yZp/ gk;/ t?oh dk i'o g?D eoe/ finkdk mfjoBjhI ;e/rk . go fJ; Yfjzdh ik ojh jkbs ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx B/ fdb BkSZfvnk, pbfe jo EK gj[zu e/ f;zxK B{z ;{ophoK tKr{ bVB ns/ ;Zu/ d/F GrsK dhsoQK e[pokB j' ikD bJh jZbk F/oh fdzdk fojk . fiZE/ w'ouk N[Ndk ik c"i fEVedhfd;dh T[E/ nkg gj[zudk s/ efjzdk fe ykb;k ih eh n;hI fJj dkVhnK b? e/ gzikpftZu jko e/ iktKr/ < j[D t/bk ;Bwz[y Fjhd j'D dk j? . fJ; t/b/ ;odko dh x'Vhr'bh Bk wkoh rJh . ;kJh; tjkph nkg d/ Bkb ;h . T[; B/ MZN d{;oh x'Vh jkioeo fdZsh . d{;oh x'Vh b? e/ tjkph B{z fgZS/ G/i fdZsk ns/ ikD bZr/ B{z fejk, ¿s{z ik,s/ nNkoh B{z efj d/th fe n;hI j[D BjhI nkT[Dk .À nzs t/b/ bVkJh jkoh iKdh fdZ;hsK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh j}P{oh ftZu ehs/ gqD B{z e/;h ;tk;h fBGk ftykT[D bJh;odko Fkw f;zx nZr/ tZfXnk . fJ; t/b/ nzro/}K dh gzikj Bzpo r'ok gbNB nZr/tZXh nk ojh ;h . ;odko Fkw f;zx B/ nkgD/ u'Dt/I itkBK B{z r[o{ d/ BKw T[s/ e[opkBj'D bJh bbekok wkfonk . gzikj e[ ;{ow/ Skbk wkod/ ;odko d/ wro fBeb gJ/. j[D Fkw ;odko Fkw f;zx nkgDh uwedh FwFho b? e/ r'ok gbNB T[s/ N[ZNfgnk ns/ eJhnK d/ bkj{ bk fdZs/ .

wNe fbydk j? LFkw f;zx ;odko B/ s/r cVhnzro/} e/ ;h; go ikJ/ iVQh j? .w[zv ekN e/ ikN MkN ehUdweh dfb w? ofD j'Jh eoh j? .uweh ufV T[go r'oB e/sB ekfN e? p;sq o[dq Goh j? .wfN okfJ i[nkB wdkB bVk .

go nZr/ r'fonK dh r'bh whIj tKr toQ ojh ;h . ;Zs r'bhnK ;odko dhSksh s/ ;oho B{z SkBDh eo rJhnK ns/ T[j ;Zu/ d/F GrsK s/ ;{ophoK dh soQK

nkgD/ tsB dh n}kdh bJh bVdk j'fJnk Fjhd j' frnk . ;odko d/ ;kEh thT[BQK d/ Bkb Y? Y/oh j' rJ/ ns/ ;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhnk th nk]ho dw senkgD/ w'ofunK dh okyh eodk s/ f;zxK B{z jZbk-F/oh fdzdk j'fJnk j[ew ;fs j'frnk.

w{s'I fbydk j? fe Gkt/I yZp/ gk;/ T[Zs/ fiZE/ ;odko Fkw f;zx ewkB eo fojk;h, nzr/q}K B/ Bk-:ehB-nkT[D tkb/ jZb/ ehs/ go fJBQK n]ho dw sZe T[BQK B{z o'ehoZfynk ns/ nzro/} e/tb T[; t/b/ fJBQK dhnK pksohnK sZe g[Zi ;e/ id fepjkd[o ioB?b ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ T[; d/ ;ko/ ;kEh Fjhd j' u[e/ ;B . ;odko w/tk f;zx B/ th pVh w}p{sh Bkb nkgD/ w'ofunK B{z pukJh oZfynk, go id T[; dhSkgh ftZu d' r'bhnk nk tZihnK ns/ T[j fgZS/ jfNnk sK E'Vh d/o fgZS'I jh brGr;kok w'ouk t?oh d/ jZE nk frnk . fJ; t/b/ dh rZb j? fe j[ew f;zx dk u"jK s'Inzro/}h gbNDK Bkb fxfonk j'fJnk vth}B T[BQK dhnK fGnkBe ;zrhBK B{zuhodk j'fJnk nkgDh soshp B{z ekfJw oZy e/ dfonk d/ feBko/ sZe gj[zu frnk .w{s'I efjzdk j? Bw;eko j? T[; B"itkB ;{opho ioB?b B[z i' fJBQK dh ewkB eo fojk;h . nzs t?oh dhnK fszB r'bhnK Bkb fJj th Fjhd j' frnk .1

f;zxK dh pjkdoh dk f}eo eodk j'fJnk efBzxw fbydk j? fe Gkt/Inzro/}K d/ x'V-uVQ/ fo;kb/ ns/ g?db gbNDK f;zxK T[s/ jo gkf;T[I uVQhnK nkojhnk ns/ jZb/ eo ojhnK ;B go fe;/ f;Zy B/ JhD wzBDh gqtkB dk ehsh ns/ r[o{r'fpzd f;zx d/ fe;/ fJe th Bkw-t/bk B/ gBkj Bk wzrh . jo EK s/ T[BqK B/ ftikJhnKdk ;Bw[y Nkeok ehsk noEks fes/ fgZm Bk ftykJh ns/ pV/ d[Zyh fjod/ Bkb j"bhj"b fgZS/ jZN/ ns/ eJh fJeZb/ fJeZb/ jh nB/eK Bkb i{M e/ ;kwQD/ yVh fd; ojh w"sdk ;[nkrs eoB bJh e[Zd gJ/ . ftiJh fJBQK jkfonK j'fJnK dh fJe Bk-fis-ik;eD tkbh db/oh B{z d/y d/ nihp soQK j?okB j' oj/ ;B ns/ id T[j p/-pZ; s/ wooj/ ;h (t?oh nZr/ ofjw bJh fbbVhnK eZYD dh EK) Bcaos dhnK shT{VhnK tZNd/;B sK ftiJh (j?okBh d/ ekoB) T[BQK s/ tko eoB'I o[e iKd/ ;B .2

1. w{s'I, og"os, gz 92. Although, assailed on either side by squardon of horse and battalions of

foot, no Sikh offered to submit, and no disciple ofGovind asked for quarter. Theyeverywhere showed a front to the victors, and stalked slowly and sullenly away,while many rushed singly forth to meet assured death by contending with a multi-tude. The victors looked with stolid wonderment upon the indomitable courage ofthe vanquished and forebore to strike when the helpless and dying frowned unavail-ing hatred-Cunningham, History of the Sikhs. (1849), p. 328

tkJhekT{IN jkofvzr dh fbys nB[;ko FkfJd edh th feXo/ nzs sZefJsBk vN e/ w[ekpbk Bk j'fJnk ns/ Bk jh nZr/ edh ykb;k c"i d/ f;gkjhnK B/nkg; ftZu fJsBk r{VQk iwkU dZf;nk j? . fgZS/ w[VB T[s/ wip{o j'J/ j'J/ th fJjfJ; gq;zFBh: sohe/ Bkb jN/ fe r'o/ f;gkjh th tkj tkj eo T[Am/ .

jhT{ wo/ efjzdk j? fe fJ; s'I gfjbK edh th fe;/ B/ fJ; soQK dh vNthIpjkd[oh ns/ :'rsk Bkb nzro/}h c"i dk Nkeok BjhI ;h ehsk fit/I fe fJ; (;GoktKd/) y{Bh w?dkB ftZu T[BQK Bkb j'fJnk . ncrkfB;skB d/ dZfonk ftZu fi; wko{bVkJh d/ ekoB e[M fuo bJh nzro/{}h MzfvnK d/ j/mh j' rJh ;h, T[; d/ G? dkekoB jmhbh go p/-soshp c"iK dh pjkd[oh BjhI pbfe w[be dh e[dosh pBktN;h . go fJE/ T[BQK (nzro/}h c"iK) dk w[ekpbk y[ZbQ/ w?dkB ftZu fJe n?;/ t?oh (f;zxK)B/ ehsk i' T[BQK dhnK s'gK dh roi ;[D e/ G?-Ghs BjhI ;h j[zdk ns/ i' jwb/ bJhuVQkJhnK j'JhnK T[BQK dhnK ;zrhBK dhnK uwedhnK B'eK d/ ;kjwD/ nv'b yV'skofjzdk ;h ns/ id ;zrhBk d/ }'o Bkb f;zxK d/ w'ofunK d/ e[M fjZf;nK T[s/ ep}kj' iKdK sK T[j sbtkoK jZE ftZu b? e/ T[BQK B{z w[V b? b?D bJh pVk fGnkBe ;zrqkwnk wukT[Id/ ;B.2

jko j' ikD fgZS'I fi; t/b/ f;zx dfonk tZb B[z w[V/ sK fJe pVk fGnkBes/ dodBke B}kok ;h . rZdko s/i f;zx s/ bkb f;zx B/, fit/I T[go dZf;nk ik u[Zekj?, dfonk dk g[b s[Vtk fdZsk j'fJnk ;h .fJe gk;/ nzro/}K dhnK s'gK nZr toQk

1. Never perhaps was so obstinate a contest carried on to the end; neverbefore was such cohesion displayed in the ranks of the Khalsa Army. Com-pelled to retire, they gave way in such admirable order as to excite the admira-tion of the British Soldiers. - Viscount Hardinge (Rulers of India), p. 118

2. Never before had the British arms been opposed to such determinedbravery and skill, as strove with them on that bloodly plain. The deadly strugglewhich had hung disgrace for a time on the British banners in the passes ofAfghanistan, owed their fatal terrors to the natural character of the country, farmore than to the bravery of its hardy but indisciplined forces. But here theywere withstood on a fair field by a foe that listened unappalled to the thundersof their carnnon, and stood unmoved before the glittering points of theirbayonets when laid to the charge.

The Seiks, even when at particular points their entrenchments weremastered with the bayonet, strove to regain them by the fiercest conflict swordin hand - Murry, British India and its Races (1850), p. 720-1

ojhnK ;B ns/ d{;o/ gk;/ ;kwQD/ dfonk ;h, ns/ dfonk ftZu fmb fojk s/ T[s/ ths'g s/ s'g ub ojh ;h . ¿go f;Zy d"V/ BjhI pbfe nk]ho dw sZe nkgDhnKsbtkoK Bkb bVd/ oj/ s/ nzso ftiJhnK tb'I ;kfonK gkf;nK s/ i'o g? ikD s/Gkoh B[e;B j'D s/ j"bh j"bh fgZS/ B{z dfonk d/ ezY/ tZb g[b T[s/ B{z XehId/ rJ/ fiZE/fe nukBe ;Zs fJzu gkDh uVQ ikD ekoB g?ohI bZxDK w[Feb j' frnk ;h fJ; bJhp/F[wko f;Zy ;sb[i d/ o'VQ ftZu v[p rJ/ .1

o"poN e;N fbydk j? fe rtoBo-iBob B/ w?B{z ibdh dfonk tZbikD bJh fejk s/ w?I ubk frnk . w?I eh t/ydk jK fe dfonk w[ofdnK s/ wo fojkBkb pzd j'fJnk fgnk ;h, o/sb/ ezY/ YZe/ j'J/ ;B ns/ w[od/ j"bh j"bh o[VQd/ ik oj/;B . fJ; b'EK d/ fGnkBe dzd/ B{z bxkT[D bJh fco'}g[o dk p/VhnK dk g[b y'bQDkfgnk j't/rk . ;kvhnK gbNDK nZv' nZv gkf;nK s/ eskoK ftZu yVhnK ;B ns/ ;kvks'gykBk T[u/ T[u/ w'ofunK d/ Bkb jh pkjo'I dfonkTI gkob/ ezY/ s/ d"V e/ ik u[e/j'fJnK ns/ r'b/ toQk fojk ;h . fJj fJe vokT[Dk B}kok s/ fGnkBe esbK s/xw;kB ;h, fi; Bkb fe ;GoktK dh izr, gzikp dh nk}kdh ns/ ;odko Fkw f;zxnNkohtkb/ d/ ihtB dk nzs j' frnk .

1. The Sikhs did not run, but fought to the last with their swords until,pressed by the victors on every side, slowly and with heavy loss they weredriven back to the river and precipitated in massess over the bank and over thebridge where many were drowned in the waters of the Sutlej which a suddenrise of seven inches had rendered scarcely fordable. -- Col. Burton, The First andthe Second Sikh Wars, p. 41

2. Uohn?INb n?Iv fbzr[fJ;fNe n?A;/], fjZ;k 6, gzBk 59

45;odko Fkw f;zx dk ;;eko

bVkJh d/ Ew ikD fgZS'I T[;/ fdB b"Y/ t/b/ ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ B"eodfonk so e/ w[V oD G{wh ftZu gj[zu/ ns/ ;odko dh b'E dh Gkb eoB bJhnkfrnk wzrh . nzro/}h ewKvo-fJB-uhc bkov jhT{ r"c B/ ;odko Fkw f;zx ns/d{;o/ T[x/ ;odkoK dhnK b'EK b? ikD dh nkfrnk d/ fdZsh . u'yh Yz{v s'I pknd;odko dh b'E fJe n?;h EK s'I bZGh fiE/ fe f;zxK dhnK b'EK dk dzdk bZrk j'fJnk;h . ;odko d/ B"eoK B/ fJe s[bk pDk e/ T[BQK d/ ;oho B{z T[; T[go gk fbnk noe/ dfonkT[I gko j'J/ .

sh;o/ fdB 12 caotoh 1846 B{z ;odko dk fwqse ;oho T[BQK d/ fgzvnNkoh gj[zuk . fJ; t/b/ T[BQK dh f;zxDh wkJh dk;h ;sh j' u[Zeh ;h . ;odko dhFjhdh dh ]po T[BQk d/ fwqse ;oho s'I gfjbK jh nNkoh gj[zu u[eh j'Jh ;h . T[BQKB/ f;zxDh B{z ;odko ih d/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh j}{oh ftZu bJ/ gqD dk gsk jh ;hfe i/ f;zx izr ftZu jko rJ/ sK ;odko ih ihT[Id/ fgZS/ BjhI w[VBr/, fJ; bJh T[BQKdh f;zxDh ;odko d/ ftnkj tkb/ fdB gfjBh g[Fke/ Bkb ;sh j' rJh . fJj gzikpftZu nk]oh ;sh ;h ns/ j[D sZe T[; n;EkB T[s/ nNkoh fgzv s'I pkje fJe:kdrkoh ;wkX yVh j? .1 fJ; d/ bkr/ jh ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ ;oho dk ;;ekoehsk frnk . fJ; ;;eko-n;EkB s/ T[BQK dh ;wkX pDh j'Jh j? fiZE/ fe ;qh r[o{ rqzEpkfjp dk gqekF j[zdk j? .

frqfcB fbZydk j? fe ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk iZN pz; d/ ;G s'I uzr/gqfsfBEK ftZu'I fJe ;h, i' wodT{g[D/, JhwkBdkoh, fjzws s/ db/oh ftZu d[BhnK ftZufe;/ Bkb'I xN BjhI jB . T[BQK dh w"s Bkb fJe pVk Gkoh xkNk fgnk feT[Ife e'Jhth nkdwh n?;k BjhI ;h i' T[BQK dh EK g{oh eo ;edk . fJj mhe j? fe r[ioKtkbk,

1. frqfcB, gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd d{;oh, gzBk 243, w?ro?ro, fj;Noh n"cdh f;Zy; (1846), d{ih fibd, gzBk 177

bkj"o ns/ nzfwqs;o d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ fgzvK ftZu xN doi/ d/ f;zx ftZu'I pj[s n?;/;B i' db/oh, ;kdrh ns/ d/F d/ bkG bJh brB ftZu T[BQK d/ pokpo ;B godopko bkj"o d/ ;k}Fh ;odkoK ftu'I fJe th ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ s[Zb dk BjhI ;h. i' e[M j'o ;odko th fJBQK tor/ j[zd/ sK ;sb[i dh bVkJh edh Bk brdh ns/f;Zy e"w nkgDh nk}kdh B{z pukJh oZydh .1

fJj rZb mhe j? fe F[oP{ ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx nzro/}K Bkb bVB d/fto[ZX ;h feT[Ife T[; B{z fJ; d/ Bshi/ uzr/ BjhI ;B fd; oj/ . fi; c"i d/ tZv/nc;o s/ jkew jh t?oh Bkb ob/ j'J/ j'D T[; d/ fiZsD dh eh nk; j'Dh j'Jh s/ T[;dh spkjh ftZu eh FZe< ;odko Fkw f;zx B{z fd; fojk ;h fe tZvk t}ho fw;o bkbf;zx s/ tZvk c"ih nc;o ewKvo-fJzB-uhc fwZ;o s/i f;zx Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/g"bhNheb nc;oK Bkb ;k} pk} eo e/ ykb;k c"i B{z spkj s/ popkd eoB T[s/s[b/ j'J/ jB, go e'Jh pZ; Bk uZbD eoe/ wip{o ;h ns/ nkgDh fgzv nNkoh p?mk;h, go nzs c/o{ Ffjo dh jko fgZS'I id wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ T[; B{z jb{Dk fdZsk sKT[j ;Zu/ f;zx ;{ofwnK tKr{ w?dkB ftZu nk fBZsfonk . ;G ;'uK ftukoK w?dkB ftZuT[soD s'I gfjbK j[zdhnK jB go id ;{owK w?dkB ftZu nk T[sodk j? sK T[jdbhbK s/ frDshnK ftZu BjhI g?Idk pbfe nkgDh fizd jE/bh T[s/ bJh e[opkBeoB B{z fsnko ofjzdk j? . fJ;/ ;{owrsh dk fJe Bw{Bk ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk;h s/ nfij/ ;{ofwnK ;pzXh jh Fkj w[jzwd B/ fejk j? fe L

Fkj w[jzwdk f;oK dh bk pk}hBjhI w'Vd/ ;{ow/ nzr whnK .

1. jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 67lfrqfcB, gzikp uhca; (1890),gzBk 244

Sardar Sham Singh was one of the best representatives of the Jat race,which, for manliness, honesty, strength and courage, is second to non in theworld. His death was a great loss, for there was none to take his place. Therewere, it is true, many of humble rank in the villages round Gujranwala, Lahoreand Amritsar, of equal courage, simplicity and devotion to the interest ofcountry, but none among the intriguing Sardars at the court. Had there beenmore chiefs like him, the Satlaj Campaign would never have been undertake,and the Sikh national would have preserved the independence. Punjab Chiefs(1890), Vol. ii, 244

j'o d/y' jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 67

46;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz;;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz;;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz;;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz;;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz;

;odko Fkw f;zx d/ d' g[Zso ;B, ;odko mkeo f;zx s/ ;odko ekBQkf;zx. ;odko mkeo f;zx sK nkgD/ fgsk dh f}zdrh ftZu jh ;zB 1842 ftZu r[}ofrnk ;h . ;odko ekBQk f;zx 1873 sZe ihT{Idk fojk go T[; d/ e'Jh n"bkd BjhI;h . fJ; bJh ;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz; tZv/ g[so ;odko mkeo f;zx s'I ubdk j?fi; d/ fszB g[so ;B, ;odko ihtB f;zx, ;odko joh f;zx s/ ;odko nihs f;zx. ;odko ekBQ f;zx d/ fgZS'I ;odko nihs f;zx ]kBdkB d/ w[yh wzB/ rJ/ ;B s/1888 ftZu ;[orpk; j'J/ . fJBQK d/ gzi g[so ;B, ;odko pbtzs f;zzx, jopz;f;zx, i;tzs f;zx, e[btzs f;zx ns/ p;zs f;zx . fJjBK ftZu'I ykBdkB d/ w[yh;odko pbtzs f;zx j'J/, go gzEe ezwK ftZu fjZ;k b?D d/ ekoB ;G s'I T[x/ ;odkojopz; f;zx ih ;B . ;odko jopz; f;zx f;Zyh Gkt, nDy s/ fBoG?sk nkfd F[Gr[DK ftZu nkgD/ gVdkdk ;odko Fkw f;zx dh jh Mbe B}o nkT[Id/ ;B . nkg B{zf;Zyh-gquko Bkb nrkX gq/w ;h ns/ fJ;/ fwFB T[s/ rJ/ j'J/ g[DS ftZu 24 wJh1936 B{z r[o{ noiB ;kfjp d/ i'sh i's ;wkT[D tkb/ r[og[op d/ fdB n?stko i/m ;[dh 4 ;zws 1893 fpeqwh B{z uVQkJh eo rJ/ . fJ; t/b/ nkg d/ g[so ;odkoi;pho f;zx jB . pkeh ]kBdkb dk t/otk e[;oh-Bkw/ ftZu fdZsk frnk j? .

e[o;h-Bkwke[o;h-Bkwke[o;h-Bkwke[o;h-Bkwke[o;h-BkwkekjB uzd

r"o f;zx e"o f;zx

db f;zx fdnkb f;zx ;odko fBjkb f;zx

;odko Fkw f;zx

mkeo f;zx ekjB f;zx phph BkBeh

ihtB f;zx joh f;zx nihs f;zx

gqskg f;zx SKrk f;zx i;tzs f;zx uzdk f;zx

;{os f;zx

pbtzs f;zx , jopz; f;zx, i;tzs f;zx, e[btzs f;zx p;zs f;zx

irpho f;zx pbpho f;x r[ouoB f;zx wfjzdo f;zxi;pho f;zx

e[bdhg f;zx ngihs f;zx

okitzs f;zx e[bdhg f;zx wfjzdo f;zx nwo f;zx

Fwd{o f;zx

47nkXnkXnkXnkXnkXko ;{uhko ;{uhko ;{uhko ;{uhko ;{uh

cko;h, T[od{ s/ gzikphcko;h, T[od{ s/ gzikphcko;h, T[od{ s/ gzikphcko;h, T[od{ s/ gzikphcko;h, T[od{ s/ gzikph

nfjwd Fkj, ;:Zd, pNkbhnk -- skohfy fjzd do fpnkfB w[bfe fjzd tkwb{fe nKl cko;h, fbysh, 1233 fjioh . ]kb;k ekib nzfwqs;o . fJ; dkf;zxK d/ fJfsjk; ;pzXh fjZ;k w[BFh ;'jB bkb dh T[wdks[-stkohy d/ sfswKdcaso ntZb tk d'w d/ d"o s/ f}efo r[o{nK dk fJpfsdkfJ f;xK tk w}jfpJ/FK d/ f;o b/y j/m Sfgnk j'fJnk j? .nwoBkE – }co-BkwkfJ oDihs f;zx, bkj"o, 1928, cko;hnbh-T[-dhB, w[csh – fJpos Bkwk, stkohf]-gzikpl cko;h, fbysh, ;zB1854 . ykb;k ekbi nzfwqs;o .Fkj w[jzwd – feZ;k bVkJh f;zxK s/ cozrhnK dk, r[ow[hy .;'jB bkb – T[wdks[-stkoh], gzi fibdK, bkj"o, 1855-89 cko;h .jkdh j[;?D, ;:Zd s/ ;:Zd, oiZp nbh-oJh;kfB-gzikp, bkj"o, T[od{ .j?os, fwoik – j:kfs sZJh:Zpk; w"bkBk Fkj w[zjwd fJ;wkJhb Fjhd eh;PkfBj-T[woh . cko{eh gq?; fdZbh, T[od{ .eBQJhnk bkb – skohfy bkj"o; bkj"o, 1884 T[od{ . skohfy-gzikp, wspk-fJ-fteN'ohnk, bkj"o 1881, T[od{ .rD/F dk; pv/jok – fo;kbk-fJ-;kfjp B[wk, ujko r[bFfB gzikpl cko;hfbysh, ;zws 1912 fpqewh, ;zB 1855 Jh;th gq'L rzvk f;zxfrnkB f;zx, frnkBh - ;qh r[o{ gqekF, d{ih tko, wspk uFw? B{o, nzfwqs;o,;zws 1946 fpeqwh, ;zB 1889 Jh;thl S/thI tko,t}ho fjzd gq?; nzfwqs;o,1923 Jh;th, r[ow[yh .H[bkw w[jZJh-:[-dhB T[oc p{N/ Fkj, skohfy-gzikp cko;h, fbysh, d' fibdK,ykb;k ekbi nzfwqs;o .rzvk f;zx f;Zy fJfsjk; pko/l gzi dfonk, bkj"o, 1942, d{ih n?vhFB,1946

f;Zy fJfsjk; tZbl gzi dfonk, bkj"o 1946gzikp dhnK fJfsjk;e tkoK, nzfwqs;o, 1946dkfBFto, w[BFh ns/ N"w; phb-fwcskj T[-stkohy, ekBg[o, ;zB 1867 Jhcko;h .fBjkb f;zx, p?IsK F/o f;zx ehnKl ;zgkfds gq'L rzvk f;z, cotoh, 1938 r[ow[yh.po"vc[N i"oi po"vc[N eh vkfJoh (1 wkou 31 i[bkJh 1845),T[od{, fbysh, gq' rzvk f;zx .gq/w f;x, pkpk wjkoki oDihs f;zx, sh;oh n?vhFB, 1931, r[ow[yh .ezto B" fBjkb f;zx, 1927, r[ow[yh .pkpk c{bk f;zx nekbh r[ow[yh .wNe, eth, izr f;zxK s/ cozrhnK dkl ;zgkfds gq' rzvk f;zx, r[ow[yh

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