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A short series of lectures prepared for the
Fourth year of Geology, Tanta University
2014- 2015
by
Hassan Z. Harraz
This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in Power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Permission of the author and publisher is required for any other usage. Please see [email protected] for contact details.
Topic 5: Underground Mining Methods Shrinkage stoping Vertical Crater Retreat stoping
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
Shrinkage & VCR stoping
1
Outline of Topic 5: Shrinkage stoping
Ascending method of mining
Advantages and Disadvantages
Vertical Crater Retreat stoping
Introduction
Application
Developmental sequence of stopes
Production
How Cratering Works
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
Shrinkage & VCR stoping
2
We will explore all of the above in Topic 5.
Method stopes
configuration in which the
ore is removed at horizontal
slices from bottom to top.
Of the ore is left detonated
accumulated until the stope
is completely mined. The
fragmented ore is then totally removed.
Shrinkage stoping
3
Shrinkage
4
Shrinkage
5
Ascending method of mining The ore is dismantled temporarily used as filler to support the walls
of the stope and working platform for the miners.
Overall the drilling is done on the ore disassembled using hand
drills (jacklegs).
The ore dismantled remains within the block until it reaches its
upper limit. Because of blistering, 30-40% should be removed by
kicking or drawpoints to make room for the next disassemble.
The space between the ceiling and ore dismantled dismantling is
1.8m to 2.2 m.
The Shrinkage is typically used in vertical or subvertical bodies
with a thickness between 2 and 20 m. The bodies of higher power,
the blocks can be arranged transversely.
The entries are made for miners from side to block chimneys.
Depending on the mechanical properties of the rock, the distance
between levels ranging from 30 to 90 m 30-100 m between side
pillars. The drawpoints are arranged every 7-10 m.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Shrinkage stoping
6
Advantages: Allows plowing narrow bodies.
Low cost of development
Simple equipment for drilling and loading.
Disadvantages: Ore disassembled remains the filler.
The control of ore grade can be difficult.
It is a method for high production.
Security problems of staff working within the stope.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Shrinkage stoping
7
6) Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) stoping
8
VCR - Vertical Crater Retreat
Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) or Vertical Retreat Stoping:
configuration method in stopes where drilling large diameter is used to
detonate horizontal slices of ore, leading them to the base of the block
being mined. The method progresses vertically, as successive slices
of ore are detonated.
Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) uses parallel, vertical, descending and
spherical concentrated loads to fragment the ore (disassemble by
cratering) drilling;
The advance of the stope is disassemble from the bottom up;
The ore is recovered at the bottom of the block;
Part of the mineral remains in walk through serving as stope support.;
Introduction
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation VCR stoping
10
Application Sharp dip in bodies (same conditions as those
considered for Sublevel Stoping method). Requires less stability of the host rock; Stopes may receive the backfill after extraction.
Developmental sequence of stopes... Galleries transport are dug along the ore body
at the level of drawpoints; Arrangement drawpoints is created in the
lower portion of the stope; Stope is highlighted (undercut); Top Access (overcut) is excavated to allow
drilling and loading of explosives.
11 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
Production Drilling from the top level.
The detonation dismantle slices upward from the bottom of the block.
It is enough removed to make room for the next disassemble ore.
Geometry of the explosive charge:
L: D ≤ 6: 1 (length: diameter)
Drilling is large diameter (DTH or top hammer - 100 to 165mm) and preferably vertical;
The method enables a reduction in development compared to SLS
do not need to slot the initial stope
Longer drilling
The charge ratio fragmentation of ore and are larger than the blasthole stoping
12
High production rates; good recovery.
Appropriate mechanization.
Safe method with good ventilation.
Advantages
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation VCR stoping
The technique of vertical cratering (VCR) might be used to: Create initial slot in SLS; Fabricate raises; recover pillars
13 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
VCR - How It Works
Uses cratering theory: Developed by Livingston 1962 Charges 1 to 6 x hole diameter Placed at optimum distance from surface
Loaded from top of hole Gravity moves rock down:
Away from hole Providing a new face
Holes drilled form development heading(s) down to development Large diameter Accurate
Blasting progresses upwards in layers
14 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
How Cratering Works
N = E W1/3
Where: N is the critical distance
(maximum for cratering); E is a constant for a given
explosive-rock combination; W is the weight of the explosive
charge.
15 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
Best Efficiency at 0.58 N.
16 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
Loading
• Lower plug and tie off
• Drop rock to seal plug
• Sand stemming
• Load explosive
• Sand stemming above
Drops out of hole after blast
• Alternate use water above
17 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
Luosavaara Mine Example
165 mm Holes 100 m depth max deviation 1m.
ANFO 3.3 x 4 m staggered pattern
Max size required 0.75 m ; K50 12-14 cm
18 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
VCR stoping
Luossavaara Tests
19 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation VCR stoping