Short Description of the Proceedings PCIM Europe 2011 Keynote Single-Stage AC-DC Converter Topologies of 98% efficient Single-phase and Three-phase rectifiers TM Slobodan Cuk, TESLAco, USA The goal of developing AC-DC converters with Isolation and Power Factor Correction feature in a single power processing stage and without a mandatory fullbridge rectifier has for years eluded Power Electronics researchers. Present AC-DC converters operated from a single- phase ac line are based on conventional PWM switching method and process the power through three distinct stages: full-bridge rectifier followed by Boost PFC converter and another cascaded isolated Full-Bridge DC-DC converter stage, which together use a total of 14 switches and three magnetic components resulting in efficiency limitation of around 90%, the present platinum standard. The new Hybrid switching methodTM and several resulting new AC-DC converter topologies will be introduced which accomplish the same in a single- power processing stage designated as Single- phase rectifierTM consisting of just three switches and a single magnetic component albeit at a much higher efficiency approaching 98% and having a 0.999 power factor and 1.7% total harmonic distortion. The ultimate solution is reached in an Isolated, Bridgeless, Three-phase AC-DC converter with Unity Power Factor (designated here Three-Phase rectifierTM ), which converts the three-phase input power directly into a desired high frequency isolated DC output voltage (48V for telecommunications, 12V for data centers, etc.) again in a single power processing stage, but employing three isolation transformers operating at high switching frequency of 100kHz. The intermediate 400V high voltage DC bus of conventional three-phase AC-DC rectifiers is also eliminated resulting in direct cost and size benefits, while the high efficiency of 98% and other performance features of the above Single-phase rectifierTM solution are fully preserved. The Three-phase rectifierTM, processes the power in parallel and equally through each phase, resulting in additional size and cost savings. For example, a 1.2kW AC-DC converter is processing 400W power in parallel through each phase. The conventional three-phase approaches are incapable to do that and must process the full 1.2kW power through its second power processing stage, the Isolated DC-DC converter stage. Three-Phase rectifierTM takes a full advantage of Tesla’s three- phase transmission system to convert constant instantaneous input power directly to a constant DC output power, albeit isolated at high switching frequency, with near unity power factor (0.999), low total harmonic distortion (1.7%), smaller size and lower cost but at ultra high efficiency of 98%. Oral Presentations High Power Devices Optimized Design Against Cosmic Ray Failure for HVIGBT Modules Hitoshi Uemura, S. Iura, K. Nakamura, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, J; E. Stumpf, Mitsubishi Electric Europe, D HVIGBT module has to be provided low field failure rate as well as good electrical performance, especially a high reliable system use such as traction for railways. Sometimes, HVIGBT chips has a sudden failure under high DC link voltage during long-term operation caused by neutrons in cosmic- ray. In this paper we describe the verification results of cosmic-ray capability for the latest HVIGBT modules by neutron induced tests and the key design items to improve it.
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Short Description of the Proceedings PCIM Europe 2011 Keynote Single-Stage AC-DC Converter Topologies of 98% efficient Single-phase and Three-phase rectifiersTM
Slobodan Cuk, TESLAco, USA The goal of developing AC-DC converters with Isolation and Power Factor Correction feature in a single power processing stage and without a mandatory fullbridge rectifier has for years eluded Power Electronics researchers. Present AC-DC converters operated from a single-phase ac line are based on conventional PWM switching method and process the power through three distinct stages: full-bridge rectifier followed by Boost PFC converter and another cascaded isolated Full-Bridge DC-DC converter stage, which together use a total of 14 switches and three magnetic components resulting in efficiency limitation of around 90%, the present platinum standard. The new Hybrid switching methodTM and several resulting new AC-DC converter topologies will be introduced which accomplish the same in a single- power processing stage designated as Single-phase rectifierTM consisting of just three switches and a single magnetic component albeit at a much higher efficiency approaching 98% and having a 0.999 power factor and 1.7% total harmonic distortion. The ultimate solution is reached in an Isolated, Bridgeless, Three-phase AC-DC converter with Unity Power Factor (designated here Three-Phase rectifierTM ), which converts the three-phase input power directly into a desired high frequency isolated DC output voltage (48V for telecommunications, 12V for data centers, etc.) again in a single power processing stage, but employing three isolation transformers operating at high switching frequency of 100kHz. The intermediate 400V high voltage DC bus of conventional three-phase AC-DC rectifiers is also eliminated resulting in direct cost and size benefits, while the high efficiency of 98% and other performance features of the above Single-phase rectifierTM solution are fully preserved. The Three-phase rectifierTM, processes the power in parallel and equally through each phase, resulting in additional size and cost savings. For example, a 1.2kW AC-DC converter is processing 400W power in parallel through each phase. The conventional three-phase approaches are incapable to do that and must process the full 1.2kW power through its second power processing stage, the Isolated DC-DC converter stage. Three-Phase rectifierTM takes a full advantage of Tesla’s three-phase transmission system to convert constant instantaneous input power directly to a constant DC output power, albeit isolated at high switching frequency, with near unity power factor (0.999), low total harmonic distortion (1.7%), smaller size and lower cost but at ultra high efficiency of 98%. Oral Presentations High Power Devices Optimized Design Against Cosmic Ray Failure for HVIGBT Modules Hitoshi Uemura, S. Iura, K. Nakamura, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, J; E. Stumpf, Mitsubishi Electric Europe, D HVIGBT module has to be provided low field failure rate as well as good electrical performance, especially a high reliable system use such as traction for railways. Sometimes, HVIGBT chips has a sudden failure under high DC link voltage during long-term operation caused by neutrons in cosmic-ray. In this paper we describe the verification results of cosmic-ray capability for the latest HVIGBT modules by neutron induced tests and the key design items to improve it.
High-Temperature Operation of IGCTs Martin Arnold, Thomas Stiasny, Tobias Wikström, ABB Switzerland, CH A 91 mm diameter IGCT with extraordinary Safe Operating Area (SOA) at 140°C is presented. Moreover the turn-off losses are reduced compared to current IGCT with corrugated p-base. The improvement was achieved by optimising the corrugated p-base doping profiles. First results of reliability tests for 140°C junction temperature are shown. Comparison of the Output Power of RC-IGBT and IGBT / Diode Inverters Hans-Günter Eckel, Daniel Wigger, University of Rostock, D Reverse conducting IGBT (RC-IGBT) combine the functionality of an IGBT and a diode in a single chip. For a better understanding of the advantages of RC-IGBT this paper separates between the electric and the thermal effect of the RC-IGBT. The electric effect addresses the differences of the on-state voltage and the switching losses, it is device specific. The thermal effect addresses the advantage due to the integration of the IGBT and diode functionality in one chip, it is application specific. Large Area Fast Recovery Diode with Very High SOA Capability for IGCT Applications Jan Vobecky, R. Siegrist, M. Arnold, K. Tugan, ABB Switzerland, CH Large area (>50 cm2) fast recovery 4.5 kV silicon diode with very low leakage current and high SOA up to 140 degC was developed for IGCT applications. The leakage current was minimized using low energy electron irradiation and optimal positioning of ion range relative to the anode buffer. Thanks to strong anode, the SOA with constant di/dt=1.5kA/us is up to 7kA and 3.2kV @ 140degC and 1.5kA @ 3.0kV @ 125degC with di/dt growing towards 10kA/us. Electromagnetic Compatibility and Power Factor Correction Modeling of Inverter EMI Characteristics using Switching Waveform Analysis Sebastian Schulz, Andreas Lindemann, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg; Peter Kanschat, Infineon Technologies, D This article studies conducted emissions in two steps. At first the response of a converter system to the variation of switching waveforms is analysed by means of a regression analysis. It is shown that the system’s EMI spectrum can be well described by the frequency domain spectra of voltage and current transients multiplied with a unique system’s response function.In the second step the response function is deduced from a physical model using a simplified electrical equivalent circuit. Conducted EMI analysis of inductive power transmission systems with primary voltage fed half bridge inverter Daniel Kürschner, Sascha Krause, Jörn Papenbroock, Axel Hoppe, ifak Institute of Automation and Communication, D Because of the high transmission frequencies (up to 500kHz) and the resonant operation of inductive power transmission systems, special EMC aspects have to be considered. Therefore, a model based evaluation method for conducted EMI has been developed. Furthermore, a modular test platform for normative measurements is presented. As a result, the simulation model is validated by measurements and methods to reduce the conducted EMI of IPT systems are presented in detail and discussed in the paper. High performance and high power density molded module for drives applications – A study Wolfgang Frank, H. Rettinger, O. Hellmund, W. Hable, A. Arens, Infineon Technologies; M. Reibel, G. Haas, EBMpapst, D A flexible module concept for highly integrated IPM is proposed in this paper. The module consists of a DCB containing the power components and a PCB containing the logic and analogue portion of the intelligent power module. A target IPM contains an active PFC boost converter and a three phase inverter for a motor power of 500 W. First characterization measurements confirm the high performance of the system. The final paper will also provide case temperature measurementsin the application.
Digital Control and Light Load Efficiency Enhancement of LLC Resonant Converters using Low Cost MCU Bilal Akin, Manish Bhardwaj, Texas Instruments, USA This paper deals with the application of digital technology in an LLC topology which provides several advantages including duty cycle control and dead-band adjustment in real time in addition to frequency control. Programmable soft start/stop capability and slew rate control is shown to avoid inrush current and audible noise. Finally, hybrid burst mode control is presented which dramatically increases light load and stand-by efficiency. Passive Components and New Materials Integrated Magnetic Components for Current Doubler Rectifier and Analogous Circuits Using Bobbin less U Cores Hugues Njiende, R. Robrecht, P. Ide, Delta Energy Systems, D Switched mode power supplies as main part of telecom and commercial systems often dictate their size and electrical performance as well as reliability and costs. As requirements for the key characteristics power density and efficiency of power converters increase, the demands of these evaluation characteristics increase for inductive components particularly. One powerful approach of increasing the power density and the efficiency is to integrate the inductive components. Transformers and inductors can be integrated into a single magnetic structure which than reduces cost, increases power density and power efficiency. Several published works on current- doubler rectifiers with integrated magnetic components are known which are all based on EE cores with bobbin [1], [2], [3],[4], [5] and [6]. One additional approach of increasing the power density and the efficiency is the use of bobbin less cores. This paper presents new integrated magnetic structure composed of bobbin less U cores which are used as flexible building blocks. The core structure can either be fully composed of high permeability low saturation cores with air gaps or be composite comprising low permeability high saturation cores and high permeability low saturation cores with no air gaps. The operation and performance of the magnetic structure is verified on a 1KW, 400 V input 12V output Full-bridge converter. New Power Electronics applications demand new circuit solutions Koen Hollevoet, Jo Vercruysse, ROGERS Corporation Europe, B The new markets for Low Voltage Power Electronics demand for new circuit systems that exceed the traditional Printed Circuit Board (PCB) capabilities. Laminated busbars, typically used in the mega-Watt power electronics, might be an over-kill for these applications. This paper describes how the features of traditional laminated busbars are combined with the (high volume) assembly capabilities of traditional PCB assembly allows more design freedom for the power electronics engineer. Life Testing of High-Value Annular Form Factor DC Link Capacitors for Applications with 105oC Coolant Edward Sawyer, M. A. Brubaker, T. A. Hosking, T. F. Von Kampen , SBE, USA The SBE Power Ring Film CapacitorTM provides a novel annular form factor that allows rating for coolant temperatures of up to 105oC in automotive DC link applications using polypropylene film. The application of conventional film capacitor life data to this design is not necessarily valid given the larger size and capacitance. To address this issue, SBE has undertaken an extensive life testing program were over two million unit hours were accumulated with only two failures observed. New small high voltage and high potential transformers with cast resin potting Heinz-Herbert Berger, Tauscher Transformatoren, D Usually small, compact and handy transformers are preferred. A high voltage transformer generates a high voltage by using a low voltage as input. A high potential transformer on the other hand separates a high potential from a potential, which is near to the ground. Usually this type of transformer is tested with a DC voltage. Separation by air This is only possible, if the isolating transformer doesn't have to redeem any limitations concerning dimensions.
Advanced Control of Electrical Machines Test Signal based Speed Estimation for Induction Machines Heiko Zatocil, Bernhard Piepenbreier, University of Erlangen, D The electrical and magnetic behaviour of an induction machine, excited by an alternating test signal is investigated. It is shown that the magnetic characteristics of the rotors surface determines the electrical test signal properties of the machine. The test signal behaviour of the machine can be described by a test signal based reference model. In the second part of the paper an estimation scheme is presented which is investigated in detail by measurements on the two standard induction motors. Modelling and Identification of Saturation Effects of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Thomas Orlik, M. Lux, W. Schumacher, Braunschweig University of Technology, D This contribution provides an extended analytical model for permanent magnet synchronous motors that covers magnetic anisotropies and cross saturation effects as well as saturation induced current harmonics. For validation, simulation results of the deduced model are compared to actual measurements on a servo drive both for the fundamental wave and harmonic behaviour. Control Realization for an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) in Automotive Drive Train Wilhelm Peters, Tobias Huber, Joachim Böcker, University of Paderborn, D In this paper a suitable control scheme for IPMSM is presented that ensures good dynamics, stability and high efficiency in the whole operation range. The focus is on the regular-sampled current control design, which requires a precise discrete-time model including the effect of a small number of sampling instants per electrical rotation. A suitable model as well as an adequate controller design is presented. The control is realized and evaluated by experimental results. Online parameter tracking in PMSM-control schemes with and without encoder Simon Feuersänger, Jose Mario Pacas, University of Siegen, D In encoderless operation based on fundamental wave models of the PMSM, the machine parameters have to be known to ensure an accurate estimation of the rotor position. As the stator resistance and permanent rotor flux are temperature dependent, these values need to be adapted to ensure good performance of the drive system. In this paper, an online parameter tracking method for the PMSM is introduced, which is able to identify the temperature dependent parameters in high dynamic applications. Thermal Management The Challenging Task of Thermal Management Martin Schulz, Infineon Technologies, D The paper deals with the influence of the thermal interface connecting power electronic modules to heat sinks. It shows reliable methods of application as well as measured results from ongoing research. The thermal interface is an often neglected or underestimated topic and the data presented hint out the dramatic influence on lifetime and performance. A brief outlook on what future assembly technoloys achieve in thermal management is also given. Stress and Reliability of Power Devices: an Innovative Thermal Analysis Approach to Predict a Device’s Lifetime Gaetano Bazzano, Giuseppe Greco, Daniela Grazia Cavallaro, Antonio Grimaldi, Salvatore, Rinaudo STMicroelectronics, I Lifetime estimation of discrete power devices in an automotive market context plays a key role and imposes more and more accurate characterization strategies aimed at guaranteeing demanding customer requirements. The objective of this paper is to investigate common approaches adopted for estimating the lifetime of discrete power devices related to their thermal behavior. After a preliminary overview, with pros and cons for the main approaches, attention will be focused on an new characterization strategy based on an innovative EDA flow, able to retrieve very accurate thermal information during turn-on/turn-off switching transient. Results will show that it will be possible to foresee the lifetime of the device only by knowing its real power cycling thermal behavior. An accurate deep internal investigation with current hot spot analysis is the correct way to evaluate how long a discrete device will last.
The Effect of Cooling Fans on Flow Distributions in Electronic Equipment – A CFD Analysis Anton Breier, Mnb-minebea, D The paper shows how the usage of fans which are used for cooling of electronic equipment affects the air flow distribution. These effects are shown in three examples which are related to CPU cooling, PC cooling and cooling of a simple telecom rack (ATCA). For all cases the distributions of flow, pressure and temperatures have been calculated and visualised by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Thermal Modeling of Bus Bar in High Power Electronic Stack Om Rajanarayanan Lebel, Semikron, F The increase of the demand in the wind and solar industry for high power stack (2 to 4 MW and around 4000A) makes thermal optimization of the assembly the first priority. Thermal coupling within assembly is complex and determination of the hottest areas of the bus bar is necessary. Use of a simple thermal model of the bus bar is required in the first step of stack conception without waste of time with commercial CFD codes. Drivers and Advanced Converter Control ( Modular 650 V SOI process with various high voltage transistors Ralf Lerner, G. Kittler, K. Schottmann, X-FAB Semiconductor Foundries, D A modular trench isolated high voltage SOI process is presented with the possibility to integrate various different high voltage transistors. The integration takes place in a modular approach which allows a high process flexibility to support different applications. A variety of new 650 V transistors can be designed: a 650 V depletion mode DMOS transistor, a 650 V PMOS transistor as well as a 650 V IGBT. Inverter stage with a p/n-channel MOSFET combination Marco Pürschel, Infineon Technologies, D This paper will focus on a new approach with a p-channel MOSFET as the high side and an n-channel MOSFET as a low side switch for electric driver applications in the automotive segment. The typical advantages of that setup will be highlighted, the disadvantages assessed. Special focus will lie on the driving stage for a p/n-channel combination; a device which is not available on the market up to now. Implementing Advanced Control Strategies for Phase Shifted Full-Bridge DC-DC Converters using Micro-Controllers Hrishikesh Nene, Texas Instruments, USA This paper presents voltage mode control (VMC) and peak current mode control (PCMC) implementations for a phase shifted full-bridge (PSFB) converter in a highly integrated micro-controller based system. Experimental results obtained using a 360W PSFB system are presented. A constant high system efficiency above 20% rated load, novel PCMC waveform generation, and simple system implementation are the highlights of this implementation. Digital power controller for improvement of converter efficiency Bernhard Strzalkowski, Analog Devices, D The efficiency improvement of power converters is major reasons why digital power is becoming increasingly popular. For specific requirements, digital control allows using the best fitted topology and comfortable, intricate tweaking of efficiency. This means the power supply can operate in multiple topologies and modes. This is something that cannot be realized by an analog control. Iwill discuss the possibilities to comfortable design of high efficient digital power converter. New Control Techniques in Electrical Drives Assessment-Based Flux Trajectory Optimization Carsten Heising, V. Staudt, A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D Flux-based controls for machine- and grid-side converters provide physically available dynamics and robustness. Realisations have been implemented. The introduced novel approach even more directly takes the converter properties into account. It seamlessly integrates stationary operation and fast dynamics. The optimal flux trajectory is selected from the possibilities resulting from the converter switching-states. The optimality criterion is defined by weighed assessment rules in time domain.
Design of Fast and Robust Current Controllers for Servo Drives Based on Space Vector Modulation Christoph Klarenbach, Heiko Schmirgel, Jens Onno Krah, UAS Cologne, D The traditional discrete current control for servo drives is compared with two different predictive current control approaches – Smith Predictor and Luenberger Observer. Discussed are the achievable closed loop control bandwidth and the robustness against uncertain model parameters as a function of the switching frequency, the current measurement technique and the algorithm computing technology for different applications in conjunction with several sampling techniques. A fault tolerant digital controller and feedback system for PMSM drive Rammohan Rao Errabelli, Roberto Leidhold, Peter Mutschler, Darmstadt University of Technology, D A fault tolerant controller for PM synchronous motors is presented. Three DSP based controllers are used in parallel, running the same algorithm. The PWM outputs of three DSPs are voted out to one output using a simple fault tolerant voting logic. Sensorless control algorithm is implemented in case of position sensor failure. A redundant current sensor is used in case of current sensors failure. Fault detection methods in case of position and current sensor failure are presented. Bearing Damage Detection in Speed-sensorless Operated Multi-Mass-Systems Henning Zoubek, Jose Mario Pacas, University of Siegen, D The diagnosis of outer-race bearing faults in a speed-sensorless operated drive summarizes the topic of the presented paper. Frequency response measurement of a mechanical two-mass-system serves as instrument for the detection of the bearing failure. Deterministic deviations from the measured curve without failure point out the presence of an outer race bearing fault even when calculated with the estimated speed from a speed-adaptive Luenberger observer structure in sensorless operation. Special Session "High Frequency Switching Devices and Applications" Efficient GaN Products for 600V Operation Ertugul Sönmez, Mike Kunze, Ingo Daumiller, MicroGaN, D The market demand for high efficient new approaches is discussed using the example of a mains voltage down-conversion. The basic circuit construction elements – the low barrier power diode and the normally-off power switch – are presented and discussed in detail as they are derived from a unique core unit device: the efficient GaN power HEMT. As a result, the target to enable design and fabrication of improved high efficient mains voltage down-converters is reached. Fast Switching GaN Based Power Devices Enabling High Frequency Power Conversion Michael Briere, ACOO Enterprises, USA Performance of GaN based power devices in point of load application such as VRMs for CPUs are presented and compared to state of the art alternatives. The prospects for high efficiency, high density conversion to optimally support future multi-core processor units is discussed. In addition, the performance of GaN based 600 V rectifiers and switches are discussed in terms of supportive high efficiency and higher frequency power supplies for AC-DC and inverter systems. Demonstration of 1.7 kV SiC DMOSFETs in a 10 kW 1 kV 32 kHz Hard-Switched Half Bridge DC-DC Converter Bob Callanan, Cree, USA Recent Progress on Commercial Silicon Carbide Devices This paper discusses the recent progress of silicon carbide (SiC) switches and diodes specifically for commercial applications. The electrical characteristics and application considerations for individual SiC devices will be presented. The advantages of SiC switches and diodes will be illustrated by results from high power (10kW+) DC-DC converters. 1200 V Enhancement-mode SiC VJFET Power Modules Jeff Casady, Robin Schrader, David Sheridan, Vlad Bondarenko, SemiSouth Laboratories, USA Recent module development has yielded fast switching, 1200V, 13mOhm, enhancement-mode SiC JFET half-bridge modules packaged in SP1 modules assembled by Microsemi-Bordeaux. These modules are developed using a parallel combination of 36mm2 SiC VJFET die and 23mm2 Schottky diodes. A specific on-resistance of 2.7mOhm-cm2 and record low total switching energy losses of 1.25mJ measured at 100A at 150oC. This report also documents measured switching performance, gate driver, and recommended snubbers.
New SiC JFET with integrated body diode boosts performance of Photovoltaic systems Gerald Deboy, Infineon Technologies; Regine Mallwitz, SMA Solar Technology, D The article proposes a new normally-on SiC JFET device concept with monolithically integrated body diode. Combining ultra fast switching with ohmic forward characteristic and a zero reverse recovery behavior of its body diode allows a significant boost of the performance of photovoltaic inverters. Best device performance is achieved with a direct driven approach, compatibility with safety aspects in voltage driven topologies is implemented in combination with a low voltage MOSFET. Packaging Technology New Power Module Structure with Low Thermal Impedance and High Reliability for SiC Devices Masafumi Horio, Norihiro Nashida, Yuji Iizuka, Yoshinari Ikeda, Yoshikazu Takahashi, Fuji Electric Systems, J An advanced module structure for taking advantage of superior characteristics of Silicon Carbide (SiC) device was researched and developed. This structure can realize about four times of power rating density and one half of thermal impedance compared to that of conventional structure. Also, this structure achieved to have higher reliability by applying copper pin connection to conduct current to power chips instead of aluminium bonding wire. Packaging of an all SiC High-Temperature Power Inverter Fred Flett, Timothy Jung Hee Han, Global Power Electronics; Srikanth Kulkarni, Brian Patterson, Aicha Elshabini, Fred Barlow, University of Idaho, USA Global Power Electronics (GPE) is already known for its high quality research contributions in power electronic converters. Highly efficient power electronics from GPE using the latest Silicon Carbide power modules will solve your problems from high reliability solar energy electronics to uncooled motor drives for electric vehicles. We strive to provide state-of-the-art technologies in converters and allied segments. Thermal Impedance Monitoring during Power Cycling Tests Alexander Hensler, Christian Herold, Josef Lutz, Chemnitz University of Technology; Markus Thoben, Infineon Technologies, D In this publication a method of thermal impedance analysis is presented enabling clear distinction of different failure mechanisms by online electrical measurement. By measuring and evaluating the thermal impedance Zth the degradation can be located within chip solder or system solder layers. Furthermore the aging of thermal grease can be distinguished from the degradation of solder layers. Performance comparison of traditional packaging technologies to a novel bond wire less all sintered power module Peter Beckedahl, . Hermann, M. Kind, M. Knebel, J. Nascimento, A. Wintrich, SEMIKRON Elektronik, D The novel packaging technology presented in this paper is expanding the Ag sinter joint to all remaining interconnections of a modern power module. In addition to the double side sintering of power chips is the entire DBC sintered to the heatsink. The resulting device has a very high power density and demonstrates a remarkable thermal, electrical, and reliability performance. Resonant Converters Reversible DC/DC Converter as interface between Low and Medium Voltage DC Networks Carlo Arrioja, Stephan Kenzelmann, Alfred Rufer, EPFL, CH This paper describes an isolated reversible DC/DC converter whose purpose is to interface Low and Medium voltage DC networks. It combines the properties of both the Neutral Point Clamped structure and the series-parallel connection to increase voltage at levels higher than the blocking capabilities of the semiconductors. The study of this topology has been the purpose of a Master's thesis during which a working prototype was also realized.
Transformerless high voltage pulse generator for bipolar drive of Dielectric Barrier Discharges Michael Meisser, Rainer Kling, Wolfgang Heering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) lamps are capacitive loads that require high frequency pulsed operation to provide a homogeneous discharge distribution and consequently high lamp efficiency. In order to increase possible pulse frequency and prevent parasitic resonances, this paper presents a transformerless resonant topology. The circuit generates a high frequency bipolar sinusoidal pulse and recovers energy from DBD capacitance. Experiments show an electrical efficiency of 80 %. Experimental Characterization of LLC Resonant DC/DC Converter for Medium Voltage Applications Drazen Dujic, S.Lewdeni-Schmid, A.Mester, C.Zhao, M.Weiss, J.Steinke, M.Pellerin, T.Chaudhuri, ABB Switzerland, CH Medium voltage (MV) power electronic transformers (PETs) are nowadays considered, for various industrial applications, as a viable replacement for bulky line-frequency operated transformers. In paper, power electronics building block (PEBB) for a PET, based on LLC resonant DC-DC converter is presented. Soft-switching characteristics of a high voltage IGBTs are investigated and experimental results, obtained from a full-power laboratory prototype in back-to-back (B2B) configuration are presented Digital Bridgeless PFC Converter with No Input Voltage Sensing and Lossless Current Measuring Wenqi Zhou, Manfred Reddig, UAS Augsburg; Manfred Schlenk, MNB-Minebea, D In this paper, a digital controlled bridgeless PFC converter is presented. A new cost-effective lossless current measuring method is adopted to reduce the power loss because of current sensing, and a simple 8-bit micro controller is used for digital control. The control scheme does not require input voltage sensing, which further reduces the complexity of the controller and the circuit. Experimental results show that PFC is successfully achieved. Concept and prototyping of an active mains filter for aerospace application Sebastian Liebig, Alfred Engler, Liebherr Elektronik, D The requirements for higher efficiency and less weight in aerospace lead to an increasing number of electrical systems replacing conventional systems. The generation of the DC-link is done by six-switch rectifier (APFC) and autotransformer rectifier unit (ATRU). A reasonable alternative are active power filters which needs a power rating of only 40% related to the device’s power rating. This paper presents a concept and prototype of an active power filter dedicated for aerospace application. Decentralized Power Generation Grid integration by multi level clustered of secondary power system control Paramet Wirasanti, E. Ortjohann, M. Lingemann, W. Sinsukthavorn, S. Jaloudi, UAS South Westphalia, D; D. Morton, University of Bolton, UK Recently, the large DERs are now joining the system, which can make the system controls become more complex. Since, the existing control strategy of conventional power systems cannot be rapidly changes due to the grid integration of these new units. This paper introduces a multi level cluster of secondary control for the grid integration. This proposed control structure can be applied down to the unit level. This results the increasing of availability and reliability of the future power systems. Optimum Reactive Power Control of Wind Power Generation Systems Yasuaki Nakayama, Shinya Oohara, Masaya Ichinose, Motoo Futami,Tsutomu Hasegawa, Hitachi; Osamu Iso, Masahiro Orui, Kansai Electric Power, J Wind Power Generation Systems (WPGSs) connected to grids can cause voltage fluctuations at the connecting points to the grids, and the fluctuations limit the installable capacity of WPGSs. However, recent WPGSs with power conditioning systems can control reactive power and the reactive power control enables WPGSs to suppress the voltage fluctuation. This paper proposes an optimum reactive power control scheme that minimizes the voltage fluctuations.
A View of a Smart Grid enabled Energy Market with increased Renewable Energy - Opportunities and Challenges Nikhil Kumar, S. Lefton, Intertek APTECH, USA State and Federal mandates, Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), the Smart Grid and the growing need for energy will ensure increased investments in renewable generation, adding unique new challenges for utilities, regulators, policy makers and the end consumers. This paper will explore the value of Demand Response in a renewable integrated grid. We will investigate, the economic benefit of having fast response energy supply, enabled through Demand Response in a Smart Grid. Connecting topologies of stand alone micro hybrid grid Pavol Bauer, Leake E. Weldemariam, and Evert Raijen, Delft University of Technology, NL A hybrid power system (HPS) which consists of diesel Genset, PV-arrays and wind turbines with energy storing and power electronic devices is discussed in this paper. An inventory of different connection topologies is made for some of the sources generate AC power and others generate DC power. By comparative study on the system efficiency, the Mixed-coupled HPS is found to be the best layout and this layout is used for further investigation. Battery Control Method for Hybrid Wind Power System Shinya Oohara, Naoki Hoshino, Kazuo Suzuki, Tadashi Hashimoto, Hitachi, J Grid frequency problem caused by the intermittency of the wind turbines could be overcome by using a hybrid system of wind turbines and battery storage. This study aims to lengthen battery lifetime by reducing battery charge-discharge energy. A control method with a stand-by mode is presented, and the performance of the method is evaluated using a computer simulation. The first hybrid wind farm using the proposed control is now in operation. The performance of the wind farm is being evaluated. Progress in IGBTs and MOSFETs 600V Reverse Blocking IGBTs with Low On-state Voltage Hiroki Wakimoto, M. Ogino, D. H. Lu, S. Takizawa, , H. Nakazawa M. Yatsu, Y. Takahashi, Fuji Electric Systems, J We developed 600V Reverse Blocking (RB)-IGBTs used as bi-directional switches in advanced Neutral-Point-Clamped (A-NPC) inverter modules. In this paper, we report the electrical characteristics of 600V RB-IGBTs by increasing collector carrier injection with different process conditions. Lower on-state voltage (Vce(sat)) of 1.9V is achieved, compared with 2.6V of our previous generation devices. 1700V SPT+ IGBT and Diode Chip Set with High Temperature Operation Capability Chiara Corvasce, A. Kopta, A. Baschnagel, S. Geissmann, M.Rahimo, R. Schnell, ABB Switzerland, CH A new 1700V IGBT and Diode chip set suitable for high temperature operations is presented. The latest generation of ABB’s planar 1700V IGBT (SPT+) is improved by introducing a new termination concept and silicon design. Diode leakage current at 150°C is reduced by introducing a local proton lifetime killing while keeping the same performances of the previous SPT diode platform. This chip set has been optimized to be packaged in a 1700V HiPak2 module rated at 3.6kA and specified for Tj=150°C. The advanced trench HiGT with separate floating p-layer for easy controllability and robustness Tiger Arai, S. Watanabe, K. Ishibashi, Y. Toyoda, T. Oda, K. Saito, M. Mori. Hitachi, J We proposed the advanced trench HiGT (High conductivity IGBT) chip structure and show the new 1700V advanced trench HiGT module characteristic. The advanced trench HiGT’s concept is to be higher dV/dt controllability keeping low losses and robustness, which is realized with the separate floating p-layer. This new module experimentally shows 25% turn-on dV/dt reduction with the same level losses of the conventional HiGT and maximum turn-off dV/dt reduction over the full collector current range. Improvement of gate controllability for new generation Superjunction MOSFETs : DTMOS-III series Syotaro Ono, Shoichiro Kurushima, Masataka Tsuji, Yasuto Sumi, Hiroshi Ohta, Wataru Saito, Jun Onodera, Tadashi Matsuda Toshiba, J We developed new generation 600 V-class Superjunction (SJ) MOSFETs: DTMOS-III series, which have high switching controllability. DTMOS-III improved the trade-off characteristics between efficiency and EMI noise by the optimum combination of p/n-column and MOS plane-patterns. In addition, low on-resistance of a top class was also realized by the optimum p/n-column dose and pitch narrowing.
Multilevel Inverters A more efficient approach for NPC topology based on the new MOSFET technology Carmelo Parisi, Luigi Abbatelli, Simone Buonomo, STMicroelectronics, I The market is demanding more and more efficient systems, especially in renewable energy and UPS fields. The use of three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) topology in such applications makes it possible to reach improvements in terms of efficiency, performance and cost, as well as optimization of harmonic distortion and overall equipment size. STMicroelectronics’ latest MOSFET technology introduction provides a new and more efficient approach for this topology. High insulation Power supply for high-power IGBT gate drivers in a multilevel converter Lilia Galai, Francois Costa, Bertrand Revol, SATIE, F Actually in ALSTOM’s locomotives, the power train is supplied by a heavy 25kV/3kV transformer. To reduce the weigh and volume of the system, a multilevel converter directly linked to the catenary, is intended to be developed. So, each component of the power electronic system has to be insulated for the maximal voltage (60kV). To respond to this constraint, for driving power supply of converters, the “Double Galvanic Insulation Transformer” (DGIT) was developed. Back-to-Back Connected Multilevel Inverters for Aerospace Starter-Generator Applications Richard Williams, D. A. Stone, Martin P. Foster, Steve R. Minshull, University of Sheffield, UK The application of a five level, back-to-back connected, diode clamped inverter as an aerospace starter-generator (S/G) is examined. In starting mode the converter drives the S/G machine up to the engine ignition speed. In generating mode the converter draws electrical power from the S/G and regenerates it back onto an AC bus. Inverters for Photovoltaic Systems Integration of Isolation for Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Inverters Baoxing Chen, Analog Devices, USA For safety and operational concerns, harvested DC needs to be isolated from the AC grid in grid-tied PV converters. Traditional isolation solutions such as opto-couplers can’t satisfy the 25 year warranty typical for PV panels when high temperatures can accelerate their degradation. This paper discusses the isolation needs in PV inverters, and how integration of isolation functions using micro-transformers can improve the system performance and reliability, reduce the system size and cost. An Adaptive Multi-Phases Converter for Photovoltaic Applications Alona Berasategi, C. Cabal, Y. El Basri, B. Estibals, C. Alonso, LAAS-CNRS; M. Vermeersch, Total, F An Adaptive Multi-Phases Converter is used as an adaptation stage to improve the efficiency of a photovoltaic power conversion chain. First, notions of efficiency in a single and a multi-phases converter are presented to show the advantages of the AMPC. Control law that guarantees high conversion efficiency, even in the presence of constantly changing operating point which is principal characteristic of the photovoltaic system. The AMPC is validated by an experimental prototype. Exploiting the benefits of SiC by using 1700V switches in single-stage inverter topologies applied to photovoltaic systems Samuel Araujo, Benjamin Sahan, Peter Zacharias, University of Kassel, D The prospect of employing SiC devices in photovoltaic power conversion systems offers the interesting prospect of significant costs savings and hence increasing competitiveness. From one side the switching frequency can be increased resulting in smaller filter elements. Increasing the maximum system voltage to 1500V allows eliminating the boost stage employed in three-phase systems. Such possibility will be investigated in a special single-stage three-phase circuit employing 1700V SiC switches. A Novel Architecture for Photovoltaic Distributed Systems Francesco Gennaro, N. Aiello, G. Scuderi, STMicroelectronics, I Many different conversion topologies, suitable for the distributed approach, have been proposed to the market, but they show some limitations from a cost or application point of view. In this paper, an innovative architecture for the distributed approach is presented. In this paper, an innovative architecture for the distributed approach overcoming the aforementioned limits is presented. The new solution should finally open the PV market to the distributed approach, with big advantages especially for building integrated systems.
New Single Current Sensor Based Variable Step Size MPPT for Stand-alone Battery Storage PV Systems Emad M. Ahmed, Masahito Shoyama, Kyushu University, J The issue of variable step size maximum power point tracking has been addressed in the literature. However, most of the addressed algorithms actually tune the variable step size depending on two variables: the photovoltaic array voltage (VPV) and current (IPV). Therefore, both the photovoltaic array voltage and current have to be measured. Recently maximum power point trackers (MPPTs), which based on single variable, have a great attention due to their lower cost and ease in implementation. Since these methods still using fixed step size perturbation to reach the maximum power point. Therefore, as a result all of them suffer from steady state oscillation nearby the MPP and a certain losses in the array power. In this paper, a single current sensor based variable step size maximum power point tracker has been proposed. The suggested method uses only the relationship between the PV array measured current and the corresponding converter duty cycle D to automatically adapt the step size change in the converter duty cycle to track the maximum power point MPP. FPGA based Advanced Control Techniques FPGA-based Real-Time Simulation for Emulation of PMSM Martin Oettmeier, Carsten Heising , Volker Staudt, Ruhr-University Bochum; Henrik Liebau, Henrik Jakoby, ETAS, D PMSM become more and more interesting for urban transport applications because performance increases at decreasing cost. The development of adequate real-time control systems requires advanced simulation tools. In this paper, the commissioning of a real-time simulation environment hosted on a field programmable gate-array is presented. Details concerning the hardware platform as well as the implemented model are discussed. FPGA-based Control of Three-Level Inverters Jens-Onno Krah, Christoph Klarenbach, Andreas Rath, Markus Höltgen, UAS Cologne, D The digital logic to implement a full featured PWM generator for a three level inverter that determines all required switching sequences and the necessary blocking times can be fitted together with the fault detection and a supervising soft core CPU into a low cost FPGA. Due to the straight forward VHDL respectively state machine programming the solution is extremely fast and allows a cost efficient single chip implementation even for very high switching frequencies. Management for event driven synchronous motor on FPGA Robert Horvat, Karel Jezernik, Milan Curkovic, University of Maribor, SLO The paper presents the event driven control principle on FPGA for three-phase synchronous motor. Due to the implementation on the FPGA, we strive to implement the essential part of the algorithm with logical operations. Management state controller (supervisor) is added for more robust, safer and more transparent management of system. It is executed on FPGA in parallel with the basic motor control. Graphic user interface implemented on PC is written in Delphi. Observer and In Situ Identification Based High Dynamic Converter Control Xinhua Ke, Felix Jenni, UAS Northwestern Switzerland; Hans Jäckle, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH This paper presents an observer and in situ identification based control strategy for power converters, especially for such having high dynamic performance requirements. The structure consists of a two loop combined state space and proportional integral (SS-PI) control, together with measurement delay and filter compensation, as well as a current adaptation. Sophisticated anti-windup together with feed-forward of the DC-link voltage improves the behaviour further. The proposed control strategy can be used in various applications, for example, high precision magnet power supplies for particle accelerators.
Special Session Interleaved Converters Transformerless STATCOM based on multilevel converter for grid voltage Gianluca Postiglione, G.Borghetti, G.Torre, P.Bordignon, Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali, I Deregulation and liberalization of international energy market are recently increasing the demand, in Transmission and Distribution networks, for more Efficient Solutions for Power Management and better Power Quality. Fast and reliable Var control system including voltage regulation and reactive power/harmonic compensation, such STATCOM, enhances the dynamic stability of power network providing high power quality and better efficiency in transmission and distribution system. Fault-Tolerant Cascaded Multilevel Converters using Space Vector and Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques Gianluca Parodi, Mario Marchesoni, G. Maragliano, L. Vaccaro, University of Genova, I This paper presents a performance comparison in fault conditions of Cascaded Multilevel (CM) converter commanded either with Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SV-PWM) or with suitable Sine PWM (S-PWM) with interleaved carriers. Weight and Efficiency Optimized DC/DC Converter based on Multiple Interleaved Channels Yannick Louvrier, Alfred Rufer, EPFL, CH In the context of the realization of the solair aircraft SOLARIMPULSE, dedicated light weight and high efficiency converters are used for the interface between PV pannels and the battery system. Because of the severe specification on the on-board weight, together with the high expected energy efficiency of the MPPT Power tracking circuits, an optimization of a predefined multichannel structure of a boost converter has been done. Modulation strategies applied to series and parallel multilevel inverters Bernardo Cougo, G. Gateau, T. Meynard, P. Ladoux, University of Toulouse, F In this paper different modulations strategies (POD, PD) applied to series and parallel multilevel inverters are introduced. Similarities and differences of a common approach for internal state variables of both series and parallel inverters are discussed. In particular, it is shown that these strategies are not optimal from all criteria (output and internal ripples) and we will discuss and compare them for some converters. Modular Multilevel Topologies: State of the art and new developments Rainer Marquardt, University of the federal armed forces Munich, D Modular Multilevel Converters are getting increased importance for demanding future applications in drives and power transmission. Very high efficiency, inherent redundancy and fast dynamic response are typical advantages. Ultralight weight can be achieved by extremely reducing passive filters and heat exchangers, which is a key point for electric vehicles and aerospace applications. Extended controllability under normal, transient and fault conditions are additional important points, described. Known – already established – converter concepts for the high power range (M2C) and new concepts for the low power range – suitable for advanced FET devices (GaN-on-silicon, SiC) – are explained. High Power Density Converters 12.3mm ultra-thin AC/DC converter for LCD-TV Takayuki Ouchi, Akihiko Kanouda, Hitachi; Yoshihiko Sugawara, Hitachi Mediaelectronics, J LCD-TV becomes more attractive less than 40 mm thickness, the power supply unit need to be reduced its thickness and to be higher its efficiency. We reviewed the system configuration and introduced current resonant converter as isolated DC/DC converter, unified multi-output to single 24V. Transformer is optimized its size, windings, and connections. Only 12.3 mm height AC/DC converter power supply unit is developed and achieved 87% efficiency, from about 80% before. Low-Profile LLC Converter for Notebook Adapters Christian Oeder, Alexander Bucher, Thomas Duerbaum, University of Erlangen, D Resonant converters seem to be very suitable for high frequency applications, due to the fact that virtually no switching losses occur, making high switching frequencies together with high efficiency possible. In this paper, based on its mathematically description in the time domain, a low-profile resonant LLC converter is designed with respect to a typical notebook adaptor application. Furthermore, special attention is paid towards a low-profile design of the magnetic component
Highly Efficient Inverter with Natural Convection Cooling Using SiC Switches Thies Köneke, A. Mertens, Leibniz-University Hanover; Daniel Domes, Peter Kanschat, Infineon Technologies, D A 10kW three phase inverter with 1200V SiC-JFETs with high efficiency, which is cooled by natural convection is presented. The inverter only requires a heat sink volume of two litres, which results in an overall inverter power density of 2.35kW per litre. Pushing Power Density Limits using SiC-JFet-based Matrix Converter Martin Schulz, Infineon Technologies, D; Pat Wheeler, Liliana de Lillo, Lee Empringham, University of Nottingham, UK The paper deals with the ongoing trend of increasing power density in inverter designs. A prototype is developed in respect to the special needs of SiC-JFet switches. Measurement gained from the prototype along with the particular properties of the gate drive circuits is presented and a comparison what new technologies achieve compared to standard silicon solution is derived. Single Stage Isolated PFC with AC Line Ripple Steering Bogdan Bucheru, Ionel Dan Jitaru, Delta Energy Systems, USA An innovative solution for low frequency ripple steering is presented, exploring the benefits and challenges that it brings. The purpose of this new design is to increase the power density for 90 W adapter chargers while reducing the cost and simplifying the design. A universal Ac voltage input (90 Vac – 264 Vac) to 19 V output prototype converter was build and tested, delivering 90 W of output power with over 91% efficiency. Advanced Modeling Techniques Effective Electrothermal Simulation for Power Electronics via Model Order Reduction Tamara Bechtold, E. B. Rudnyi,CADFEM, D Thermal management is an important part during the development of power electronic systems. Electrothermal simulation is required at the system level in order to ensure the fulfillment of thermal requirements, which strongly influence the performance, reliability and yield. The main modeling issue is to obtain a compact but accurate thermal model needed for the system level simulation. We suggest an efficient methodology based on modern mathematical algorithms of model order reduction (MOR) and demonstrate the approach on an IGBT converter model. Numerical loss calculation and simulation tool for 3L NPC converter design Ingo Staudt, Arendt Wintrich, K.Haddad, V.Cardi, SEMIKRON Elektronik, D The 3L NPC converter has experienced a renaissance in the last two years. Along with the rising interest in 3L topology, customers demand for a quick possibility to calculate power losses. The so far published formulas contain inaccuracies for certain operating points especially concerning the clamping and inner freewheeling diodes. For that reason Semikron has developed and verified a complete set of formulas valid for any operation condition of a four quadrant 3L converter. Virtual Prototyping of Electronic Ballasts for TV Backlighting Jörg Oehmen, Hans Hoffmann, MNB-Minebea, D The operation of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCLFs) requires electronic ballasts. Virtual prototyping and non-destructive testing with electrical simulations based on the SPICE standard need corresponding accurate models of the CCFLs and of the nonlinear components of the lamp drive circuit. This paper describes a CCFL SPICE model and demonstrates its accuracy by comparison of measurement and simulation results of an electronic ballast circuit Output Impedance calculation by means of Sampled-Data Modeling Jürgen Stahl, Alexander Bucher, Thomas Duerbaum, University of Erlangen, D Stability of larger power systems requires knowledge about output impedances of SMPSs. Calculation methods comprise state-space averaging and sampled-data modeling. Results obtained from both methods exhibit large differences. With only small additional effort to the standard sampled-data modeling approach, the converter behavior can be simulated with exact averaged quantities. This leads to an improvement of the state-space average model through adding an operating point dependent resistor.
High-Speed Real-Time Digital Emulation for Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Power Electronics: A New Paradigm in the Field of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) for Power Electronics Systems Michel Kinsy, Ivan Celanovic, Srinivas Devadas, Massachussetts Institute of Technology; Jason Poon, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, USA; Dusan Majstorovic, Nikola Celanovic, University of Novi Sad, SRB; Pierre Haessig, Ecole superieure de Cachan, F This paper details the design and application of new ultra-high speed real-time simulation for hardware-in-the-loop testing and design of high-power power electronics systems. Our real-time hardware emulation for Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) system is based on custom digital processor design that emulates power electronics, and circuit compiler that compiles graphic representation of circuit into processor executable machine code. Power Quality Solutions Limiting harmonics in the residual earthfault current in MV-grids with resonant neutral point earthing Helge Schäfer, H. Kleinknecht, D The most common faults occurring in medium-voltage networks are single-pole earth faults. If these networks are being operated with RESPE there will be considerable advantages: low fault currents, an automatic arc-extinguishing circuit and generally improved profitability. There will be no interruptions to customer supply if the residual earth fault current does not exceed the prescribed limits. To limit the residual earth fault current requires reduction of the proportion of harmonics within that current. The following is an account of an engineering procedure by means of which the harmonic currents can be calculated when there is an earth fault. A compensator is presented which is based on a power converter and is not only capable of carrying out this calculation but also of being used to reduce voltage distortion in an uninterrupted form of network operation. Details are given of using the compensator in a 20 kV power network. Active Steinmetz Circuit in a Single Phase Railway Substation Giuliano Raimondo, Philippe Ladoux, University of Toulouse; H. Caron, SNCF, F; P. Caron, Second University of Naples, I This paper deals with a new technique of voltage unbalance compensation for single phase railway substations. Using measurements carried out in a substation of the French Railways, the authors perform an analysis of symmetrical components. This analysis allows studying the feasibility of an active Steinmetz circuit based on AC choppers. Which is the best PFC stage for a 1 kW application? - Comparison of different PFC stage topologies under an identical design philosophy Ulf Schwalbe, Marko Scherf, ISLE; Markus Protze, Marko Scherf, Tobias Reimann, Jürgen Petzoldt, Ilmenau University of Technology, D This contribution deals with the important question for every power supply designer: Which is the optimal power factor correction (PFC) topology for my AC to DC power supply project? The paper presents the results based on a practical topology study, investigating state of the art PFC stages under identical design philosophy for 1 kW output power at a wide range input grid. The analysed topologies are PFC stages in CCM and CRM operation mode. The contribution covers a semiconductor comparison. A New, Ultra low cost Power Quality and Energy Measurement Technology – The Future of Power Quality Measurement Andreas Eberhard, Alex McEachern, Power Standards Lab, USA This interesting paper gives an overview of the latest Power Quality Monitoring Technology that derived from a new Power Quality standard that was recently implemented on an international basis. IEC 61000-4-30. It also fits in right into the latest SmartGrid architecture. This allows gathering power quality and energy consumption information in the most economic and efficient way throughout distribution networks or manufacturing facilities – or even embedded in any sensitive machines and systems
State-of-charge indicators for VRLA batteries utilising pseudo random binary sequences (PRBS) Andrew Fairweather, VxI Power; Martin P. Foster, David A. Stone, University of Sheffield, UK This paper continues previous work in the frequency domain analysis of battery parameters, using digitally generated approximations to white noise. Using this technique, Psuedo Random Binary Sequences are used to obtain component values for the familair Randles' model, over a range of states-of-charge for the battery under test. This data then forms the basis of a system for establising state-of-charge for VRLA batteries. Drives and Automotive Applications First leadfree power MOSFET for automotive in TO packages Klaus Roeschlau, Marco Pürschel, Infineon Technologies, D Every year, end of life vehicles generate between 8 and 9 million tons of waste in the Community which should be managed correctly. Today the RoHS directive is in place. Review date for today’s directive for power MOSFETs is July 2014. Next target could be a 100% lead free product, leading to a new challenge for the semiconductor industry. In the paper the first automotive released lead free power MOSFET in a TO package will be introduced for specific products. Electric Power Steering with Reduced High Frequency Phase Ripple Currents Based on a Multi-Functional Converter Thomas Hackner, Johannes Pforr, UAS Ingolstadt, D An automotive electric power steering with increased system voltage and based on a multi-functional converter with a synchronous machine has been optimized. FEM simulations have been performed to select the most suitable winding scheme of the machine and an analysis has been carried out to predict the high-frequency phase ripple currents dependent on the inductances and the magnetic coupling of the machine windings. A prototype has been built and tested to verify theoretical predictions. Stator-Flux-Orientated Control of Anisotrop PMSM Martin Oettmeier, C. Heising, J. Fang, V. Staudt, A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D With increasing performance of magnetmaterial and decreasing cost, PMSM become more and more important for practical use in light railway and e-car applications. Excellent torque dynamics are extremely important in these applications. A stator-flux based control scheme for anisotrop PMSM which gives the maximum physically possible dynamics is presented. It bases on the indirect stator control scheme for synchronous machines and is similar to the virtual-grid-flux-based control of AFE. Control concept of the Modular High Frequency – Converter for vehicle applications Anna Mayer, Lukas Lambertz, Rainer Marquardt, University of the federal armed forces Munich, D For future vehicles, new converter systems are required. Beside low weight and a small volume, low losses and an excellent dynamic behavior are demanded. These requirements cannot be met with conventional converters like 2-level IGBT-converters or NPCs. The new Modular High Frequency-Converter (MHF) for vehicle applications enables essential improvements of these problems. This paper presents a control concept of the MHF. Moreover test results of the excellent dynamic behavior are depicted. Wide Bandgap Power Devices A Mature 1200V SiC JFET Technology Optimized for Efficient and Reliable Switching Jochen Hilsenbeck, Wolfgang Bergner, Infineon Technologies Austria, A SiC´s unique physical properties give the opportunity to design a new class of high-voltage switches beside Si super-junction devices and IGBTs. Low static and dynamic losses as well as the integration of a body-diode are key features which will prove revolutionary for application topologies relying on hard-switching with commutation as well as on resonant switching. The major technology features and their impact will be discussed.
1st industrialized 1200V SiC JFET module for high energy efficiency applications Daniel Domes, Christoph Messelke, Peter Kanschat, Infineon Technologies, D Saving loss energy in power conversion is one of the most challenging trends in power electronics. Wide bandgap devices like SiC switches show best performance in terms of lowering conduction and switching losses. Now the normally-on SiC JFET transistor is matured and convinces with low power loss, high reliability and robustness, ease of use and right cost position. This paper presents the first industrialized power module making use of the excellent JFET properties in a normally-off circuit. Large area high voltage SiC bipolar junction transistors Martin Domeij, A. Lindgren, C. Zaring, A.O. Konstantinov, J-O. Svedberg, K. Gumaelius, I. Keri, H. Grenell, M. Reimark, TranSiC, S In this work, large 15 mm2 active area high voltage SiC bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are demonstrated with VCESAT=1.15 V at IC=50 A (JC=330 A/cm2) and 2.0 V at T=150 C. The BJT open-base blocking capability exceeds 1500 V. The current gain has negative temperature dependence and is in the range of 35-60 between 25 C and 150 C. Switching measurements were performed with 20 A and 800 V at 150 C, resulting in VCE rise- and fall-times in the range of 20-30 ns. Traction Inverter that Applies SiC Hybrid Module Kazutoshi Ogawa, Katsumi Ishikawa, Norihumi Kameshiro, Hidekatsu Onose, Masahiro Nagasu, Hitachi, J We developed a JBS diode with characteristics of a low forward voltage and a low leakage current at 3kV. Further, we built a prototype of a 3kV/200A hybrid module, equipped with Si-IGBTs and SiC-JBS diodes. We attempted to decrease the recovery loss, and the decrease in the turn-on loss, by using a hybrid module and a high-speed drive circuit. We estimated that the total energy loss of the traction converter was reduced to about 33%. It succeeded in driving the induction motor for the train. Failure Mechanism in Power Devices MOSFET failure mechanisms during fast switching events Eric Persson, International Rectifier, USA Driving power MOSFETs faster than a few thousand amps/μs can cause not only ringing, overshoot and related EMI problems, but catastrophic device failure. The failures are caused by loss of current control due to parasitic bipolar NPN latchup. This paper explains the mechanisms of how the extremely short (20 ns) avalanche pulses are created, how this affects the MOSFET and causes latchup, how to test for and how to avoid these failure modes. Different short circuit types of IGBT-voltage-source-inverters Steffen Pierstorf, Hans-Günter Eckel, University of Rostock, D This paper presents five different short-circuit types in HV-IGBT based voltage sourced con-verters (VSC). The effects of the dc-link voltage, gate emitter voltage and short circuit induc-tance on the five types are measured and simulated. Optimized gate control helps to improve the ruggedness of HV-IGBT. Explanation of Parameter Drifts in Trench and Planar MOSFETs after Repetitive Avalanche Shishir Rai, Andrea Gorgerino, International Rectifier, USA Modern automobiles require power MOSFET technologies that can handle high current repetitive avalanche cycling over their lifetime and do so reliably. This study reports the result of repetitive avalanche characterization on planar and trench MOSFET technologies. Repetitive avalanche causes electrical parameters of MOSFET to drift with number of avalanche cycles. This study provides an explanation for observed drifts in parameters and reports conditions under which some of them can be recovered. In-situ Measurement of Bondwire Lift-off in IGBT Power Modules Bing Ji, Volker Pickert, University of Newcastle, UK Reliability is highly needed in power semiconductor devices. Monitoring precursor parameters of IGBT modules will enable the development of a prognostic methodology for IGBT failure. This work is in-situ condition monitoring of bondwire in IGBT modules. Experimental results are presented, demonstrating the ability of the proposed system to accurately monitor the bondwire health online.
Current and Voltage Sensors Accurate high current transducer with Class D amplifier Marc Schaerrer, LEM, CH Highly accurate closed loop AC/DC current sensors have always included Class AB output stages and discrete electronics for the fluxgate detector. This paper presents some of the challenges faced to arrive to an innovative implementation using two Class D amplifiers for the output stage and a micro-controller to control them and perform most of the regulation functions. High dynamic current sensors based on magnetoresistive (MR) technology Rolf Slatter, Jochen Schmitt, Glenn von Manteuffel, Sensitec, D New applications are generating new requirements for current sensing. For example laser power supplies and X-ray equipment are providing high frequency ranges for current sensors (typically above 100 kHz). But also classic applica-tions like servo drives increase their requirements. For these requirements MR-Sensors are especially predestined. The frequency range of MR sensors is reduced initially over 1 GHz. The fundamental reducing factors of MR based current sensors are the electronic circuit. Low-Cost Current Sensor for Power Capacitors Based on a PCB Rogowski-Coil Helmut Votzi, M. Vogelsberger, H. Ertl, Vienna University of Technology, A A low-cost current sensor for power capacitors in PWM converters is presented. The sensor is based on a Rogowski-coil which is implemented very cost-effectively using a small standard printed circuit board (PCB) located directly at the capacitor terminals. The required signal integration is performed by frequency separation (passive/active integration) using a low-cost operational amplifier located directly on the PCB. The unit aims to life-cycle monitoring systems for electrolytic capacitors. 100 MS/s Wireless Voltage Probe Yanick Lobsiger, Johann W. Kolar, ETH Zürich; Dominik Bortis, Enertronics, CH; Hans Ertl, Vienna University of Technology, A Actual isolated voltage measurement systems do either not meet the high voltage isolation requirements up to several kV or exhibit a rather large coupling capacitance to ground. In combination with the high voltage transients up to several 10 kV/us, this coupling capacitance impacts the voltage measurement and the circuit under test. In this paper, a wireless voltage probe is introduced to measure accurately on high and transient reference voltage with a minimal impact to the device under test. Poster Presentations Advanced Power Devices An Exercise in Creativity and Faith Andrew Smith, Silvestro Fimiani, Power Integrations, USA As standby power usage comes under the microscope, this presentation will discuss how solutions already exist to reduce standby power consumption to zero. Yet currently there is no international standard that requires zero standby power usage for any products, and developers have not asked for such a part. So what is the driving force? The author argues for faith that engineers care about the environment, faith that they are free to make design, and faith that engineers will recognize and value such a product - and make use of it. Development and Investigations of Light Triggered Thyristors for Pulse Applications Sergey Tundykov, V.V. Chibirkin , V.A. Martynenko, A.A. Khapugin, A.V. Grishanin, Electrovipryamitel JSC; A.V. Konuchov, V.I. Lenin All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute, R.Sh. Enikeev , R.A. Serebrov, Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, RUS The results of development of power fast Light Triggered Thyristors (LTT) with 4” basic unit for pulse commutation up to 100 kA 700 are presented. Simulation and experimental studies were carried out for full turn-on time minimization and increasing maximum current amplitude. Maximal temperature of LTT was calculated by means of special SPICE-model. Required reverse recovery charge values were achieved by electron irradiation that allows small technological spread of parameters.
Implementation of 700V LDMOS with the design and optimization in Source finger region Namchil Moon, Bon-Keun Jun, Kyung-Wook Kwon, Chang-Jun Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Hee-dae Kim, Joo-Won Park, Nam-Joo Kim, Kwang-Dong Yoo, Lou Hutter, Dongbu HiTek, ROK nLDMOS for power switch was successfully developed by using Double RESURF (REduced SURface Field) and specially layout of source finger region is able to reduce making layer and Ron according to without removing n-type drift region. This paper presents the optimization of charge balance of source finger region using alternated n-type, p-type well. The results showed that BV is improved up to ~ 800V and Rsp ~ 200mohm*cm^2, respectively. The Quest for Higher Switching Frequency and its Implications on Semiconductor Switches Raffel Schnell, Munaf Rahimo, ABB Switzerland, CH Higher switching frequency improves the quality of the inverter output and its controllability. However it causes higher losses in the semiconductor switches and thus the conversion efficiency and usable output power will be reduced. This asks for fast devices with low switching losses. Unfortunately the switching losses of high power semiconductors can not be infinitely reduced without paying a high price for limited ruggedness and reliability due to overvoltage. 3300V HiPak modules for high-temperature applications Sven Matthias, Arnost Kopta, Munaf Rahimo, Lydia Feller, Silvan Geissmann, Raffael Schnell, Sven Klaka, ABB Switzerland, CH The market for IGBT modules in high power applications requests for lower switching losses and higher safety margins at elevated operating temperatures. In this paper we will present the newly developed 3.3kV high-temperature module generation rated at 1500A, which combines the superior dynamic properties of the previous SPT+ version with the 150°C operation capability. Transient voltage behavior of turned off 600 V IGBT³ Björn Bünsow, Michael Kurrat, Ernst-Dieter Wilkening, Braunschweig University of Technology, D The transient voltage behavior of IGBTs is presented. A turned off IGBT was stressed by surge voltage. It was turned off with different configurations on the gate-emitter-terminals. The IGBT react with three different effects to transient voltages with dv/dt up to 5kV/µs. It is theoretical possible to turn on a 600 V IGBT with a voltage peak of only 170 V and a 1 ohm gate-emitter resistor. Parasitic capacities are the reason. The capacitances are direct regulated by linking voltage.
Power MOSFETs reliability during harsh power cycling and the importance of the temperature control technique Giuseppe Consentino, STMicroelectronics, I This technical article studies power MOSFETs’ reliability when they are subject to harsh power cycling. Attention will be placed on discrete components and on their capability to survive after millions and millions of power cycles. Furthermore, the paper will focus on the importance of strategies to control the case temperature of the device. Finally, a complete analysis of the device failure causes will be implemented. New test bench concept for RC-IGBT Daniel Wigger, David Weiss, Hans-Günter Eckel, University of Rostock, D Abstract Bi-Mode Insulated Gate Transistors are a new class of semiconductors, which includes the functionality of an IGBT and a diode in a single chip [1], [4]. For a characterization of this device not only the switching and on-state behavior is important, but also the behavior during the change of the current direction. In this paper the structure of a new test concept for measurements in this operating point will described. IGBT with higher operation temperature - Power density, life time and impact on inverter design Klaus Vogel, Alexander Ciliox, P. Luniewski, F.-J. Niedernostheide, A. Härtl, Infineon Technologies, D Power density has become an important comparison feature for inverters and therefore for power modules, too. In this paper we present the investigation of increased inverter output power by means of an increased continuous operation temperature of IGBTs and diodes. The continuous operation temperature of the dies was increased from today’s standard junction temperature of 150°C by 25K up to 175°C. Consequently, the impact on the inverter design is measured and discussed.
Robust MOSFET Solutions for Switching High Power Inductive Loads Roland Weber, Guy Moxey, Alpha & Omega Semiconductor, USA The development trend for new high cell density MOSFET structures actually divert away from offering adequate solutions for high power industrial applications like motor control &UPS where slow switching, inductive loads and high peak currents are involved. This paper will discuss about the requirements of such heavy current industrial applications with waveform and simulation analysis. Detail then will be given of what device structures available today can perform in such applications and why. New Medium Voltage Power MOSFETs for Synchronous Rectification Wonsuk Choi, Dongwook Kim, Sung-mo Young, Fairchild Korea Semiconductor, ROK The latest shielded-gate technology can dramatically reduce both on-resistance and gate charge which usually is in trade-off. With soft body diode characteristics, the new middle-voltage power MOSFET enable to reduce voltage spikes which cause additional losses in the snubber circuits. In the paper, the characteristics of new power MOSFETs, called PowerTrench® MOSFET presented and compared to other power MOSFETs available in the market. The benefits of these new power MOSFETs are shown in synchronous rectification of target application. Neutral Clamp High Efficiency Inverter Using IGBTs with Two Different Characteristics Cesare Bocchiola, International Rectifier, I; Wibawa Chou, International Rectifier, USA Utilizing two IGBTs with different characteristics (ultrafast and standard speed), the efficiency of a neutral point clamp inverter can be increased without sacrificing the performance of the system. Wide Bandgap and other Advanced Devices AlGaN/GaN HEMTs: pulsed I-V device characterization by means of numerical simulations Cristina Miccoli, V. Cinnera Martino, S. Rinaudo, STMicroelectronics, I AlGaN/GaN HEMTs can realize ultrahigh-power-density operation due to high carrier mobility in two-dimensional electron gas channel. However, parasitic effects induced by trapping phenomena severely limit the power performances of these transistors. This paper shows an approach to analyze GaN devices, considering both thermal and trapping phenomena. The use of pulsed simulations as part of the modeling process is a helpful method for evaluating the performance and reliability of such devices. Newly Developed Hybrid Module by Si-IGBT and SiC-SBD Yoshiyuki Kusunoki, Toshiyuki Miyanagi, M. Nakazawa, Y. Kobayashi, S. Igarashi, Fuji Electric Systems, J A hybrid module is consisted of Si-IGBTs and several parallel SiC-SBDs mounted in a general PIM package. Because a reverse recovery current of SiC-SBD is very small to be an unipolar device, reverse recovery and turn-on losses at 50 A on hybrid module are 70% and 54% lower than all Si module, respectively. So there is the further advantage of hybrid module at high frequency operation. However, the waveforms during turn-on and reverse recovery are oscillating. Noise peak caused to the oscillation can bring down to select proper drive conditions. And also a spike voltage of turn-off on hybrid module is 47 V lower than all Si module. Therefore hybrid module is useful as a power module for the high efficiency inverter. Comparison of SiC Schottky and Si Diodes Characteristics and Performance in Half-bridge Modules Igor Gabiola, M. Teresa Sierra, Ainhoa Pujana, Pedro Ibañez, Susana Apiñaniz, Tecnalia-Energia, E In this paper there are shown the differences in characteristics and performance in the same application for three different diodes integrated in half-bridge modules: one Si commercial taken as a reference for developing, and, one Si and another one Silicon Carbide diode developed in the National Microelectronics Centre of Barcelona.
6th generation CSTBTTM in a 6 in 1 module, its performance and tradeoff between dV/dt and turn-on loss Marco Honsberg, Thomas Radke, Mitsubishi Electric Europe, D; Toru Matsuoka, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, J; John Donlon, Powerex, USA The tradeoff between turn-on loss and EMI performance is complex. One influence on the EMI of a system can be linked to the dV/dt occurring in the system. Tuning for low turn-on loss usually deteriorates the EMI performance. A comparative dV/dt versus turn-on loss analysis has been carried out utilizing IGBT modules with different IGBT and FwDi chip generations driven by an evaluation board (EVB) Platform screen door system by using Mitsubishi new series DIPIPM Lu Siqing, Song Gaosheng, Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics (Shanghai); Li Huixun, Hangzhou Xizi Trust Technology, CN; Liang Xiaoguang, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, J This paper presents platform screen door system by using Mitsubishi new series DIPIPMTM of PS219A3-ASTX. Features of Mitsubishi new series DIPIPMTM, circuit topology of platform screen door system and applied control approach are introduced. Lastly, a picture of platform screen door system based on PS219A3-ASTX and operation curve are given. Full range IGBT and MOSFET modules based on latest chips technology Zhihong Liu, Xiaoxing Jin, Norman Day, StarPower Semiconductor, CN StarPower developed a product line of IGBT and MOSFET modules for industrial applications in 2005, and since then has responded to market needs by releasing successive series of new modules realizing low loss and high power density. The latest SPT+ chip technology from ABB has been successfully adopted in standard 34mm、48mm、62mm series, 17mm height compact 45mmx107mm (C5), 62mmx122mm (C6) and 150mmx162mm (C7) medium power series and 140mmx130mm packages high power series optimized for motor drive applications. These modules offer very low power loss、soft switching waveform、low thermal resistance、ruggedness and reliability. The Trench + Field Stop chip technology from IR has also been adopted in StarPower’s compact packages L1 (PIM)、L2 (PIM) and A1 (IPM)，optimized for small motor drives and white goods applications. The advanced planar and trench MOSFET chips from IR have been adopted in series of low profile packages with low stray inductance designed with a height of 16mm and optimized for high switching frequency applications. This paper discusses the performance、reliability and product lineup of StarPower’s IGBT and MOSFET modules. Performance Evaluation of 1200 V IGBT Module Using Latest Trench Technology IGBT Chip Norman Day, Feng Li, Nick Wang, Zhihong Liu, Shawn Xu, X.D. He, StarPower Semiconductor, CN The performance of various IGBT modules under specified test conditions is investigated and compared. It is highlighted that IGBT electrical behavior will be significantly affected by internal resistor, package parasitic and associated anti-parallel diode in a bridge configuration module. By optimizing varies of package design and selecting the best combination of IGBT and anti-parallel diode, StarPower’s IGBT module exhibits good performance during hard and soft switching. In addition, the module also offer high CGE/CRES ratio and hence immune to dv/dt induced spurious turn-on and therefore driven with low-VGE bias is possible. New Generation of Smart Power Module for Home Appliances Motor Drive Applications Taesung Kwon, Steve Han, Elvis Ma, Sung-Il Yong Fairchild Korea Semiconductor, ROK This paper introduces the new Motion-SPMTM module in µ-Mini-DIP packaging, which are fully optimized intelligent integrated IGBT inverter modules for home appliances motor drive applications. This paper also provides an overall description of the new Motion-SPMTM in µ-Mini-DIP packaging as well as actual application issues such as electrical characteristics, circuit configurations, and thermal performance. A Novel series of Intelligent phase leg IGBT power modules in the LP8 package Serge Bontemps, Pierre Laurent Doumergue, Microsemi PMP, F The APTLGF is a new series of intelligent phase leg IGBT power modules integrated in the large LP8 package. They feature current capabilities up to 400A and are specified for both 600V and 1200V ratings. To achieve targeted applications like frequency converters or more complex power systems requiring switching frequencies in the 10 kHz to 60 kHz range. These modules integrate opto-isolated driver with high current capability and an isolated DC to DC converter to feed the gate drivers.
Design and Characterization of a Three-phase Multichip SiC JFET Module Fred Flett, Timothy Jung Hee Han, Global Power Electronics; Fan Xu, Jing Wang, Dong Jiang, Fred Wang, Leon Tolbert, University of Tennessee, USA Global Power Electronics (GPE) is already known for its high quality research contributions in power electronic converters. Highly efficient power electronics from GPE using the latest Silicon Carbide power modules will solve your problems from high reliability solar energy electronics to uncooled motor drives for electric vehicles. We strive to provide state-of-the-art technologies in converters and allied segments. Pairing together technical know-how with creativity, GPE strives to provide the best quality and encourage fresh ideas. Power Device Packaging Innovative method to estimate soldering process quality by IPS internal features usage. Antonio Longhitano, A. Priscoglio, STMicroelectronics, I This paper shows how the use of an on-board thermal sensor and of the serial communication link, like in VIPower IPS devices, can provide a way to increase the reliability of a smart junction box during the assembly tests, providind a quality index for the soldering process. The test can be performed just after the assembly phase saving considerable costs and degradation of the final product. The worth of this concept increases since minimum additional costs are required. Investigation on the Impact on the Thermal Performances of New Pin and Fin Geometries Applied to Liquid Cooling of Power Electronics Jesus Moreno, Matt Reeves, Peter Beucher, Sy-Jenq Loong, Wolverine Tube, USA Liquid cooling of coldplates and baseplates appears to be the near-term solution for the current cooling demand of the power electronics market. A numerical and experimental investigation has been carried out in order to evaluate the impact on the thermal performances of new pin and fin geometries applied to liquid cooling of power electronics. It is concluded that new geometries can provide a significant improvement on the thermal performances. Real-time multiple device temperature estimator based on linear thermal impedance network Vittorio Crisafulli, Diego Neftali Gutierrez Hernandez, Cristiano Vito Pastore, Whirlpool Europe, I The Key factors in designing power electronics converters are efficiency, reliability, performance and costs, without thermal management, thermal problems not only lead to timing failure but also degrade chip reliability. In this paper a real time new thermal impedance estimator is presented. This model allows the estimation of the case temperature for a multi device system using common single heat-sink and a single temperature sensor. Small Size and High Thermal Conductivity IGBT Module for Automotive Applications Fumio Nagaune, Hiromichi Gohara, Shinichiro Adachi, Takahisa Hitachi, Hiroki Shibata, Akira Morozumi, Akira Nishiura, Fuji Electric Systems, J Small size, high thermal conductivity new IGBT module (400A/650V, 6-pack) has been developed for automotive applications. Direct liquid cooling system with copper fin is used in this module. To realize highest performance of cooling fin system, fin shape and water jacket structure of the cooling system are developed from a view of lowering junction temperature and pressure drop. Fin shape design and plural water jacket structures are studied in detail for the new IGBT module. 3D Electro-Thermal Simulations of Smart Power Switch Self-heating during Short-circuit Regime Laurent Guillot, Evgueniy N. Stefanov, Freescale Semiconductors, F 3D Electro-Thermal Simulations of Smart Power Switch Self-heating during Short-circuit Regime Key words: electro-thermal modeling and simulation, vertical MOSFET, mixed-mode simulation, self-heating. Design of IGBT module Packaging for large capacity region Yoshitaka Nishimura, Kunihiro Imai, Tatsuhiko Asai, Kenji Okamoto, Tomoaki Goto, Fuji Electric Systems, J This paper presents the latest IGBT design philosophy focusing the relationship between its structure and isolation, thermal resistance for high power region. In this time we investigated isolation and thermal design of IGBT module structure. The following were main findings: (a) Break down voltage and partial discharge extinction voltage is decreased with the electric fields strength. (b) Failure modes in low temperature operation of IGBT module is isolation.
EconoPACK™ + package with enhanced characteristics Mark Essert, R. Tschirbs, I. Paul, Infineon Technologies, D In the world of semiconductor development there is a trend to an increase in efficiency through increasing the power density and by consequence increasing the operational temperature. This report describes which options of modern technologies can be implemented to boost established housings like the industrial standard package EconoPACK™ + to higher spheres, always taking care to manage the gap between the increase in power density and the requirements of life time and reliability. Packaging, Passive Compontents, Integration First principle optimization of power module baseplate David Dalleau, Indrajit Paul, Frank Broermann, Infineon Technologies, D This paper highlights a new methodology for the optimization of Baseplates used in power electronics modules. The methodology takes into account the Soldering process parameters, the mounting steps and the operation conditions. An optimized base plate with adequate technical requirements for individual components was designed using simulations and further verified by experiments. Development of AlSi cladding on CuNiSi Strips Andreas Kaminski, W.C. Heaeus, D A main issue for all manufacturers of power electronics is downsizing of their modules and rising up of their packaging density. For this a combined design of two robust AVT technologies likes wire bonding and compliant pins shall be a solution. W. C. Heraeus GmbH developed a process to combine AlSi cladding for bonding applications with CuNiSi strips which can be hardened by precipitation of NiSi-phases during a heat treatment. Due to this development a strip which is bondable and has very good relaxation properties at high temperatures like 150°C is producible. Thermal characterisation of a 25kW-inverter at 105°C liquid cooling Rodolphe de Maglie, Gaetan Osvald, Andreas Munding, Liebherr-Elektronik; M. Nold, J. Reiners, W. Schön, ZF Friedrichshafen; S. Lutz, A. Jerin, BMW; M. Thoben, Infineon Technologies, D In applications where a high power density needs to be achieved, as for example in hybrid electric vehicles, thermal management and packaging are important design issues. An inverter was built in accordance with a previously presented thermal design approach, and integrated into an automatic transmission. In this work, we report on the thermal characteristics of the integrated inverter under operational conditions. First results include temperature monitoring for different load conditions. New standards in integration scale of intelligent power modules Musamettin Zurnaci, Bastian Vogler, SEMIKRON Elektronik, D MiniSKiiP® IPM provides an increased power density by following properties: Lower IGBT collector-emitter saturation voltage, lower FWD forward voltage, integrated SOI driver, optimised gate resistors, short connection lines to the IGBT gate terminals, higher junction temperature Tj limit and efficient pressure contact system with one screw mounting for a better thermal contact of the power semiconductor and DCB to the heat sink. Thermal Management and Simulation of a High Frequency Power Transformer Alexander Stadler, Christof Gulden, STS, D The thermal management of a high frequency power transformer is investigated. It is shown how the total power losses of such a device can be easily predicted. Based on the results, the temperature distribution inside the transformer is simulated. It is demonstrated how copper coil formers can be used to reduce the hot-spot temperature. rototypes were realized to illustrate the practical capability. All simulation is based on finite element method (FEM) and verified by means of experimental data. Balancing Unit for Proper Characterization of a Modified LISN for Effective EMI Noise Separation Jürgen Stahl, Daniel Kübrich, Thomas Duerbaum, University of Erlangen; Alexander Gerfer, Würth Elektronik eiSos, D EMI compliance calls for proper filters attenuating cm and dm noise. Optimization of filters requires the knowledge of the distribution of these two noise sources by e.g. using a LISN integrated separator. Correct interpretation of the measurements needs a characterization of the modal conversion of the whole set-up, which is majorly produced by the imperfect LISN. This paper describes a verification of the whole set-up including the LISN using an accurately characterized balancing unit.
Comparison of Short-Circuit Failure Capability of Epoxy Molded Package versus Silicone Gel Module for New Fault-Tolerant Inverter and Interleaved Chopper Frederic Richardeau, Zhifeng Dou, Emmanuel Sarraute, Jean-Marc Blaquiere, Vincent Bley, Didier Flumian, University of Toulouse, F Epoxy molded package and silicone gel module are compared. The first technology yields a very low and stable Rsc residual ohmic value of the dies in low energy short failure which are analyzed through a complete 3D reverse. This original property is used for new fail-safe X-phase inverter and interleaved chopper. All these proposed topologies use only one paralleled safety leg that is spontaneously connected in series with the failed devices. Converter Control and Drive Strategies A Power-on Reset circuit for HVIC targeting for resiliency against high voltage peak noise Paul Jung-Ho Lee, Jong-Mu Lee, Won-Hi Oh, Fairchild Semiconductor, ROK This paper describes a power-on reset circuit that is seamlessly interwoven with an extant UVLO (Under Voltage Lock Out) circuit, thereby adding minimal number of circuit elements. The design of the circuit carries a special concern about the robustness against high voltage peak noise, which is severe on the high side DC link in inductor (motor) driving system. The proposed circuit is implemented using the Fairchild HDG4D BCDMOS high voltage process, which has 680V LDMOS and 25V 1.2um CMOS cell. Improvements in protection schemes for LLC resonant converters Claudio Adragna, Claudio Spini, STMicroelectronics, I After an analysis and a classification of the possible causes of ZVS loss in LLC resonant converters, the paper describes a new control function that prevents ZVS loss at start-up, condition not currently covered by today's resonant controller ICs. The details of its implementation as well as the experimental evidence of its operation and effectiveness are provided. Phase-locked loop (PLL) pulse-width modulator (PWM) based controller for LLC resonant converters David A. Stone, Martin P. Foster, J-K Woo, University of Sheffield, UK This paper describes how a phase-locked loop may be used to regulate the output voltage of LLC resonant converters whilst simultaneously limiting operation to the above resonant region to facilitate zero-voltage-switching. The PLL locks on to resonant circuit current and the MOSFET gate signals are phase-shifted from this reference allowing the output voltage to be regulated. Wireless control of parallel connected converters applied to Matrix Converters Estefania Planas, Edorta Ibarra, Jon Andreu, Jose Luis Martin, Susana Apinaniz, University of the Basque Country, E Parallel operation of power converters can be usually found. Moreover, more compact and lighter power converters are demanded. This article presents a parallel association of Matrix Converters (MC) by droop technique. On the one hand, MCs are compact and light converters and, on the other, the droop parallelization technique offers good load sharing without communication. Moreover, some changes to the original method are proposed. The results confirm the good operation of the system. Compensation of PWM Inverter Voltage Errors based on Measurement of DC-Link and Output Voltages Katharina Beer, Sven Kellner, Bernhard Piepenbreier, University of Erlangen, D In theory, a PWM inverter generates output voltages that are proportional to the input duty-cycles. As this is not the case in reality, this paper proposes an approach to measure the real output voltages and hence to compensate the non-linear behavior. The method is proved by measurements. A Dimmable HID Electronic Ballast Control Circuit Tom Ribarich, International Rectifier, USA This paper describes a novel circuit used to control and dim HID lamps. This paper introduces the designer to HID lamp dimming and the control method, presents the lamp dimming requirements, and provides the complete electronic ballast circuit with experimental results.
A New 2x54W/T5 High Power Factor Electronic Ballast Control Circuit Tom Ribarich, Peter Bredemeier, International Rectifier, USA High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting offers a high efficacy (lumens/watt) and a long lifetime. HID lamps can be driven by an electronic ballast which increases overall efficiency when compared with traditional copper/iron magnetic type ballasts. Adding a dimming feature to the electronic ballast offers a further reduction in overall energy consumption allowing the brightness of the lamp to be controlled depending on occupancy and/or ambient light levels. This paper describes a novel circuit used to control and dim HID lamps. This paper introduces the designer to HID lamp dimming and the control method, presents the lamp dimming requirements, and provides the complete electronic ballast circuit with experimental results. Power Electronics in Automotive Applications Traction Electric Equipment Sets of Electric Drivetrains for Tractors and Hybrid Buses Stanislav N. Florentsev, D. Izosimov, Ruselprom – ElectricDrive, RUS Considered are modes of operation of the traction drive, problems of designing and optimization of electric machines, electromechanical systems and power converters, vector control systems of asynchronous motor. Main parameters of the traction equipment of agricultural tractors and hybrid city buses are given. Battery Charging station for electromobiles with inverters with energy design Nikolay Madzharov, Raycho T. Ilarionov, Gabrovo University of Technology, BG The current paper concentrates on investigating some main problems of the electromobiles infrastructure and particularly on the development of charging stations. They need to be approached and solved individually, taking into account the already existing infrastructure of petrol stations, landscape features, type of electrical main grid, telecommunications, etc. The paper presents a different approach of creating regulating and stabilizing effect, which is based on the method of energy dosing and also presents a summarized basic methodology for desing of DC/DC converters with ED, for different accumulator batteries characteristics and parameters. A verification of the described analysis is completed by a comparison with results from the simulation tool OrCAD PSpice 9.0 and form the experimental measurement. The derived expressions are the leading blocks, with the help of which the regulation characteristics for different loads are determined. They are also used for defining the range, in which the converter has the capability of maintaining unchanged power or output voltage. Electric Drive System Over Voltage Protections for Electric Vehicles Frank Huang, Gregory Pasquesoone, Magna ECAR Component, USA System over voltage protection is one of the most critical design criteria in electric vehicle applications. Electric vehicles with permanent magnet motor drives may experience over voltage under certain fault conditions. Such scenario exists when the main contactor that connects the energy source, such as a battery source, to the electric drive system is opened due to a functional failure while the electric machine is operated in generating mode. There is a need to thoroughly investigate the system over voltage transient behaviors under various system operating conditions during the event that the main contactor is suddenly opened. To investigate such system transient behaviors, building a system transient model is required. This model needs to be validated with real system testing. Once the model is validated, it will be used to identify the worst case over voltage situations under various system operating conditions. This paper presents the investigation results on the system over voltage transient behaviors under various system operating conditions. An electric drive system is modeled in Matlab/Simulink. This model is validated with dynamometer test results on a 100kW electric drive system for electric vehicle application at various operating points. The model is then used to investigate the initial voltage rise rate in generating mode, the over voltage protection response time, and the second rebounce voltage triggered when the over voltage protection is cancelled. The model is also used to investigate the rebounce voltage triggered by an under voltage shutdown in motoring mode. The simulation results are used as the basis in system over voltage protection design. Trials of tractor Belarus - 3023 with electro-mechanical drivetrain. Alexander Belousov, D.Izosimov, S.Bayda, Ruselprom – ElectricDrive, RUS Considered are the structural configuration of the complete traction electric equipment set (TEES) of electro-mechanical drivetrain, functions realised by the high level controller and results of proving ground and field trials of the agricultural tractor “Belarus-3023” of 300 h.p. class.
Power electronic and battery analysis of Vectrix Scooter Daniel Chatroux, Marion Perrin, CEA-LITEN, F Vectrix scooter is an illustration of power electronic and electric motorization state of art for electric vehicles. The goal of this presentation is to detailed the scooter power electronic and motor, to compare NimH battery specifications and test results, to present some reliability aspects after one year of use, and the interest of iron phosphate batteries in replacement of NimH ones in this application. Optimal Motor Design Specifications for a Mechatronic Drive-Load System Mathias Lindner, Ralf Werner, Chemnitz University of Technology, D Finding appropriate combinations of electrical motors and transmissions is a complex part in projecting mechatronic drive systems due to the deep interrelation between the components. This paper proposes a dimensioning process taking into account arbitrary loads and realistic behaviour of all units. Feasible gearings are selected, dedicated motor designs are specified and the optimal combination in terms of different criteria, e.g. overall mass, efficiency or costs, is chosen. Improving Servo System Performance Without Increasing System Cost Anders Frederiksen, Analog Devices, D Fundamental servo designs can be done with a simple and low cost encoder or low cost speed sensors. However, designing a rugged system with the high quality links to SIN/COS resolvers build into the motor tend to be very costly systems driving up the complete system cost. This article will discuss how mixed signal integration at the right processing node and new resolver-to-digital converter technology enable cost effective high performance servo system designs. Motors and Actuators Axially Arranged Transversal Flux Machine in an Epoxy Resin Composite Design Andreas Schmid, Montan-University Leoben, A The Transversal Flux Machine is a low speed and high torque machine concept for gearless transmission systems. The uncomplicated electrical setup of the machine causes a very complex magnetic design. A high amount of small parts has to be connected in a nonconductive and nonmagnetic way. A new approach for the presented functional model was chosen by realization of the mechanical torque transfer structure as an epoxy resin cast part, containing all parts of the corresponding main component. Field Oriented Control of a Transverse Flux Machine using a Magnetoresistive Sensor System Markus Rüter, Wolfgang Oberschelp, Fabian Korbus, UAS Gelsenkirchen, D A transverse flux generator with a large number of poles was developed for a wind turbine with an H-Darrieus-rotor. To avoid mechanical interfering between rotary encoder and rotor blade mounting, a magnetoresistive position sensors were integrated in the machine. The position of the rotor is determined by analyzing the magnetic field build up by the existing permanent magnets mounted on the rotor. This paper discusses the mode of action, optimal alignment and the measured results of the sensor. The newly developed axial flux motor Dynax – Control and operation in automotive power trains Alexander Kleimaier, B. Hoffmann, Compact Dynamics, D Axial flux motors in automotive powertrains can provide significant advantages, e.g. compact dimensions and a low short circuit current. Dynax is a newly developed permanent magnet motor with axial stator windings and claw poles. Measurement results show a high speed operation area at constant power which is extremely enlarged compared to conventional PMSMs. Consideration of Current Displacement in Rotor Bars of Soft Starting Induction Machines Marcel Benecke, Andreas Lindemann, Otto-von-Guericke-University Madgeburg; G. Griepentrog, Siemens, D This paper deals with squirrel cage induction machines and their modeling concerning the appearance of current displacement in rotor bars. In non-steady-state operation such as direct on-line start or in the case of using soft starters this effect has to be considered. Different calculation methods are pointed out and an appropriate calculation algorithm for implementation in MATLAB is described. Simulation results demonstrate the benefit of this model in conjunction with soft starters.
A Rotary-Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Advanced Industrial Applications Lorand Szabo, Ioana Bentia, Cluj University of Technology, RO A robust, simple and easy to operate rotary-linear SRM is proposed and investigated. Its stator is built up from three 16 poles SRM stators and its rotor of several common 12 poles SRM rotor stacks. The motor is able to ensure both rotating and linear movement. The proposed complex motor structure will be analysed in depth by means of 3D FEM analysis. It can be useful in diverse advanced industrial applications where both linear and rotary motion is required and the space at disposal is small. PMSM d,q-Reference Frame Model using Absolute and Differential Inductance Surfaces Sebastian Ebersberger, Sven Kellner, Bernhard Piepenbreier, University of Erlangen, D PMSMs are driven highly utilized due to minimization of the machines. This paper proposes new, extended equations, which are as similar as possible to the known linearized equations to make conversion of existing control schemes to the new approach as easy as possible. In addition, methods to measure the inductances needed for the new PMSM equations are explained together with computation time efficient implementation of the inductances. Flux-Based Control Concept for Grid-Side and Machine-Side Converter for Speed-Variable High-Power Pumps Matthias Gorski, M. Oettmeier, C. Heising, V. Staudt, A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D The electrical power chain of a speed-variable high-power pump has to meet special requirements concerning grid coupling and drive concept: Very low short-circuit power is available and the bearable torque ripple is very low. In this paper, an electrical topology is suggested which fulfils the introduced requirements. Furthermore, control concepts for line- and drive-side converters and a 200 kW laboratory set-up are presented. Converter Control Drive Strategies II Investigations on the ripple current of a multiphase interleaved-switched inverter Christian Nemec, Jörg Roth-Stielow, University of Stuttgart, D Inverters in electrical drive systems are commonly implemented as three-phase two-level voltage source inverters with an output ripple current inverse proportional to the switching frequency. To reduce this ripple without increasing the switching frequency of the power transistors, this paper presents an inverter topology with inverter legs consisting of several individual branches each. Pulsed in an interleaved manner and the outputs connected via uncoupled inductors, the ripple current is reduced significantly. The inverter’s modulation scheme has an enormous effect on the ripple current, too. In this paper, different modulation schemes are discussed and evaluated with regard to the ripple current. Methods of Improving Digital Voltage and Current Mode Control Performance in Medium Power DC/DC Converters for Satellite Applications Konrad Skup, Pawel Grudzinski, Piotr Orleanski, Space Research Centre, PL A digital control of a power converter in space applications has several advantages over the traditional ones that often suffer from undesirable SEE and aging. Unfortunately, digital converters very often experience lack of bandwidth because of inherent delay between a measurement of a voltage or current levels and applied control effort. This delay introduces a sharp phase roll-off that can lead to system oscillation or instability. The delay can be minimized by introduction some prediction, that results in a large burden of computation. In this paper we present other method that base on making measurements as close as possible to the end of each switching cycle. Another possible way to improve digital converter is to implement switching of control parameters on a boundary between CCM and DCM modes. The results of the work on above methods will be presented. A novel control scheme for low frequency operation of the Modular Multilevel Converter Johannes Kolb, Felix Kammerer, Michael Braun, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D The contribution presents a control strategy for the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), which allows generating low frequency or even zero frequency three-phase output voltages. This feature is necessary to feed a three-phase machine at low frequency. The common mode voltage and correspondent inner currents are used to ensure a symmetrical energy distribution in the arms of the MMC and to avoid AC-currents in the DC-source.
Pole-Restraining Control of the Grid-Side Converter of Wind-Power Generators Carsten Heising, M. Oettmeier, V. Staudt, A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D Excellent control dynamics are of high importance for the machine-side as well as for the grid-side control of windpower due to the low short-circuit power. This paper presents a pole-restraining control (PRC) for the grid converter. In contrast to state-of-the-art control approaches, the PRC removes an inherent system instability of power-electronic converters, giving considerably improved dynamic behaviour. These improvements are demonstrated for the grid converter of a wind-power generator. Control with two degrees of freedom for a Single-Phase 50-kW, 16.7-Hz Railway-Grid Representation Daniel Meyer, Carsten Heising, V. Staudt ,A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D To investigate railway grid interaction, a fully controlled grid representation is essential to allow emulating of line-voltage harmonics and grid impedances. Using an inverter-based grid representation, advanced control concepts for the line-side converter and the overall power train can be developed. In this paper, a control with two degrees of freedom is focused. Results for stationary and dynamic behavior at different load steps are presented. Capacitor-clamped Cascode Normally-on SiC JFET operates as Synchronous Rectifier Nigel Springett, SemiSouth Laboratories, USA The SemiSouth normally on SIC JFET used in a capacitor clamped cascode can not olny deliver controllable switching, but can also be used as a silicon carbide synchronous rectifier. This is particually usefull in inverter and drives where an extra ultrafast diode can be saved, not only reducing cost but also increasing efficiency. A dynamic model of the LLC resonant converter for control response prediction Martin P. Foster, David A. Stone, University of Sheffield, UK A dynamic model for the LLC resonant converter suitable for both transient response and control system analysis is derived. By application of the Phasor Transform a nonlinear equivalent circuit model for the converter is obtained which captures the dominant transient behaviour. Subsequently a small-signal model for the converter subjected to perturbation about a steady-state operating point is derived by linearisation. Implementation and Evaluation of PMBUS Compatible Digital Controller for PFC with Embedded AC Power Metering Marco Soldano, Xudong Huang, Botao Miao, Gabriele Bernardinis, Navdeep Dhanjal, Analog Devices, USA This paper presents an implementation of digital controller with AC power metering based on 1-bit Sigma-delta ADC for boost PFC converter for universal line voltage application. Using 1-bit Sigma-delta ADC in PFC control offers relatively accurate average input current information for control loop and accurate measurement for AC power metering. The proposed control can also optimize the current control parameters under various line and load condition. The performance evaluation of the proposed digital control is performed on a 300W prototype. It was shown that the implemented digital control can achieve high power factor and less than 5% THD in the entire line range and wide load range. The embedded AC power metering part within the dedicated PFC digital controller can reduce system complexity and ultimately cost. Single-processor control of traction drives Nikolay Gnezdov, N.Glebov, V.Chistoserdov, RUSELPROM ElectricDrive, RUS For increase of reliability, noise immunity and coordination of operation of traction drives of hybrid vehicles the single-processor controller of power converters is designed, capable to control 2 or 4 (2 in parallel) converters SKAI from SEMIKRON. The software of the controller provides processing time of the basic control cycle including A/D conversion processing, checking of protections, control signals and calculation of algorithms of control of both the drives, which is equal to 134 microseconds. The controller is used in the traction electric equipment set of the concept-tractor with electro-mechanical drivetrain ET-300CP and hybrid city bus.
Converters I Induction water heating for beverage dispensers: a deep overview Cesare Bocchiola, International Rectifier, I Water heaters for beverage dispensers need to heat water in minimum time and to well controlled temperature. Smart induction heater design allows water to be heated while saving lot of energy. Complete thermo-dynamic system simulations have been carried out and results are shown. Electromagnetic design rules for the heater are developed and the design for an heater is analyzed. A resonant converter design is the ideal choice to drive the heater; its design is presented and test results are shown. Computation of losses in the passive components in Zero Current Switch (ZCS) and Zero Voltage Switch (ZVS) topologies of Resonant Converters Probal Mukherjee, EPCOS India, IND To present a mathematical model to compute the losses in the passive components in ZCS and ZVS Resonant Converters by expressing the values of all passive components, the conversion frequency, the flux densities in the inductor cores, the currents in the windings and capacitors in terms of the input and output voltages, the output current and ripple factor, the resonant frequency and the ratio of peak switch current (ZCS) or voltage (ZVS) to the output current (ZCS) or input voltage (ZVS). Three-phase Bridge PWM Controlled Blocked Phase Current Patching Rectifier is implemeted By only changing the control strategy to confine the PWM modulation for the blocked phase. Yufu Wang, Powshen, CN By only changing the control strategy to confine the PWM modulation for the blocked phase by processing only 22% amount of the power in high frequency to patch the gaps of the current waveforms, the common three-phase PWM rectifier circuit topology can implement unit power factor double feed rectifier. That only one current loop of the three-phase inputs is regulated and another is left as low resistance state makes the system very stable, even in the situations of three-phase unbalance and load fluctuation. Efficiency advantages by increasing converter’s number in Synchronous Active Front End systems for the AC/DC conversion Nicola Serbia, M. Fioretto, G. Raimondo, L. Rubino, P. Marino, Second University of Naples, I In switching converter applications the study of the efficiency is fundamental, particularly when the operating power rate is significant. In this paper Active Front End (AFE) converters based on VSI have been analyzed. Particularly improvements got from their Synchronous version (SAFE) have been evaluated in terms of power losses and thermal behaviors. The variation of interleaved converters number has been considered in order to evaluate a tradeoff between number of converters and efficiency. Efficiency Considerations in Resonant and Hard-Switched Medium-Power Switch-Mode Power Supplies Stefan Schmitt, Jens Marten, BLOCK Transformatoren-Elektronik, D In recent years, the LLC resonant converter has become popular for implementing power supplies with high efficiency in the medium-power range, i.e. 200 W to 1 kW. This work shows that equal or better efficiency can be obtained by using a hard-switched topology. The loss mechanisms in resonant and hard-switched topologies are introduced and contrasted. For verification, a hard-switched and a resonant power supply are analyzed by a detailed calorimetric loss evaluation. Analysis and Design of a LCC Converter for Low-Profile Resonant Power Adapters Alexander Pawellek, Alexander Bucher, Thomas Duerbaum, University of Erlangen, D One of the main trends of power electronics is miniaturization. In order to meet safety regulations as well as the design goal of flatness, complicated integrated magnetics are proposed in literature. Unfortunately, their design is not really straight forward and the cost of these components is rather high. Therefore, the use of ring cores within resonant converters is proposed in this paper. A resonant LCC converter is chosen as topology and the complete design process is illustrated.
Discrepancies Caused by Approximation Methods in Case of Resonant LLC Converters with Capacitive Output Filter Christian Oeder, Alexander Bucher, Jürgen Stahl, Thomas Duerbaum, University of Erlangen, D In case of resonant converters the derivation of the exact solution is complex and time-consuming, thus simplified calculation methods are attractive. However, the reduced accuracy of these approximation methods has to be taken into account. In this paper, the concepts of the First Harmonic Approximation and the extended First Harmonic Approximation in case of a resonant LLC converter are discussed and the accuracy of both approximation methods is evaluated with respect to the exact solution. Generic Current-Fed Cells for Railway Cascaded Converters Benoit Pillias, Benoit Michaud, ADENEO; Jean-Paul Ferrieux, David Frey, G2Elab, F Cascaded topologies are more and more used in high voltage applications thanks to their many advantages. They allow to interleave the commands of the cascaded cells which allows to increase the apparent switching frequency and therefore to reduce the size and the weight of the input and output filters. This paper focuses on the development of an insulated generic current-fed converter for railway applications. Two different cells are presented and compared. Converters II On the Multiobjective Optimal Choice of Isolated dc-dc Converter Topology and Design Using Genetic Algorithms Christophe Versele, O. Deblecker, J. Lobry, University of Mons, B This paper presents a computer-aided design tool dedicated to the multiobjective optimal design of isolated dc-dc power converters. The design problem requires minimizing the power loss, weight and cost of the converter while ensuring the satisfaction of several constraints. Comparison of Different Zero-Voltage-Switching Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter Topologies with Resonant Tank Christian Düerkop, Klaus F. Hoffmann, Helmut-Schmidt-University, D Many papers have described different types of Three-Level Zero-Voltage-Switching (ZVS) inverters which base on the Multi-Level topology of the Neutral-Point-Clamped inverter. In this paper these inverters will be utilized with additional discrete snubber capacitors and their influences will be analyzed and compared with simulation and measurement results. The dependency of the charge reversal times of these resulting capacitors will be presented for the three different inverters. High performance power supply for synchrotron Daniel Montesinos-Miracle, Luis Adrian Sorcia-Navarro, Joan Bergas-Jané, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, CITCEA-UPC, E A high performance power supply for synchrotrons is presented where the short/long term load current stability characteristic is discussed in a 4-quadrant DC-DC low power converter. 15-Level Power Inverter Topology for Generating High-Frequency Output Voltage with Low Harmonics Jörn Bergmann, C. Düerkop, J. Kemper, K. F. Hoffmann, Helmut-Schmidt-University, D This paper will present the concept of an innovative hard switching 15-level power inverter for generating high frequency output voltage (e.g. 30 kHz) based on the series connection of a 5-level Neutral-Point- Clamped inverter and a H-bridge inverter. Furthermore, the basic operation mode and the control algorithm will be explained. Finally, a Matlab/Plecs simulation will be presented. Influence of Parasitic Inductances on the Snubber Current Commutation in Resonant ZVS-Inverters Klaus F. Hoffmann, W. Mißfeldt, Helmut-Schmidt-University, D In many power applications high frequency switching resonant ZVS-inverters have been utilized. In these inverters there is a two-step load current commutation between the active power devices, the snubber capacitors and the corresponding freewheeling diodes. In this paper the influence of the parasitic inductances on these current commutations will be analysed and discussed in detail for 200-400kHz switching frequencies.
Implementation of a Rapid Control Prototyping Platform for Matrix Converters Enekoitz Ormaetxea, Edorta Ibarra, Jon Andreu, Inigo Kortabarria, José Luis Martín, University of the Basque Country; Pedro Ibanez, Tecnalia, E This paper presents a rapid control prototyping (RCP) platform for matrix converters (MCs), which results to be very useful in order to accelerate the design process of this converter. For this purpose, an RT-Lab eMEGAsim digital real-time simulator has been used. Using this approach, the slower parts of the controller are executed in real-time in the PC cluster, while the faster parts are executed in the FPGA. Experimental results are given, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach. Effect of overlap on Medium Voltage High Power High Frequency Transformers Inigo Martinez de Alegria, Ander Madariaga, Jose Luis Martín1, Haritza Camlong, University of the Basque Country; Pedro Ibanez, Tecnalia, E This paper presents the effect of leakage inductance of Medium Voltage High Power High Frequency Transformers for Direct Current Transmission and Distribution systems on offshore wind farms on current waveforms, output voltage and control. Simulation and experimental results on a 1 kW prototype with a three phase toroidal tape-wound core transformer made of nanocrystalline material are presented. Converters III Synchronous rectification on an arc-welding application Alejandro Navarro Crespin, F.J. Azcondo,R. Casanueva., University of Cantabria, E N two phase resonant circuits and N center-tap full wave rectifiers are connected in parallel to generate a highly flexible power supply for arc-welding operations. Synchronous rectification is used to replace diodes by means of MOSFETs in order to get better performance in low voltage and high current applications. Different types of synchronous rectification can be used: external and auto-excited. A comparative study of the different solutions that the market offers and a proper solution for this application are presented. Operation in current-mode made the reduction of the dead-time non critical since the effect of overlap of the control signals is not destructive. Taken advantage of this fact further efficiency improvements and lower output current ripple are achieved. Influence of the PWM strategy on passive filter inductor losses Dennis Kampen, BLOCK Transformators & Electronics; Nejila Parspour, University of Stuttgart, D In most of the inverter applications passive filters like motor chokes, sinusoidal filters or line filters are used. The effect of the PWM strategy on the passive filter inductors is investigated in this paper. Although discontinuous PWM (DPWM) patterns count for minimal losses in the inverter, measurents show that DPWM produces the highest losses in the filter inductors. This awareness must be considered when developing a drive system according to efficiency and cost aspects. Comparison of power semiconductor losses in two-level and three-level NPC inverters Rudolf Mecke, UAS Harz, D Multilevel inverter topologies are an alternative for a wide range of low voltage electrical drives. In the low voltage range (<1000 V) highly optimised switches with lower conduction and switching losses are available. For 550 V DC link voltage the power semiconductor losses of a two-level VSI with 1200 V-IGBT and a neutral-point-clamped three-level VSI are compared. At 20 kHz switching frequency the power semiconductor losses of the three-level inverter are up to 40 % lower compared to the two-level inverter. CSCI Platinum Efficiency Level AC/DC Power Supply with Full Digital Control - Design Rules and Control Techniques Andreas Reiter, Simon Schierscher, Microchip Technology, D Green Power is one of the hottest topics in today’s power supply development. This lecture introduces a 350W AC/DC reference design, meeting the latest CSCI Platinum Specification. It utilizes modified standard topologies to gain highest efficiency levels over the full output range. To achieve a flexible and robust design usable in various applications, a fully digital controller applying intelligent and non-linear control schemes had been used to optimize its operation under various conditions.
Current sensorless SEPIC PFC stage for HID lamp ballast with lamp control performances Victor Manuel Lopez Martin, F. Javier Diaz, Francisco J. Azcondo, A. de Castro, University of Cantabria, E SEPIC PFC stage without current sensor is presented as front-end stage of lamp electronic ballasts, that supplies an inverter stage. The digital control of the PFC stage estimates the input current with the digital values of the input and output voltage. Dimming control and rejection of low frequency utility voltage fluctuations are included in the PFC stage digital control too. Phase-Controlled Parallel-Series (LCpCs) Resonant Converter to Drive High-Brightness Power LEDs Christian Branas, F. J. Azcondo, R. Casanueva, J. Diaz, University of Cantabria, E This paper presents the analysis and design of a resonant converter suitable to drive high-brightness power LED lamps for outdoor lighting applications. The inverter stage arises from the parallel connection of two class D LCpCs resonant inverters. The output current can be adjusted, at constant switching frequency, trough the phase displacement, of the control signals of each class D section.The fast dynamics of the resonant stage ensures an operation free of instabilities and flicker. Renewable Energies Modeling of a smart photovoltaic panel integrated self-powered and high efficiency DC-DC Boost converter Angelo Marotta, S.Rinaudo, A.Ciccazzo, STMicroelectronics, I Due to the high cost of solar cells, it is necessary that PV modules operate at their maximum power point and the converters must be designed in such a way that they can harvest as much power as possible from the PV modules. For a PV engineer it is imperative to have an accurate model at one's disposal as it aids in testing and development of optimal power converters. This work presents how a self-powered high efficiency maximum power point tracker dc-dc boost converter was modeled. High-Efficiency Battery Storage Unit for Renewable Energy DC Micro-Grids Helmut Votzi, Hans Ertl, Vienna University of Technology, A A battery storage unit for small DC micro-grids employing multi-cell circuit topologies is described. The system consists of a series arrangement of lead-acid type battery cells where each cell is equipped with an individual DC-DC buck converter located directly at the battery terminals. For minimizing the output ripple the cells are operated in a phase-shifted PWM manner. The circuit is based on low-voltage MOSFETs operated at low switching frequencies resulting in 99%+-converter efficiency. Simulation approach SCOPE for Control Design in Multiterminal Applications with Low-Short Circuit Power Adequate for Renewable-Energy Systems Roman Bartelt, C. Heising, H. Wrede, V. Staudt, A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D From many practical problems, the need for simulating complex grids including the connected devices with independent control and switching frequency arises. The simulation tool SCOPE satifies these requirements. Relevant cases for such a simulation tool are wind and solar farms in which many grid-interconnected – independently controlled and independently switching – inverters have to be simulated down to each switching event due to the available low short-circuit power. Dual Filter Stage for EMI-Optimized Solar Inverter Array Karl Edelmoser, Vienna University of Technology, D In the field of electrical solar power conversion efficiency is the most important topic. Also the elimination of high frequency ripple on input- and output side became an accretive significant topic. The proposed topology discussed in this paper uses separated active filters to fulfill the given requirements: Minimized input current ripple of the cells, string-optimized maximum power point tracking and optimal power quality of the supplying grid. Fuel cell power controller with current ripple reduction Essam Hussain, C. M. Bingham, D. Stone, University of Sheffield, UK This paper presents a current / power control methodology for a fuel cell power converter, the main aim being to eliminate low frequency ripple currents drawn from the fuel cell, and reduce the high frequency ripple. Therefore, the fuel cell can be operated safely, and the input reactance of the switching power converter can be reduced.
Design Limits of Power Converters for Electrical Energy Storage Elements in Fuel-Cell-Based Distributed Generation Igor Merfert, UAS Anhalt; Andreas Lindemann, Otto-von-Guericke-University Madgeburg, D Distributed generation must deliver active and reactive power the moment it is required. When a fuel cell with its comparatively poor dynamic properties is the source of electric energy in a distributed generator electrical energy storage elements can bridge the gap between the momentarily generated energy of a fuel cell and the load power. Design limits are set not only by the storage element itself - minimum voltage and maximum current - but also by the converters that process the power flow. Uninterruptible Power Supply with Fuel-Cell as a Backup Energy Source and DSP-based Control System Marek Malinowski, Grzegorz Pasciak, Leszek Debowski, Electrotechnical Institute, PL Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) intended for emergency backup system supplied by hydrogen has been created as an example of fuel cells’ applications. The device contains 600W polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) and two 110 F supercapacitors (SC) connected in series. Using the metal hydride tank the UPS has an ability to work for 17 minutes at maximum power, however this time can be significantly increased. The controller and diagnostic unit for the UPS is based on the state-of-the-art DSP/CPLD technology. High performance solar battery charger with embedded Maximum Power Point Tracking Alessandro Nicosia, STMicroelectronics, I The SPV1040 is a high-efficiency, low power and low voltage monolithic step-up converter working from 0.3V up to 5.5V. The uniqueness of the SPV1040 consists of the proprietary built-in “Perturb and Observe” Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm able to maximize the energy harvested from a photovoltaic solar panel by adapting the input impedance of the converter to the output impedance of panel according to instantaneous power measured at tn and to previous one measured at tn-1. Finally, the device represents the best trade-off in terms of operating voltage range, energy harvesting and efficiency for low-power portable applications. Control of DC/DC Converters for Decentralized Power Generation Systems Yuriy Bessarab, Wolfgang Fischer, Andreas Lindemann, Otto-von-Guericke-University Madgeburg; Igor Merfert, UAS Anhalt, D This paper deals with the control methods of the input current and the output voltage of the bidirectional DC/DC converter with galvanic isolation. It can be used in decentralized power generation systems with fuel cells. The discussed DC/DC converter provides the connection of the fuel cell and DC link with higher voltage. It can also be used for charge or discharge of the buffer battery. Inductor current and output voltage control in boost and buck mode are discussed. Extraction of Power and Thermal Cycles in Offshore Windpower Application Marco Bohlländer, Tilo Poller, Josef Lutz, Chemnitz University of Technology, D; Astrid Petterteig, SINTEF, N For future large offshore windmills and windparks, power electronics is a key enabling technology, and especially the reliability of the power devices must be known. Power and thermal cycling is main driver for fatigue and life time limitation in power electronic systems. Based on a huge measurement database from different windmills mounted at the Norwegian coast close to Trondheim the paper offers a portfolio of worthwhile power and thermal cycles for future offshore windmills. Energy Storage, Smart Grid Premature starting battery failures in modern cars Henrik Lavric, Rastko Fiser, University of Ljubljana, SLO Battery malfunctions are mainly induced by misconceptions in the car charging system design. Although the current capability of the alternator is abundant, its voltage characteristic is below the level for efficient battery charging. Consequently battery loses its reserve capacity in accelerated rate. The voltage regulator with more appropriate characteristic can reduce problem. Additionally in new car design the motor to battery heat transfer should be optimized and quiescent current minimized.
Advanced energy management concept for decentralized power supply units Thilo Bocklisch, Holger Hähnel, Chemnitz University of Technology, D A new optimizing energy management concept is presented striving for the coordinated utilization of a fuel cell cogeneration plant and a battery for active balancing of fluctuating renewable electricity generation and consumption, stabilizing future smart grids in a “bottom-up” approach. The management features a three-layer control structure, aiming for min. fuel consumption and max. components lifetime. Prediction models for energy supply and demand profiles are beneficially incorporated. Comparison between IEC Standards, MAS, Web Services and CORBA 3.x for Information Integration and Control of DERs Interfaces over IP-based Networks Samer Jaloudi, A. Schmelter, E. Ortjohann, W. Sinsukthavorn, N. Alamin, P. Wirasanti, D. Morton, UAS South Westphalia, D This paper presents a comparison between the available integration middleware and standards for the interoperability of distributed SW/HW entities, components, and networks accompanying distributed energy resources (DERs) in power systems, such as CORBA 3, Web Services, Multi Agent System and IEC 61850. In addition, the paper investigates the possibility of mapping the data models of IEC 61850 to legacy SCADA protocols, WSs, CORBA 3 and MAS for the control of DERs interfaces over IP-based WANs. Efficiency in Data Centers - High-efficiency operating mode for double-conversion UPS Lorenzo Giuntini, GE Consumer & Industrial, CH Double conversion UPSs are often the preferred choice for protecting IT equipment in data centers. While providing optimum protection, double conversion topology may not offer the highest efficiency. In this context, some double conversion UPS feature a high-efficiency mode (so-called ECO mode), with the load normally fed via the bypass path. This paper discusses Advanced ECO Mode implementation for double-conversion UPS, its compatibility with IT equipment load, and the impact on data center efficiency. Particularly, the paper presents experimental results from sample UPS installations. Active Power Filter Design Based on IPM Xiao Ling Wang, Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics (Shanghai); Detao Wang, Shandong Hoteam Technology, CN This paper presents an interleaved active power filter (abbr. as APF) based on Mitsubishi 5th generation L1 series intelligent power module (abbr. as IPM). By adopting two pieces of interleaved switching IPMs, the prototype APF achieved high rated power, low power loss, high bus-bar voltage utilizing rate. Time-Domain Simulation of MMC with the Simulation Approach SCOPE for Multiterminal Power-Electronic Systems Roman Bartelt, C. Heising, V. Staudt, A. Steimel, Ruhr-University Bochum, D The modular-multilevel converter (MMC) is increasingly used in high-voltage high-power applications, e.g. in HVDC transmission. To meet the grid requirements concerning availability and voltage quality, relevant operation points have to be simulated. Therefore, the simulation approach SCOPE is used allowing simulations with a time resolution down to the individual switchings. The capability is illustrated by capacitor-charging simulation results of a MMC in back-2-back topology. Simulation Effect of Dissipative Elements on Boost Converter Behaviour Omar Abu Mohareb, H. C. Reuss, University of Stuttgart; M. Grimm, Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines, D; Q. A. Naman, High Tech Industrial Service; O. Badran, Al-Balqa Applied University, JOR This paper aims to accurately analyze DC-DC boost converter’s steady-state and transient behaviors in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging (SSA) method is implemented to provide an accurate steady-state and small-signal models of the converter. The ideal and practical models of the converter are introduced and compared to clarify the effect of dissipative elements (e.g. internal resistances) on the converter’s characteristics and performance.
Effect of Inductive Parasitics on the Device Loss and System Efficiency in a DC-DC Synchronous Buck Converter for Computing Applications Tirthajyoti Sarkar, Ritu Sodhi, Fairchild Semiconductor; Aditya Upadhaya, Indian Institute of Technology, IND; Scott Perason, Steven Sapp, Fairchild Semiconductor, USA Synchronous buck converter has evolved as the most widely used circuit topology for high-power-density, low-output voltage, high-current switching power conversion for computing applications. Due to fast switching transitions, need to understand the effect of circuit parasitics on the system efficiency and device losses has become paramount. In this article, we present an in-depth simulation-based analysis of all the major MOSFET loss components as function of circuit inductive parasitics. A novel numerical small-signal modeling technique for non-PWM, discontinuous ZVS buck-boost converter Maurizio Salato, Davide Franzoni, Vicor, USA Several techniques have been developed over the years in order to model the small signal AC characteristics of PWM switching converters. If non-conventional modulation techniques are used, they become analytically complex, because of the non-linear behavior introduced by the non-PWM strategy. A simple numerical methodology to model such cases is introduced. Specifically, a discontinuous buck-boost converter is analyzed, where modulation timing is based on three real-time variables. DC-DC Converter Evaluation with Automated Efficiency Plot Generation Scott Pearson, Stan Benczkowski, Steven Sapp, Fairchild Semiconductor, USA; Tirthajyoti Sarkar, Ritu Sodhi, Fairchild Semiconductor, IND Spice circuit simulation is a valuable tool to evaluate power MOSFET performance in DC-DC converter applications. Accurate models of the MOSFET, drivers, controllers and circuit elements are critical to obtain useful simulation results. Just as important is a method to adjust output voltage with minimal user intervention providing timely simulation results. The most common DC-DC converter simulation output is a graphical depiction of converter efficiency vs. output load current. Simulation Tool for the Design of Resonant Power Inverter Topologies Christopher Schaef, Klaus Hoffmann, Helmut-Schmidt-University, D In the design process of power electronic systems simulation software often is the only possibility to swiftly get voltage/current characteristics. In the field of resonant inverter systems the resonant tank additionally complicates the creation of stable simulations. However, resonant inverter topologies represent a growing sector within power electronic systems. The presented tool offers fast simulation results by allowing to quickly create simulation models with provided modular sub-circuits. Combination of Analysis Tools for the Estimation of Motor Performance under Various Load and Cooling Conditions Thomas Barucki, Adapted Solutions; Steven Jennings,Interroll Holding, D; Dave Staton, Mircea Popescu, Motor Design, UK This paper describes an approach for assessing the suitability of electric motors for a particular application by combining software products and model description means. The calculation is based on the simulation of the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical components in a single system simulator model. Different description means are used for the system components. Steady-state conditions are calculated with the help of a script. The approach has been implemented for several motor types. Power Network Analysis Tool for Efficient Harmonics Mitigation Norbert Häberle, Schaffner EMV, CH Power electronic systems deliver a major contribution to the efficient usage of electrical energy. But non-linear currents (harmonic distortions), created mainly through 3-phase power rectifier front-ends, need to be minimised. A very simple to use tool allows system architects and application consultants to evaluate adequate harmonics mitigation solutions and to predict precisely the power network behaviour.
Minimisation of harmonic current content and power losses in DC power transmission link of LVDC distribution system by frequency and phase regulation of inverter loads Andrey Lana, Tuomo Lindh, Jarmo Partanen, Lappeenranta University of Technolgy, FIN The proposed paper focuses on minimisation of losses in dc power transmission in a LVDC power distribution system with directional power flow. In proposed paper method for minimization of harmonic current content and power losses in dc power transmission link by frequency and phase regulation of inverter loads is presented. Combined-HIL – integrating HIL and AHIL Matthias Gorski, R. Bartelt, M. Oettmeier, V. Staudt, C. Heising, Ruhr-University Bochum, D For the development of power-electronic systems, safe test procedures are crucial: Before connecting system and load, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) equipment verifies proper functionality. Advanced HIL improves HIL by using switching instants and associated switching states. This removes the delay and considerably increases the precision of simulation. Integrating a special switching signal analysis into the AHIL system allows for further error analysis – this is named Combined HIL.
