Shrimp Improvement Systems

The Importance of shrimpbroodstock and PL quality forsuccessful and sustainable

shrimp farming

Dean M AkiyamaDavid A Leong

Shrimp Improvement Systems, India

What is the major constraintfor commercial shrimpfarming sustainability?

- Environment?

- Production system?- Feed & Feed Resources?

- Disease?

- Market demand?- Other?

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What is the major constraintfor commercial shrimpfarming sustainability?

Shrimp farmer profitability is criticalfor continued growth of the shrimp

culture industry.

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What are the basic foundationtechnologies for commercial

shrimp farming?

- Hatchery: Production of consistent quality seed- Production: Consistent & predictable harvests

- Feed: Production of consistent quality feed- Genetics: Production of consistent quality broodstockand the improvement of commercially important traits

- Disease: Solutions for hatchery and farming- Market: Access and demand

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Human Nature

Greed of the farmer alwaysovercomes the need for controland predictability of harvests

The chicken industry is agood model for shrimp. It is

the most advanced andsophisticated of all animal

production industries.

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Broiler Production Predictability

• 25 C with 85% humidity??- Cooling panel (water fall) to lower temperature

- Fan to pull air past water assisted cooling paneland through house. Also remove excess nitrogen.

Replace litter after every cycle to remove feces andbacteria

Broiler Production Predictability

• 75% of all chickens can feed at the same time

• 40 broilers per feeder

• 8 broilers per water nipple

• 20 kg per m, not number of birds

Broiler Production Predictability

“Guaranteed” production by BreederCompany and Local Distributor

• Cycle period: 35 days

• Final size: 2.2 kg

• FCR: 1.5

• Survival Rate: 96%

• Dressing weight: 67%

It is easier to change thechicken house, than tochange the chicken.

Henry Saglio, Geneticist

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Controlled Production Systems

PL10 stocked in raceways with minimum 6 ppm DO,stabile temperature and pH, will reach 35 g in 100

days.

Siblings stocked in pond vs perimeter cagesADG 0.18 vs 0.25 (39%)

We must always strive toimprove technicalefficiencies and thereduce the cost of

production. This is anever ending process.

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Alternative Species

Vannamei : Chicken : Lowest costMonodon : Turkey : Largest

Stylirostris : Duck : Sweetest

Biosecurity by Regions

CPB

SIS has 4 Production Facilities

• SIS Florida; 1998- Nucleus Breeding Center for Penaeus vannamei, the Pacific

white shrimp. All of SIS P. vannamei stocks originate fromFlorida.

- Broodstock multiplication with capacity to produce and shipabout 120,000 commercial broodstock annually.

• SIS Singapore; 2005- Broodstock multiplication with capacity to produce and ship

about 150,000 commercial broodstock annually.• SIS Hawaii; 2006

- Nucleus Breeding Center for Penaeus monodon, the blacktiger prawn and Penaeus stylirostris, the blue shrimp.

- Broodstock multiplication with capacity to produce and shipabout 250,000 commercial broodstock annually.

• SIS India; 2012- Shrimp hatchery for P Vannamei.

Shrimp Improvement SystemsGenetic Program

Major genetic discoveries based on tracking of genetic lineperformance from strategic alliances with integrated farms,

hatcheries and processing plants

Shrimp Improvement SystemsBreeding Program

• 15 years of commercial genetic improvement and research.• Pure lines selected for specific traits over 20 generations.

• Inter- and intra-familiar selection for growth, disease resistance,reproductive capacity and general hardiness.

• 12 breeding sessions per year, each one with 40 families. 480 full-pedigree families created and evaluated each year.

• Genetic advantage is calculated from the results of field and labperformance tests and pedigree information.

• The best families from each breeding session are used to generatefamilies for the next generation.

• Working on lines that exhibit resistance to multiple pathogens; i.e.TSV and IMNV.

Genetic Family Selection

Original familiesin each breeding session

Families divided intotwo groups

Siblings for disease challenges& field evaluations

Data fromfield evaluations

Disease challenge(off-site)

Discard survivors(never return to NBC)

SPF siblings maintained atNucleus Breeding Center (NBC)

Top performing families

Top families fast-trackedto broodstock

Genetically Improved StocksTo Customers

Phases of SIS Breeding Program

I. MATURATION II. HATCHERY III. NURSERY IV. GROWOUT

~2 Months 1 Month 2 Months 4 to 7 Months

40 g + 0 to PL-20 PL-20 to 8 g 5 to 40 g +

Family selection for Intra and Inter-family Performance testing Inter and intra-familymating rate and selection for for Growth, Disease selection for Growthfecundity hardiness resistance and

general hardiness

Disease Challenge Facilities

Virus challenge selection primarily for TSV and IMNV

Commercial Farm MicrocosmTesting Facilities

Water from commercial production ponds are pumped throughMicrocosm tank system.

Commercial Farm Cage Testing Facilities

Family selections made at commercial farm site

Commercial Farm Cage Testing Facilities

Selected families stocked in commercial production pond

Broodstock Quality

Quality factors for broodstock quality are not

clearly defined but rapidly improving.- Genetic pedigree most critical

- Virus free (SPF plus)

- Stabile production conditions from PL to harvest

- Age and size

- Minimum 38g female and 35g male- Acclimation : 4 weeks for 40hr transport stress

2 weeks for 10hr transport stress

Definition of SPF

• Specific Pathogen Free Stock refers to thehealth status of a stock and not a genetic

characteristic. To be SPF a shrimp must befree of all “known” shrimp virus.

• Specific Pathogen Resistant Shrimp refers toa Genetic characteristic- being resistant to aspecific pathogen (not general disease).

• All commercial broodstock are SPR to somedegree but all may not be SPF.

Specific Pathogen Resistance (SPR)

• Resistance comes in the genes, it is NOT developed byexposure to pathogens. Resistance genes are alreadypresent in the genome of the species.

• Selection for disease resistance aims to find andconcentrate these genes in the animal.

• Challenge tests are run on siblings or progeny in orderto gather information. Never on the animals that areused commercial or breeding broodstock.

• By applying these principles, SIS has broodstock whichare virus free, SPF and SPR.

Routine Disease Monitoring

• INDIA, for every shipment , samples are taken and sent toUniversity of Arizona.

• Routinely every 3 months, shrimp samples are collectedfrom SIS facilities.

• Samples are submitted to independent and Governmentrecognized pathology laboratories.

- Dr Don Lightner, University Arizona; Florida, Hawaii, Singapore

- US Federal Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); Florida- Hawaii State Aquatic Veterinarian Service; Hawaii

- Agri Food and Veterinary Authority Of Singapore; Singapore

• Samples are analyzed for all the diseases and viruses asspecified by USMSFP and OIE.

SIS “Virus Free” Status

• Documented 15 year history of certified SPF status.• Authorized supplier of broodstock and PLs into India,

Indonesia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Malaysia,Philippines, South Africa, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela,Belize, Honduras, Panama, Surinam, Jamaica, Puerto

Rico, Cuba and USA.• Authorized to supply SPF PLs and broodstock to US

growers in Texas, Alabama, and South Carolina.• Annually certified by State of Florida as compliant with

Best Management Practices.

SIS Critical Performance Criteria

SIS Values2006 2014

• Maturation

- Nauplii/female/month 350,000 700-800,000

• Hatchery

- Survival rate 45% 55-75%

• Pond Production

- Growth rate 0.14 g/d 0.18-0.25 g/d

– Survival rate 70-80% 75-85%

– CV size 18% > 12%

Biosecurity is Critical• Biosecurity is all of the procedures used to

protect living organisms from contracting,carrying, and spreading diseases.

• These include Isolation of site, Traffic controlof vehicle and people, Sanitation and Disease

surveillance procedures.• A proven history is the only evidence ofcommitment and dedication to biosecurity.

Biosecurity Protocols at NucleusBreeding Center

• All shrimp reared indoors, protected from birds, crabs and feralanimals.

• Restrict visitors and then everyone entering facility must changeto SIS clothing and foot ware.

• Vehicle tire bath, footbaths and hand washing stations at entryinto each separate culture area.

• Entire facility encircled by chain link fence and crab barriers.

• Water source is a fossil seawater well. Water is aseptic, exceptfor some anaerobic sulfur bacteria.

• All effluents are chlorinated and diverted to dispersion wells. Noeffluent is released into the environment.

Bio-security: NBC and BMC Level

Biosecurity

NBC - indoors Water filtration

Biosecurity: Maintaining SPF

INDIA produced broodstocks: F2

• Are local produced broodstocks from a biosecurefacility from maturation to broodstock harvest?

• Without a reliable genetic selection program, what isthe animal performance loss in pond production per

generation? 10%?

• The cost savings of broodstock for the hatchery isinsignificant relative to the risk of farm failure.

• The fastest way to spread and transmit a disease isthrough infected broodstock and PLs. Essential tosecure reliable and consistent source of virus free

broodstock and PLs.

Quality Post Larvae

Quality factors for shrimp post larvae are

routine and common industry knowledge.

- Necrosis

- Deformities

- Luminescent bacteria

- Ectoparasites

- Muscle Clarity

- Size variation

- Activity level

- Gut-muscle ratio

- Chromatophores

- Stress tests

However, there are other factors which also

affect PL quality.

Post Larvae Required Age forGill Development

PL6 gill development not complete. Depends ongrowth rate but between PL8-10.

Gill development required for DO andosmoregulation : minimize stress.

Survival

PL6 78%

PL10 85%

Effect of PL age for salinity stress test:30 ppt to 5 ppt for 2 hours

PL Age Harvested Survival RateTanks

6 5 52

8 3 77

10 7 94

Gill Development Sequence

Pl-6 Pl-8

AdultPl-10

PL quality parameters to PondPerformance

• 2011 - 2013 pond performance data from 18,000harvested ponds (2,500-5,000 m per pond)

• Only ponds which were from one broodstock familyand harvested from one hatchery tank were being

analyzed (9,500 ponds)• Hatchery tanks harvested, 8,500 tanks producing

5-8 million PL10 per tank (55 billion PLs)• PL length and SD/CV adjusted to PL10 parameters

• Growth rate in hatchery (PL ADG) was the PLlength divided by total time

• Harvested biomass adjusted to 100 days in 1 hapond area

Segmentation of HatcheryParameters

• Low category fall approximately about 25% of the lowest data• Medium take approximately 50% of the mid range data High

• High categories were the top 25% of the data

Hatchery Parameter Low (25%) Medium (50%) High (25%)

Hatchery SR (%) SR < 57.7 57.7 ≤ SR < 81 81 ≤ SR < 100

PL Length (mm) Lgth < 8.95 8.95 ≤ Lgth < 9.52 9.52 ≤ Lgth < 11.35

ADG (mm/day) ADG < 0.5688 0.5688 ≤ DG < 0.6175 0.6175 ≤ DG < 0.7129

CV (%) CV < 4.5 4.5 ≤ CV < 6.68 6.68 ≤ CV < 12.45

Pond performance based on survivalrate in hatchery (2010-13)

Hatchery Parameter <58% 58-81% 82-100%

Number of ponds 2,018 4,042 2,012

Biomass (MT/ha) 12.40b 12.53b 12.60a

MBW (g) 18.37b 18.51a 18.59a

ADG 0.184b 0.185a 0.186a

Survival (%) 79.4a 79.4a 79.0a

High hatchery SR produces better biomass, MBW and ADG inponds but not affect survival rate.

Pond performance based on PL10length in hatchery (2010-13)

Hatchery Parameter <8.95 8.95-9.52 9.53-11.35

Number of ponds 2,012 4,431 2,083

Biomass (MT/ha) 12.44b 12.47b 12.74a

MBW (g) 18.33b 18.39b 18.86a

ADG 0.183b 0.184b 0.189a

Survival (%) 79.1a 79.4a 79.4a

PL10 Length does have positive correlation with pond performance butno affect on survival.

Pond performance based on growth(ADG) in hatchery (2010-13)

Hatchery Parameter <0.57 0.57-0.62 0.63-0.71

Number of ponds 2,063 4,310 2,153

Biomass (MT/ha) 12.24c 12.49b 12.85a

MBW (g) 18.28c 18.43b 18.82a

ADG 0.183c 0.184b 0.188a

Survival (%) 78.8b 79.4a 79.5a

Better animal growth rate in hatchery had positive correlation withpond performance. This correlation was better than PL lengthalone.

Pond performance based on CV inhatchery (2010-13)

Hatchery Parameter <4.5 4.5-6.7 6.8-12.5

Number of ponds 2,146 4,185 2,140

Biomass (MT/ha) 12.69a 12.66a 12.08b

MBW (g) 18.60a 18.54a 18.31b

ADG 0.186a 0.185a 0.183b

Survival (%) 79.5a 79.2a 79.2a

Better animal CV size in the hatchery had positive correlation topond performance but no affect on survival.

Luminescent bacteria affect onhatchery performance (2010-11)

Hatchery Parameter Lumbac No Lumbac

Number of tanks 614 605

Flushed tanks (%) 14.4% 6.0%

Survival (%) 63.19a 62.25a

PL10 length (mm) 9.14b 9.25a

ADG PL10 0.54b 0.55a

CV size PL10 5.38a 5.50a

Compared hatchery tanks were stocked with same family.

Luminescent bacteria affect on pondperformance (2010-11)

Hatchery Parameter Lumbac No Lumbac

Number of ponds 2,305 5,933

Harvested biomass (MT/ha) 10.97b 11.44a

MBW (g) 17.7b 18.2a

ADG 0.177b 0.182a

FCR 1.87b 1.82a

Survival (%) 72.3b 74.6a

Conclusion PL Quality Trials

• Hatchery tank survival rate, PL10 length, PL10 ADG,CV size and luminescent bacteria all affected pond

performance but not pond survival rate.• Pond survival rate is not a reliable pond performance

parameter because difficult to know exactly how PLshave been stocked.

• PLs has been estimated to have 10-20% influence onpond production. Success is highly dependant on

farm management.• All other parameters such as stress tests, necrosis,

gut muscle ratio, etc…. had no correlation to pondperformance.

• All tested PLs were virus free.

Quality Post Larvae

The production of consistent quality post larvaerequires a “Commitment to Quality” and

discipline to implement a quality assuranceprogram.

- Virus free: nauplii, PL3, PL8

- Minimum tank survival rate: 30%

- CV size less than 7

- Minimum ADG: 9 mm PL10

- Luminescent bacteria free

Must reject or flush tank if less than standard.

SIS STRENGTHS & VALUES

• Fast growth• Uniform harvest size

• Resistance to diseases: TSVand increasingly IMNV

• High fecundity• Virus free broodstocks for

15 years

Happy Harvesting:SIS Vannamei

Thank You

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