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7/27/2019 Short Story Terms and Literary Devices
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Short Story Terms andLiterary Devices
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Plot DiagramA plot graph shows the development of a story
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Short Story Terms Setting the place, time, and duration of a
story
Atmosphere the mood (eg. warm, tense,depressing, hilarious) which is established byaction, dialogue, setting, and character
Character either a specific character in thestory, or personality traits (not looks) ofindividual characters
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Characters Protagonist the main character
Antagonist the character who worksagainst the protagonist
Foil
a character who contrasts with
another, and in so doing, emphasizes thecharacter traits of the other
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Point of view A story is told from the viewpoint of the narrator.The narrator can be:
first person First person pronouns (I, me, we,us) are used.
third person limited The narrator is outsidethe story, but the story unfolds mainly throughthe limited perspective of one character.
third person omniscient The narrator isoutside the story, and the story unfolds throughthe perspectives of several differentcharacters.
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Conflicta struggle between two forces Four types of conflict are: 1. human vs. human a struggle between two
characters
2. human vs. self an internal struggle within acharacter
3. human vs. nature a character struggles against
forces of nature (harsh geography, weather, animals)
4. human vs. societya character struggles againstsocial forces (racism, the economy, declaration of war)
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Types of Endings:
1. wrap-up ending
the conflict isclearly resolved; a satisfying ending
2. anti-climax ending there is some
conflict resolution, but it is not complete;the reader is left with questions
3. open ending there is no resolution
of conflict 4. ironic twist ending the unexpected
happens
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Other Literary Techniques: Alliterationthe close repetition of
consonant sounds
eg. The car crashed quite close to thecurb, killing the kidnappers.
Al lus ion-a passing or casual reference;an incidental mention of something,either directly or by implication.
eg. an allusion to Shakespeare.
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Audience-The person or group to whom
an author directs his/her piece of writingeg. The audience for the film Tangledis
children.
Contrast-One element, object or idea is
presented in opposition to another to
create emphasis or clarity.eg. An author can contrast the difference
between childhood and adolescence.
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Diction-A word or a combination of
words used to support a specific tone.eg. The diction meddling busybody would
indicate a critical tone about a person.
Euphemism- A gentler, more politically
correct way of saying something that
could be offensive or upsetting.eg. The man passed away at the advanced
age of 91.
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Hyperbole an extreme exaggeration, often
used to convey an extreme emotion
eg. We had to walk a thousand kilometres
because we missed the bus.
I ronyoccurs where there is a difference
between what is expected and what actually
happens.
eg. Ahmed is called down to the office and hethinks hes in trouble. The Vice Principal
congratulates him on his excellent Math mark.
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Imagery The author writes in such a way that the
readers senses are impacted. Imagery
can impact any of the senses: sight,hearing, touch, taste, smell.
eg. A putrid stench from the rotting food
overwhelmed her.
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Motif- A recurring symbol, saying, event, word,
phrase that has significance beyond the
obvious and unifies a work.
eg. The motif of the conch is used
throughout Lord of the Flies.
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Onomatopoeia the word, often not a
real word, conveys a soundeg. The water glglglgled down the drain.
Oxymoron-When two words withopposite meanings are put side by side
to create an effect.
eg. jumbo shrimp
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Parallel Structure
The use of the same grammatical form
for words, phrases or clauses, that can
emphasize contrast, create balance andrhythm and/or create a memorable
beginning or ending.
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Personification human qualities are given to
something that is not human (animals, objects,plants, nature)
eg. The ship sank and was swallowed by thesea.
Pun a play on the double meaning of a word
eg. Being but heavy, I will bear the light.(Romeo)
The meaning of light can be taken as theopposite of heavy, but it also refers to thebrightness of the torch he carries.
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Suspense a feeling of tension, anxiety
or excitement resulting from uncertainty;used by the author to keep the reader
interested
Symbolism an object represents more
than the sum of its parts,
and stands for something greater thanitself
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Satire - A literary work which attacks
human follies or vices and holds them upfor ridicule.
Simile is the comparison of two unlikethings using like oras.
eg. He eats like a pig.
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Stream of consciousness: the unbroken flow of thought and
awareness of the waking mind
a special mode of narration that
undertakes to capture the full spectrum
and the continuous flow of a character's
mental process
'interior monologue' an alternate term
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Tone: the attitude of an author towards
his or her piece. Serious or comic,satirical or tragic
Tragedy: bad things may happen to aperson or a community, but the ending
reveals that the characters may have
learned something important about theirlives.