Shedding Light on the LED Hype Commercial Applications This document was specifically prepared to...

Shedding Light on the LED Hype

Commercial Applications

This document was specifically prepared to aid utility account managers and their customers. Any other use of this material (in whole or in part) is not allowed without the expressed written consent of Tech Resources, Inc., 2025 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221.

© 2010 Tech Resources Inc.

Meet Your Panelists

Mike Carter

Mark Farrell

© 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 2


Electric Intensity (kWh/sqft)

Lighting

Cooling

Ventilation

Office Equipment

Miscellaneous

Heating

Cooking

Refrigeration

Water Heating

(4.89)30.4%

LED Webinar Benefits

Cut through the hype Be comfortable speaking with customers Expand knowledge of terms and pros/cons Identify energy-efficiency opportunities

Large Office Building


Contents

Lighting Fundamentals

LED History

How It Works

Lighting Comparison

Specific Applications• Indoor Lighting

• Exit Signs

• Traffic Lights

• Street Lighting

Best Applications

Osram® OSTAR LightingSource: EERE



Lumens—A measure of the perceived power of light.• Constant output regardless of distance from source

Foot-candle—One lumen of light distributed over a square foot area.• Depends on the distance from the light source• Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps• Can be measured using a light meter



Color Rendering Index (CRI)—A measurement of a light source’s ability to render colors the same as sunlight does.• CRI describes to what degree the light spectrum source

is filled out.

65CRI 92CRI



Color Correlated Temperature (CCT)—The apparent/ perceived color of a light source compared to the color appearance of an ideal incandescent light source at a particular temperature, expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). • <3,200K is visually warm or red/yellow (good for reading)

Incandescent ~2,800K

• >4,000K is visually cool or blue (good for inspection) Sunlight ~5,500K

Source: PHOTOWORKSHOP.COM


White light is a mix of many different colors across the visible lighting spectrum.


Source: EERE


LED History

Henry J. Round, an assistant to Marconi in England• Published a short note in Electrical World in 1907 reporting a

“bright glow” from a carborundum diode

Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a Russian research technician• Observed light emission from crystal

rectifier diodes used in radio receivers

• Granted a patent entitled “Light Relay” in 1929

Oleg Vladimirovich LosevSource: Nikolay Zheludev


LED History

Robert Biard and Gary Pittman, Texas Instruments employees, create "invisible" infrared light-emitting diode (LED) from gallium arsenide (GaAs) in 1961

Nick Holonyak, Jr, a GE employee, creates visible red LED in 1962

Nick Holonyak, JrSource: Wikipedia Commons

How It Works

Semiconductor material acts as a one-way valve• Current only flows from the p-side anode to the n-side cathode

Material doped with “impurities”• Holes created in p-side anode

Boron, aluminum, or gallium

• Free electrons in n-side cathode Antimony, arsenic, or phosphorous

Voltage forces holes and electronsinto the middle p-n junction

Photons of light emitted whenelectrons drop into holes

Direct current (dc) power• Zero mercury content


Source: Wikipedia Commons

How It Works

Two types of LEDs• Low power

About 0.1 watt

• High powerAround 1 watt


Source: Philips LumiLEDsTM

How It Works

Material selection determines colors• Different colors require different power

• White is achieved one of two ways Combine RGB (low CRI scores, despite good color rendering) Coat a blue LED with yellow phosphor (high CCT/blue shift)


Color Wavelength MaterialVoltage at

350 maMin. Flux,

lumensWatts per 100 lumen

Red ? AlGaAs 2.1 30.6-51.7 1.8

Green ? AlGaP 3.4 67.2-100 1.4

Blue ? InGaN 3.2 23.5-30.6 4.2

White mix YAG:Ce 3.2 67.2-114 1.2

Data Source: Cree, Inc. product literature

Lighting Comparison


90% heat; 10% light

20% heat; 80% light

20% heat; 80% light

Source: ENERGY STAR

Heat loss in LEDs is through conduction, not radiation

Heat is the enemy of performance for LEDs• Tested at 25°C (77°F) but

operated at 60°C (140°F)

• Excessive heat and cold diminish fluorescent performance

Lighting Comparison

Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast LED efficacy (lpw) decreases with higher CRI or

lower CCT (warm shift)

Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents

Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy


2,700 K 3,500 K 4,000 K 5,000 K

70+ CRI 0.93 Baseline

1.06 1.25

90+ CRI 0.68 0.75 0.81 0.87Source: Prescolite D6LED Specifications

Lighting Comparison

Very compact and low-profile Nothing to “break” No abrupt failure mode Instant on (no warm-up time required) ENERGY STAR qualified LED lights consume 75%

less energy than conventional incandescent lights


Source: EERE

Lighting Comparison

Comparison with traditional lighting

DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting (CALiPER) program benchmarks LED products


TypeRated Life,

hoursLumens per Watt CRI

Lumen Maintenance

LED 50,000 25-80 70-90 95-98%*

Incandescent 750-1,500 10-17 100 95%

Fluorescent 10,000-20,000 60-100 80-86 90-95%

*At 40% fluorescent rated life; 70% to 90% at 50,000 hours

Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement

CALiPER tested A-lamps (25, 40, and 60 watts) against ten A-lamp LEDs and five decorative LEDs (0.7 to 14 watt)• CFLs perform better

• LEDs $25 to $50 each


Type (tested) Watts Lumens LPW CRI PF

A-lamp 40 387 9.9 100 1.0

LED (2) 14 425 30 50 0.60

CFL 11 660 60 82 0.60

A-lamp 25 181 7.5 100 1.0

LED (4) 5 192 38 75 0.45

CFL 5 250 50 82 0.60

Linear Fluorescent Replacement

CALiPER tested four different “drop-in” 4-foot retrofit LED products• Poor LED lumens per watt output• Very narrow LED light distribution• Over $50 per LED lamp


Type (tested) Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI PF

LED (3) 21 974 46 7,939 74 0.60

T8 32 3,081 96 3,932 81 0.99

T12 39 3,101 80 2,884 84 0.89

MR16 Reflector Lamp Replacement

CALiPER tested ten different MR16 LED products• Requires 3 LED lamps for 1 halogen for equal lumens

• Compatibility with low-voltage transformers can be an issue

• LED cost is $15 to $20 compared tohalogen cost of $4 to $6


Source: NIST

Type (tested) Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI PF

LED (10) 4 90 25 3961 78 0.63

Halogen (6) 29 263 13 2862 99 1.0

Recessed Downlights

Competition from reflector-rated CFLs from 15 to 26 watts that deliver 720 to 1,300 lumens Directional nature of LEDs is an advantage Removing heat from the can

is a real challenge for R-CFLsand LEDs

Cree LED Lighting LR6 6" LED Recessed Downlight at 12 watts and 650 lumens costs around $100


Source: EERE

Recessed Downlights

LED performance generally matches R-CFLs


65W BR-30Flood*

15W R-30 CFL

LED*

Luminaire light output, initial (lumens) 570 675 730

Luminaire wattage (W) 65 15 12

Luminaire efficacy (lm/W) 9 45 60

CCT (Kelvin) 2,700 K 2,700 K 2,700 K

CRI 100 82 95

Center beam candlepower (candela) 510 cd 200 cd 280 cd

Beam angle (degrees) 55° 120° 105°

Average luminance at 45° (cd/sq meter) 27,267 17,500 16,439

Dimmable Y N Y

*Data Source: EERE

Exit Signs

Annual cost of ownership for LED exit signs is much less than for fluorescent exit signs


Wattage

Rated Life, yrs

Initial Cost

Annual Energy

Cost

Annual Maintenance

Cost

Total Annual

Ownership Costs

Incandescent

40 0.5 $6 $25 $10 $47

Fluorescent 11 1-1.5 $22 $7 $5 $30

LED 5 6-10 $22 $3 0 $6

Sources: Stock Exchange and DOE

Incandescent Fluorescent LED

Traffic Lights

Typically replace red and green lights• Yellow is illuminated only 3% of the time

LEDs consume 8 to 15 watts compared to 70 to 150 watts for incandescents• LEDs cost $80 to $170 compared to $3 for bulbs

• Minimum five year simple payback

Very directional visibility• However, colored lenses for incandescents blocks much of the light

Adapts to battery backup during outages


Source: Stock Exchange

Street Lighting

Lumen maintenance higher for LEDs vs HID lighting Color rendering and uniformity for LEDs are better than HPS

• Minimum illuminance levels equal to HPS

• LEDs are Dark Skies compliant

Simple payback of 3 to 10 years minimum• Capital cost of $850 for LED vs $250 for HPS or CMH cobra head

• Energy savings of 30% to 50%


Data Source: EERE

LED (left) vs HPS (right)Source: Beta Lighting & EERE

Street Lighting

LED performance matches HPS and CMH


150W HPS 150W CMH LED

Luminaire (system) watts 183W 167W 153W

CCT 2,000 K 3,000 K 6,000 K

CRI 22 80 75

Rated lamps lumens, initial 16,000 11,900 n/a

Downward luminaire efficiency 70% 81% n/a

Downward luminaire lumens, initial

11,200 9,639 10,200

Luminaire efficacy (lumens per watt)

61 lpw 58 lpw 67 lpw

Data Source: EERE

ENERGY STAR LED Criteria


Omnidirectional Decorative Directional

CRI ≥ 80 ≥ 80 ≥ 80

Power Factor (>5W) ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.7

Efficacy (lpw)

<10W ≥ 50 lpw ≥ 40 lpw ≥ 40 lpw (≤20/8˝Ø)

≥10W ≥ 55 lpw ≥ 40 lpw ≥ 45 lpw (<20/8˝Ø)

Lumens (min.) at replacement wattages

10W -- 70 100

25W 200 150 250

60W 800 500 600

100W 1,600 -- 1,000

Lumen Maintenance@ 25,000 hours

≥ 70% ≥ 70% ≥ 70%

Best LED Applications

Undercabinet lighting In-cabinet accent lighting Adjustable task lighting Refrigerated case lighting Outdoor area lighting Elevator lighting Recessed downlights Art display lighting


Accent lights Step and path lighting Cove lighting Spaces with occupancy

sensors Food preparation areas Retail display cases

Source: EERE


Questline

Go to www.questline.com Provided by:

Tech Resources2025 Riverside DriveColumbus, OH [email protected]

This document was specifically prepared to aid utility account managers who are working with commercial and industrial customers. Any other use of this material (in whole or in part) is not allowed without the expressed written consent of Tech Resources, Inc., 2025 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221.

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Shedding Light on the LED Hype Commercial Applications This document was specifically prepared to...

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