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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that in miss R.K.SWATI has carried out the research embodied in

the present dissertation entitled RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN

INDIA:-AN OVERVIEW.Under my supervision as a part of 8th

paper of 6th

sem

B.A(Hons.) part Third Arts in mahila mahavidhayalay, BHU.This dissertation is an

independent work and not constitute part of any material submitted for any

research degree or diploma here or elsewhere.

Supervisior

Professor InuMehta

B.H.U.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my dissertation supervisor

, Prof (mrs.) Inu Mehta, for her able guidance and encouragement .Without her it

would not have been possible to bring out this work.

I have no words to express my heartful gratitudes to my father

Mr. Kamendra kumar roy, mother Mrs. Ragini roy, brother (priyanshu) and sister

(R.K.tripti), whose const ant love, affection and support have always been a source

of inspiration for me.

I

Must thank my friends moral support during period of my dissertation work.

April,2013

NAME: R.K.SWATI

ROLL NO:10131MM236

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CONTENT

S. NOS. TOPICS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

4. PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

5. RURAL DEVELOPMENT-STRATEGIES & CAPACITIES

6. NAME OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: PRE &

POST INDEPENDENCE

7. COOPERATIVES FOR PEOPLE-CENTRED RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

8. RURAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK

9. SOME IMPORTANT AGENCIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

10. CONCLUSION

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Rural Development Programmes In ndia:-An Overview

INTRODUCTION

There are no universally accepted approaches to rural development. It is a choice

Influenced by time, space and culture. The term rural development connotes overalldevelopment of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. In this sense,

it is a comprehensive and multidimensional concept, and encompasses the

development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries and

crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above

all, human resources in rural areas. As a phenomenon, rural development is the end-

result of interactions between various physical, technological, economic, social,

cultural and institutional factors. As a strategy, it is designed to improve the

economic and social well-being of a specific group of people the rural poor. As a

discipline, it is multi-disciplinary in nature, representing an intersection of

agriculture, social, behavioural, engineering and management sciences. (Katar Singh

1999). In the Indian context rural development assumes greater significance as 72.22

per cent (according to the 2001 census) of its population still live in rural areas. Most

of the people living in rural areas draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied

sectors (60.41 % of total work force), and poverty mostly persists here (27.1 % in

1999-2000). At the time of independence around 83 per cent of the Indian population

were living in rural areas. Accordingly, from the very beginning, our planned strategy

emphasized rural development and will continue to do so in future. Strategically, the

focus of our planning was to improve the economic and social conditions of the

underprivileged sections of rural society. Thus, economic growth with social justice

became the proclaimed objective of the planning process under rural development. It

began with an emphasis on agricultural production and consequently expanded to

promote productive employment opportunities for rural masses, especially the poor,

by integrating production, infrastructure, human resource and institutionaldevelopment measures. During the plan periods, there have been shifting strategies

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for rural development. The First Plan (1951-56) was a period when community

development was taken as a method and national extension services as the agency for

rural development. Co-operative farming with local participation was the focus of the

Second Plan (1956-61) strategy. The Third Plan (1961-66) was the period of re-

strengthening the Panchayati Raj System through a democratic decentralized

mechanism. Special Area Programmes were started for the development of backward

areas in the Fourth Plan (1969-74). In the Fifth Plan (1974-79), the concept of

minimum needs programme was introduced to eradicate poverty in rural areas. There

was a paradigm shift in the strategy for rural development in the Sixth Plan (1980-

85). The emphasis was on strengthening the socio-economic infrastructure in rural

areas, and initiatives were taken to alleviate disparities through the Integrated Rural

Development Programme (IRDP). During the Seventh Plan (1985-90), a new strategy

was chalked out to create skill-based employment opportunities under different

schemes. Special programmes for income generation through creation of assets,

endowments and land reforms were formulated for participation by the people at

the grassroots level.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

1.ROLE OF WOMEN IN PROMOTING RURAL SANITATION:STUDY BASED

OBSERVATION FROM WEST BENGAL:-

1)Women plays the decisive role in promption and prper management of household-

level sanitation in a family.

2.Interestingly it was found that women from 65% of selected household,happily

invested their money earned from self help group(SHG)activies while installation of

their house-hold.

3.Children from female-headed families werw found much more conscious and

concern about personal hygiene norms than male-headed families.

2.THESIS ON COPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY

KATAT SINGH AND R S PUNDIR

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Institute of Rural Management, Anand388 001, India

August 2000

List of Abbreviations

AMUL : Anand Milk Union Limited

CEO : Chief Executive Officer

CIP : Co-operative Initiative Panel

CPRs : Common Pool Resources

DCCB : District Central Co-operative BDDP : Dairy Development Programme

EEC : European Economic Community

FSS : Farmers Service Society

GOI : Government of India

ICA : International Co-operative Alliance

IFFCO : Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative

IRMA : Institute of Rural Management Anand

KRIBHCO : Krishak Bharti Co-operative

LAMPS : Large - sized Adivasi Multipurpose Society

LT : Long Term

NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NDC : National Development Council

NDDB : National Dairy Development Board

NEP : New Economic Policy

NGO : Non Governmental Organisation

NRM : Natural Resource Management

OED : Operations Evaluation Department

OF : Operation Flood

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PACS : Primary Agricultural Credit Society

PCARDB : Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank

SCARDB : State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank

SCB : State Co-operative Bank

ST : Short Term

WDC : Womens Dairy Co-operative Society

WTO : World Trade Organisation

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WHY DO WE NEED RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development has always been an important issue in all discussions pertaining

to economic development, especially of developing countries, throughout the world.

In the developing countries and some formerly communist societies, rural mass

comprise a substantial majority of the population. Over 3.5 billion people live in the

Asia and Pacific region and some 63% of them in rural areas. Although millions of

rural people have escaped poverty as a result of rural development in many Asian

countries, a large majority of rural people continue to suffer from persistent poverty.

The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas are widening and

creating tremendous pressure on the social and economic fabric of many developing

Asian economies. These factors, among many others, tend to highlight the

importance of rural development. The policy makers in most of the developing

economies recognize this importance and have been implementing a host of programs

and measures to achieve rural development objectives. While some of these countries

have achieved impressive results, others have failed to make a significant dent in the

problem of persistent rural underdevelopment Rural - Is an area, where the people

are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things directly for the

first time in cooperation with nature as stated by Srivastava (1961). Rural areas are

sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. Such areas

are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas, and also from

unsettled lands such as outback or wilderness. People live in village, on farms and in

other isolated houses. Rural areas can have an agricultural character, though many

rural areas are characterized by an economy based on logging, mining, oil and gas

exploration, or tourism. Lifestyles in rural areas are different than those in urban

areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law

enforcement, schools, fire departments, and libraries may be distant, limited in scope,

or unavailable. Utilities like water, sewer, street lighting, and garbage collection maynot be present. Public transport is sometimes absent or very limited; people use their

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own vehicles, walk or ride an animal. A society or community can be classified as

rural based on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation, less

social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc. Agriculture would be the

major occupation of rural area. Development: It refers to growth, evolution, stage of

inducement or progress. This progress or growth is gradual and had sequential

phases. Always there is increasing differentiation. It also refers to the over all

movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations.

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SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural

areas. These include agricultural growth, putting up of economic and socialinfrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village

planning, public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc. Rural

development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because

of the following reasons.

1. About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas, thus rural development

is needed to develop nation as whole.

2. Nearly half of the country's national income is derived from agriculture, which is

major occupation of rural India.

3. Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through

agriculture.

4. Bulks of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural sector.

5. Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural population s

motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods.

6. Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political

instability.

Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in Indiabecause of the following reasons.

1. To develop rural area as whole in terms of culture, society, economy, technology

and health.

2. To develop living slandered of rural mass.

3. To develop rural youths, children and women.

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4. To develop and empower human resource of rural area in terms of their

psychology, skill, knowledge, attitude and other abilities.

5. To develop infrastructure facility of rural area.

6. To provide minimum facility to rural mass in terms of drinking water, education,transport, electricity and communication.

7. To develop rural institutions like panchayat, cooperatives, post, banking and credit.

8. To provide financial assist to develop the artisans in the rural areas, farmers and

agrarian unskilled labor, small and big rural entrepreneurs to improve their economy.

9. To develop rural industries through the development of handicrafts, small scaled

industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage industries and other related

economic operations in the rural sector.

10. To develop agriculture, animal husbandry and other agricultural related areas.

11. To restore uncultivated land, provide irrigation facilities and motivate farmers to

adopt improved seed, fertilizers, package of practices of crop cultivation and soil

conservation methods.

12. To develop entertainment and recreational facility for rural mass.

13. To develop leadership quality of rural area.

14. To improve rural marketing faciliy

15. To minimise gap between the urban and rural in terms of facilities availed.

16. To improve rural peoples participation in the development of state and nation as

whole.

17. To improve scopes of employment for rural mass.

18. For the sustainable development of rural area.

19. To eliminate rural poverty.

20. To solve the problems faced by the rural mass for their development.

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PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

1. People related:

1. Traditional way of thinking.

2. Poor understanding.

3. Low level of education to understand developmental efforts and new technology.

4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation.

5. Lack of confidence.

6. Poor awareness.

7. Low level of education.

8. Existence of unfelt needs.

9. Personal ego.

2. Agricultural related problems:

1. Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude.

2. Unavailability of inputs.

3. Poor marketing facility.

4. Insufficient extension staff and services.

5. Multidimensional tasks to extension personnel.

6. Small size of land holding.

7. Division of land.

8. Unwillingness to work and stay in rural areas.

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3. Infrastructure related problems:

1. Poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, transport, educational

institutions, communication, health, storage facility etc.

4. Economic problems:

1. Unfavourable economic condition to adopt high cost technology.

2. High cost of inputs.

3. Underprivileged rural industries

5. Social and Cultural problems:

1. Cultural norms and traditions

2. Conflict within and between groups, castes, religions, regions, languages.

6. Leadership related problems:

1. Leadership among the hands of inactive and incompetent people.

2. Malafied interest of leaders.

3. Biased political will.

7. Administrative problems:

1. Earlier, majority of the programmes were planning based on top to bottom

approach and were target oriented.

2. Political interference.

3. Lack of motivation and interest.

4. Unwillingness to work in rural area.

5. Improper utilization of budget.

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Rural Developmentstrategies and capacities

Rural India finds mention in every document on poverty, inequality, malnutrition, un-

and

disguised employment, agriculture and artisanal livelihoods, and genderrelationships.

Almost all these refer to the limited capacities for economic growth and

development.

Thereby, technologies and investments in people and infrastructure for these

technologies

have become the bedrock of rural development efforts in the country. This theme

presents

an overview of S&T strategies for rural development in India. The focus is on

understanding the S&T capacities that exist, and how the knowledge and

technologies are

accessed and used for rural development.

India is Rural (2000-01 to 2004-05)

Rural Population of 830 Millionin 1100 Million Cultivators + Main and Marginal workers430 Million Urban Literacy Rate (81%); Rural (61%) Female Literacy 45% in Rural Areas (70% in Urban Areas) Malnourished49% of Children and 39% of Women in Rural India (36% and

20% in Urban Areas)

Rural Infant Mortality Rate- 61 (37 in Urban Areas) in 1000Source:NSSO (various rounds); NCEUS, 2007.

Overall rural development efforts in India focus on:

Provision of basic infrastructure facilities in the rural areas e.g. schools, health

facilities, roads, drinking water, electrification etc.

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NAME OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES :-PRE AND AFTER

INDEPENDENCE

RURAL

DEVELOPME

NT

PROGRAMM

ES Sr. No.

Name of the

Programme

Started by Year

Pre independence

1 Sriniketan

Project

Shri Rabindra

Nath Tagore

1914

2 Marthandam

Project

Dr.Spencer

Hatch

1921

3 Gurgaon

Experiment

F.L.Brayne 1928

4 Sarvoday

Programme

Shri Vinoba

Bhave

1948-49

Post early independence(1947-53)

1 Firka

Development

Madras

Government

1948

2 Etawah Pilot

Project

Albert Mayor 1948

3 Nilokheri

Experiment

S.K.Dey 1948

4 Community

Development

Programme

(CDP)

Government of

India

1952

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5 National

Extension

Service (NES)

Government of

India

1953

RURAL

DEVELOPMEN

T EFFORTS /

PROGRAMMES

AFTER

INDEPENDENC

E No

Year Name of the

Programme after

independence

1 1948 GMFC Grow More

Food

Campaign

2 1950 JMPC Japanese

Method of

Paddy

Cultivation

3 1952 CDP Community

Development

Programme

4 1953 NES National

Extension

Service

5 1961 IADP Intensive

Agriculture

District

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Programme

6 1963 ANP Applied

Nutrition

Programme

7 1964-65 IAAP Integrated

Agricultural

Area

Programme

8 1964 ICDP Integrated

Cattle

Development

Programme

9 1965 NDP National

Demonstratio

n Project

10 1966 ODP Oilseed

Development

Programme

11 1966-67 HYVP High

Yielding

Varieties

Programme

12 1966 FTEP Farmers

Training and

Education

Programme

13 1966 FTC Farmers

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Training

Centre

14 1966 MCP Multiple

Crop

Programme

15 1970 DPAP Draught

Prone Area

Programme

16 1970 DFAP Dry Farming

Area

Programme

17 1971 ICDP Integrated

Cotton

Development

Programme

18 1971 WVDP Whole

Village

Development

Programme

19 1971 SFDA Small

Farmers

Development

Agency

20 1971 MFAL Marginal

Farmers and

Agricultural

Labour

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Agency

21 1971-72 TADP Tribal Area

Development

Programme

22 1973 HADP Hill Area

Development

Programme

23 1974 T&V Training and

Visit System

24 1974 KVK Krushi

Vigyan

Kendra

25 1974 TDB Tribal

Development

Block

26 1975 CADP Command

Area

Development

Programme

27 1976 IRDP Intergraded

Rural

Development

Programme

28 1976 ORP Operational

Research

Project

29 1976 SF Social

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Forestry

30 1977 DDP Desert

Development

Programme

31 1978 LLP Lab-to-Land

Programme

32 1978 NARP National

Agricultural

Research

Project

33 1979 TRYSEM Training of

Rural Youth

for Self

Employment

34 1980 NREP National

Rural

Employment

Programme

35 1980 DRDA District Rural

Development

Agency

36 1980-81 TUP Tribal

Upliftment

Project

37 1981 RLEGP Rural

Landless

Employment

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Guarantee

Programme

38 1982 DWCRA Development

of Women

and Children

in Rural

Areas

39 1984-85 NAEP National

Agricultural

Extension

Project

40 1986-87 NWDP National

Watershed

Development

Project

41 1989 JRY Jawahar

Rojgar

Yojana

42 1990-91 NWDPRA National

Water

Development

Project for

Rain fed

Areas

43 1998 NATP National

Agricultural

Technology

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Project

44 1998 ATMA Agricultural

Technology

Management

Agency

45 2005 NAIP National

Agricultural

Innovation

Project

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Cooperatives for People-Centred Rural Development

Cooperatives play a major self-help role in rural areas, particularly where private

businesses hesitate to go and public authorities do not provide basic services. They

are instrumental in providing opportunities for productive employment, as well as

offering health care, education, potable water, improved sanitation, roads, and market

access, while giving a strongervoice to rural groups.

Why action is needed

Cooperatives

Create opportunity for employment, income generation, and increase theavailability of goods and services, all of which also contribute to economic

growth.

members are also thebeneficiaries

Are strongly rooted in their community, and are thus more likely to positivelyinfluence it.

Are guided by a set of underlying values and ethics and are schools of socialdialogue and democracy.

Are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality,equity and solidarity; as well as ethical values of honesty, openness, social

responsibility, and caring for others.

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-type activities into legally protected and productive

work.

Mobilize self-help and motivate people to make better use of their self-helppotential.

economic and socialdevelopment needs of their members and the larger community, because

members are both producers and beneficiaries.

Are often the only provider of services in rural communities, given that othertypes of enterprises often find it too costly to invest in these areas or anticipate

low levels of economic return. This is the case for electricity, water resources,

financial services, and consumer supplies. In India, for instance, the consumer

needs of 67 percent of rural households are covered by cooperatives.

communityidentity and strengthen the social fabric, particularly important in post-crisis

contexts.

Offer an economic future for youth in rural areas, and thus prevent ruraldepopulation.

Themes Rural Policy Briefs Facts and figures

cooperatives. In Uganda, forinstance, they increased from 554 in 1995 to 7,500 in 2009.1

Roughly one billion people are members of cooperatives, and over 100 millionwork in them.

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in rural areas.

Sustainable energy cooperatives are experiencing rapid expansion, with windpower cooperatives in Canada, Denmark, India and the United Kingdom and

photovoltaic cooperatives in Brazil and Mexico.

for USD 1 trillion inturnover.

Cooperatives are resilient to crises. During the ongoing financial and economiccrisis, savings and credit cooperatives, and cooperative banks have

experienced an increase in almost every facet of their business, including:

increases in assets and deposits, in volume of lending, members, and better

interest rates.

their oftenlimited resources, mobility and voice. This also applies for disadvantaged

groups such as indigenous populations and disabled persons.

Withstand crises better than their capital-centered counterparts. of their member-

driven nature, a key approach for rural areas whose populations depend on the

resilience of natural resources such as land, water, and soil quality.

Encourage modernization by facilitating the dissemination of new technologiesand processes.

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Agriculture

to farmers,through sharing and pooling of resources, improved access to markets, higher

returns for their products, and strengthened bargaining position.

Cooperatives are a means to facilitate engaging in food processing, therebyallowing their members to access and benefit from higher value-added

markets.

Farmer cooperatives improve member livelihoods and local re-investments,support rural development and the viability of rural communities.

Cooperatives also address the social protection needs of their members,thereby reducing farmers vulnerability, particularly in times of crisis, and

prevent them from falling into poverty.

cooperatives are involvedin agriculture. In Ethiopia, for instance, 900,000 people in agriculture are

estimated to generate part of their income through cooperatives.

Health

with medicalservices otherwise not available through public or private health programmes,

including

home-based care (e.g. for individuals with HIV/AIDS).

services, member-owned, not-for-profit health cooperatives such as in Brazil, Colombia and

Japan, may constitute an alternative to private insurers. In Benin, the savingsand credit cooperative federation, FECECAM, is providing financial services

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including affordable micro-health and life insurance to over 500,000 individual

members, 90 percent of whom live in rural areas.

Housing, Infrastructure and Utilities

Housing and building cooperatives directly create employment through theconstruction and maintenance of housing facilities, while providing housing at

considerably low costs. For example, housing cooperatives for seniors in rural

areas are popular in the USA.

Cooperatives develop infrastructure (roads, water, schools and playgrounds),which generates employment, while helping provide an enabling environment

for other enterprises, as well as an attractive setting for workers and their

families.

l in the overall electricity supply of rural areas.Currently, 85 percent of people without electricity live in rural areas of

developing countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In 2005,

58 percent of rural electricity in Argentina was provided by cooperatives,

without which advancements in agriculture would have been compromised and

jobs in rural communities lost.

Tourism

increasing worldwide. Through tourism cooperatives, rural populations can generate important and

complementary income. For example, agri-tourism cooperatives in Italy

emphasize

home-made and locally produced foods for tourists that seek a specificallyrural or farm experience.

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Through tourism cooperatives, members may also increase their say in the

overall nature, extent, speed and other modalities of tourism development in

their area.

Defining a Cooperative

than other corporateforms. It is, an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet

their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through ajointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.

Rural contexts can host a variety of cooperatives, in agriculture (production,processing, marketing, purchasing and sales), but also financial services

(banking, credit and loan, insurance), in health, electricity,telecommunications, water, consumer goods and services, housing, tourism,

and

handicrafts. Source: ILO: The Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No.193)

Savings and credit and other financial organizations

to banking isscarce, the large majority of adults store money at home, with friends or

through other means.Cooperative financial institutions represent 30 to 50 cent

of cooperatives in any given country.

Access to finance creates opportunity for producers to purchase goods andservices that increase their productivity. For instance, agriculture producers

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require access to finance to cover costs between harvesting periods, help them

manage seasonal liquidity shortages and cover unforeseen expenses.

Policy options

Strengthen the cooperative business model using ILO's Promotion of

Cooperatives Recommendation,

2002 (No. 193)

practices (e.g.registration procedures, taxation policies, accounting standards, capital

standards for financial

institutions as well as ability to access funding) that support the establishmentand growth of cooperatives, in consultation with cooperative organizations.

Develop and implement an adequate regulatory framework for cooperatives,including for instance, labour law, taxation law, accounting standards and

competition law.

Establish equal treatment between cooperatives and other enterprises, takinginto consideration the distinctive structure of cooperatives and their member-

regulation needs to focus, first of all, on the self-control mechanisms of

cooperatives.

Provide special support for cooperatives that address specific social and publicpolicy needs and activities benefiting disadvantaged groups or regions.

Provide for an efficient and effective implementation of the regulatoryframework, such as provisions on registration of cooperatives and auditing.

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Promote the establishment of secondary and tertiary cooperative structures

(that is, associations of cooperatives) as well as horizontal linkages between

primary cooperatives, so that the value-added in the processing and

commercialization of products remains with cooperative members.

Raise awareness among policymakers, for instance, to promote entrepreneurialdiversity in the banking industry, including cooperative banks.

business model and itsadvantages, at all appropriate levels of the national education and training

systems, and in the wider society.

Materials and Techniques forCooperative Management Training

(MATCOM)

This is a high quality, standardized and comprehensive training package. The

MATCOM project (1978-1993) developed cooperative management training

materials, which were put at the disposal of national cooperative movements and

development partners, who could then prepare local versions. MATCOM consists of

40 trainers manuals and 60 learning elements covering different types of

cooperatives in various economic sectors, different target groups and different levels

of cooperative management. Many of the manuals have been translated into French,

Spanish, Portuguese, as well as 40 other local languages. The package is currently

undergoing updates and revisions.

COOPREFORM

This programme (1993-2002) was part of the ILO-DANIDA initiative on cooperative

development in rural areas to promote genuine cooperatives in the context of

democratization, decentralization and structural adjustment. At least 61 countries

benefited from COOPREFORM assistance directly or indirectly, and some 29

countries either promulgated a new cooperative law or embraced a new cooperativespolicy (or both). This prepared the ground for ILOs ongoing substantial work to

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support constituents and cooperative organizations to strengthen their policies and

legal frameworks in line with R. 193.

SYNDICOOP

This joint initiative (2004-2006) among the International Cooperative Alliance

(ICA), the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the ILO helped

strengthen organization among informal economy workers, and improve employment

opportunities, income and working conditions through cooperatives in Kenya,

Rwanda, the United Republic of Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda. Lessons

learned from SYNDICOOP have guided programmes such as COOPAFRICA (2007-

2010), which updated and replicated certain aspects in nine African countries

(Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Rwanda Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and

Zanzibar). COOPAFRICA aimed at mobilizing the cooperative self-help mechanism

to tackle development constraints, such as unemployment, lack of social protection,

lack of empowerment and poverty.

Strengthen the productivity of existing cooperatives and their competitiveness,among others by providing for training and other forms of assistance to

members,

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office-bearers and staff of cooperatives in order to develop technical,

entrepreneurial and managerial skills.

workersorganizations, and cooperatives.

Encourage employers organizations to extend membership to cooperativeswishing to join them.

cooperative membersto join them, and to assist their own members to establish cooperatives.

ILO's role

international governmental legal

instrument to promote cooperatives, namely R. 193.

the last 15 years alone it

has assisted over 65 countries in their cooperative policy and law reform. Most

recently, it has contributed to the design of the Ley Marco para las cooperatives de

America Latina; the Uniform Cooperative Act for OHADA (Organisation pour l'

Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires); and the implementation assessment

of the 2003 European Union Regulation on cooperatives in the 27 EU member

countries and 3 European Economic Area countries.

cooperative organizations in

developing cooperatives of all types and sizes, focusing on four closely interrelated

areas:

political importance of

cooperatives

-specific research, education and training

ILO closely cooperates with the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA),comprised of 240 cooperative member organizations in 90 countries; and is a

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member of the Committee for the Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives

(COPAC), composed of ICA, ILO, FAO and UN.

1 ILO: Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis (Geneva:

2009)

2 ICA: Statistical Information on the Co-Operative Movement (2011) Available at:

http://www.ica.coop/coop/statistics.html#economic

3 Statistical Information on the Co-Operative Movement, op. cit.

4 ICA: Global 300. Available at:

5 ILO: Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis (Geneva:

2009)

6Information from the National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI) Available at:

7 Chambo, Suleman Adam: Agricultural Co-operatives: Role in Food Security and

Rural Development (New York: 2009)

8 Pollet, Ignace: Cooperatives in Africa: The Age of Reconstruction Synthesis of a

Survey in Nine African Countries, CoopAFRICA Working Paper No. 7 (ILO: Dar es

Salaam, 2009)

9 Lemma, Teigist: Growth Without Structures: The Cooperative Movement in

Ethiopia (ILO/World Bank Institute, Geneva: 2007)

10 ILO: Cooperatives and Rural Employment, Fact Sheet (Geneva: 2007) 11 ICA:

Housing Co-operatives in USA (August: 2007) Available at:

12 Nietz, Alexandra: Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in

Emerging Economies. Keys to Successful Policies (International Energy Agency:

Paris, 2010) Available at:

13 Federacin Argentina de Cooperativas de Electricidad y Otros Servicios Pblicos

Limitada (2011) Available at:

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14 Schneiderman, Ross M. and Doskow, Vivian: "Savings for the Poor," in

Newsweek (24 January 2011)

DIFFERENT PROGRAMMES AND AGENCIES FOR RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

1.THE DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (DRDA) The District

Rural Development Agency (DRDA) has traditionally been the principal organ at the

District level to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes.

Since its inception, the administrative costs of the DRDAs were met by way of

setting apart a share of the allocations for each programme. However, of late, the

number of the programmes had increased and while some of the programmes

provided for administrative costs of the DRDAs, others did not. There was no

uniformity among the different programmes with reference to administrative costs.

Keeping in view the need for an effective agency at the district level to coordinate the

anti-poverty effort, a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme for strengthening the DRDAs

has been introduced with effect from 1st April, 1999. Accordingly, the administrative

costs are met by providing a separate budget provisions. This scheme which is

funded on a 75:25 basis between Centre and States, aims at strengthening and

professionalising the DRDAs.

Role and Functions of the DRDA

1 If effective programme design is critical to successful implementation of rural

development programmes, so is an effective delivery agency. None of the anti-

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poverty programmes can have impact unless they are implemented with clarity of

purpose and a commitment to the task. It is here that the DRDAs play a critical role.

The DRDAs are not the implementation through overseeing the implementation of

different programmes and ensuring that necessary linkages are provided. To this

extent the DRDA is a supporting and facilitation organization and needs to play a

very effective role as a catalyst in development process.

2 The district Rural Development Agency is visualized as specialized and a

professional agency capable of managing the anti-poverty programmes of the

Ministry of Rural Development on the one hand and to effectively relate these to the

overall effort of poverty eradication in the District. In other words, while the DRDA

will continue to watch over and ensure effective utilization of the funds intended for

anti-poverty programmes, it will need to develop a far greater understanding of the

processes necessary for poverty alleviation/eradication. It will also need to develop

the capacity to build synergies among different agencies involved for the most

effective results. It will therefore need to develop distinctive capabilities rather than

perform tasks that are legitimately in the domain of the PRIs or the line departments.

The role of the DRDA will therefore be distinct from all the other agencies, including

the Zilla Parishad.

3 DRDAs must themselves be more professional and should be able to interact

effectively with various other agencies. They are expected to coordinate with the line

department, the Panchayati Raj Institutions, the banks and other financial institutions,

resources required for poverty reduction effort in the district. It shall be their

endeavor and objective to secure inter-sectoral and inter-departmental coordination

and cooperation for reducing poverty in the district. It is their ability to coordinate

and bring about a convergence of approach among different agencies for povertyalleviation and would set them apart.

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4 The DRDAs are expected to coordinate effectively with the Panchayati Raj

Instructions. Under no circumstances will they perform functions of PRIs.

5 The DRDAs will maintain their separate identity but will function under the

chairmanship of the Chairman of Zilla Parishad. They are expected to be a

facilitating and supporting organization to Zilla Parishad, providing necessary

executive and technical support in respect of poverty reduction efforts. Wherever the

Zilla Parishads are not in existence of are not functional, the DRDAs would function

under the Collector/District Magistrate/Deputy Commissioner, as the case may be.

6 The DRDAs are expected to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty

programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development in the district. This is not be

confused with actual implementation, which will be by the Panchayati Raj and other

Institutions. The DRDAs will monitor closely the implementation through obtaining

of periodic reports as well as frequent field visits. The purpose of the visit should be

to facilitate the implementing agencies in improving implementation process, besides

ensuring that the quality of implementation of programmes is high. This would

include overseeing whether the intended beneficiaries are receiving the benefits

under the different programmes.

7 The DRDAs shall keep the Zilla Parishad, the State and Central Government duly

informed of the progress of the implementation of the programmes through periodic

reports in the prescribed formats. Special report, as and when called for, shall be

provided.

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8 It shall be the duty of the DRDAs to oversee and ensure that the benefits

specifically earmarked for certain target groups (SC/ST, women and disabled) reach

them. They shall all necessary steps to achieve the prescribed norms.

9 The DRDAs shall take necessary step to improve the awareness regarding rural

development and poverty alleviation particularly among the rural poor. This would

involve issues of poverty, the opportunities available to the rural poor and generally

infusing a sense of confidence in their ability to overcome poverty. It would also

involve sensitizing the different functionaries in the district to the different aspects of

poverty and poverty alleviation programmes.

10 The DRDAs will strive to promote transparency in the implementation of different

anti-poverty programmes. Towards this end, they shall publish periodically, the

details of the different programmes and their implementation.

11 Keeping in view, the substantial investment that are being made in poverty

alleviation programmes, the DRDAs shall ensure financial discipline in respect of the

funds received by them, whether from Central of State Governments. They shall also

ensure that the accounts are properly maintained including in respect of the funds

allocated to banks or implementing agencies in accordance with the guidelines of

different programmes.

12 Thus the role of the DRDA is in terms of planning for effective implementation of

anti-poverty programmes; coordinating with other agencies-Governmental, non-

Governmental, technical and financial for successful programme implementation;

enabling the community and the rural poor to participate in the decision marking

process, overseeing the implementation to ensure

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20 T5 1

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adherence to guidelines, quality, equity and efficiency; reporting to the prescribed

authorities on the implementation; and promoting transparency in decision making

and implementation.

13 In addition the DRDAs shall coordinate and oversee the conduct of the BPL

Census and such other surveys that are required from time to time.

14 The DRDAs shall also carry out / aid in carrying out action research/ or evaluation

studies that are initiated by the Central/State Governments.

15 The DRDAs should deal only with the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of

Rural Development. If DRDAs are to be entrusted with programmes of other

ministries or those of the State Governments, it should be ensured that these have a

definite antipoverty focus. Entrusting of any programme to the DRDAs, other than

anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry, be it of any other Ministry of Government

of India or the respective State Government will have to be done with the approval of

the Secretary, Rural Development of the respective State (s), who should examine

such request in consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of

India. In such cases, it must be ensured that adequate provision is made for requisite

staffing needed for proper implementation of the programme.

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Agriculture & Rural Development has been the key mantra for

a sustained and long-termeconomic growth in India. The same is in

the sharper focus today with the Government taking keen interest to

ensure a comprehensive and visible uplift of this sector through

effective implementation of various old and new schemes. The

Government runs its large-scale rural development schemes mainly

through the Ministry of Rural Devel- opment, National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural De- velopment (NABARD), and Khadi and

Village Industries Commission (KVIC). Be- sides, some

autonomous bod- ies like District Rural De- velopment Agency

(DRDA), National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Na-

tional Rural Roads Develop- ment Agency (NRRDA) and Council for

Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology

(CAPART) are also working in tandem with the Government for a

better Rural India.

Given Below is an over- view of the various schemes of NABARD

and KVIC related to the rural development:

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1.NABARD

NABARD was set up with a mission to promote sustain- able

and equitable agriculture and rural development through

effective credit support, related services, institution building

and other innovative initia- tives. Primarily its objectives

are to (i) serve as an apex fi-

nancing agency; (ii) take mea- sures towards institution build- ing for

improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system,

including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes,

restructuring of credit institutions, training of person- nel, etc.; (iii)

co-ordinate the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in

devel- opmental work at the field level and liaise with Government of

India, state governments, Re- serve Bank of India (RBI) and other

national level institutions concerned with policy for- mulation;

and (iv) undertake monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced

by it.

Schemes Available

I. Investment Credit (Medium

And Long Term) Refinance: Special Focus: Refinance on

liberal terms for strengthening the rural credit delivery system for the

development of North- Eastern region; Guidelines of hi-tech and

export-oriented projects in farm and non-farm sectors and set-up

Agriculture Development Finance Com- panies in Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka for financing hi-tech/com-

mercial ventures. Beneficiaries: State Co- operative Agriculture &

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Rural Development Banks (SCARD- Bs), State Co-operative Banks

(SCBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Commercial Banks (CBs),

State Agricultural De- velopment Finance Companies (ADFCs) and

Primary Urban Co-operative Banks.

Period of Refinance: 15years

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Quantum of Refinance:

In the range of 90100 per cent of the project depending upon thenature of Financial Institution involved, Region of Project (whether

North- eastern region or other re- gion) and category of Sector

involved.

Interest on Refinance:

6-6.75 per cent (based on the loan size and activity/region).

II. Production Credit NABARD provides short- term refinance for

various types of production/ market- ing/ procurement activities.

Different types of refinance available, term of refinance, eligible

Financial Institutions and rate of interests charge- able for that are

given in Table

1 on the next page:

III. Rural Infrastructure Devel- opment Fund (RIDF) Beneficiaries:

State Gov- ernments, Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs), Non-

Governmental Organisa- tions (NGOs) and Self-Help Groups

(SHGs).

Activities Covered: Primary Schools, Primary Health Cen- tres,

Village Haats, Joint For- est Management, Terminal and Rural

Market, Rain Water Harvesting, Fish Jetties, Mini Hydel and System

Improve- ment Projects in Power Sector, Rural Drinking Water Supply

Scheme, Citizen Information Centres, Anganwadi Centres and

Shishu Shiksha Kendras. Methodology: All new project

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concepts received are placed before the Proj- ects Sanctioning

Committee (PSC) for approval before ac- cepting detailed projects.

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Sl.no Available towhom

Activity/Purpose

Short Term

Refinance

Rate of

Interest

%

1. SCBs on behalf

of all eligible

DCCDs in form

of consolidated

limits

Seasonal

Agricultural

Operation (SAO)

If level

of NPAs

is upto

20% den

5.25

otherwise

5.75

SCBs.

2. SCBs on behalf

of all eligible

DCCDs in form

of consolidated

limits

For financing

approved short

term

agricultural/allied

and marketingactivities

6.50

3. SCBs on behalf

of all eligible

DCCDs in form

of consolidated

limits

Marketing of

crops

6.00

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4. SCBs on behalf

of all eligible

DCCDs in form

of consolidatedlimits

Primary Weavers

Cooperative

Societies

(PWCS) forproduction and

marketing of

cloth

6.00

5. State

Cooperative

Banks

For Financing

Procurement and

Marketing of

Cloth and

Trading in Yarn

by

Apex/Regional

Weavers

Cooperative

Societies

6.25

6. Scheduled

Commercial

Banks

For Financing

Working Capital

Requirements of

Primary

Handloom

Weavers

Cooperative

Societies

6.25

7. State

Cooperative

For Financing

Working Capital

6.25

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Banks/Scheduled

Commercial

Banks

Requirements of

SHDCs and

SHnDCs

8. SCBs on behalf

of

DCCBs/DICBs

For Financing

Working Capital

Requirements of

Cottage,

Village,Small

scale, Primary

and Apex

Industrial

Cooperative

Societies

Apex

Societies

6.25

Primary

Societies

6.00

9. SCBs on behalf

of

DCCBs/DICBs

For Financing

Working Capital

Requirements of

Laboer Contract

and Forest

Labour

Cooperative

Societies

Apex

Societies

6.25

Primary

Societies

6.00

10. SCBs/DCCBs For Financing

Working Capital

Requirements of

Rural Artisans

for Production

6.00

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IV. Research and Development

Fund

Objective: To acquire new insights into theproblems ofagriculturaland

ruraldevelop- mentthroughin-depthstudies and applied research and try- ing

outinnovativeapproachesbacked upby technical and economicstudies.

Beneficiaries: Approved re- search institutions, organisa- tionsandother

agencies,which areengagedinaction-oriented applied research.

V.OtherSchemes

Besides the above-men- tioned schemes NABARD is also running

Kisan Credit Card and Micro Finance schemes.Both these schemes are

not discussedhere as they have already been covered in detail in an article

published elsewhere in this journal.

and Marketing

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2.KVIC

Khadi and Village Indus- tries Commission is a statu- torybodyestablishedbyanact

of Parliament in April 1957 for the development of Khadi andVillageIndustriesin

India. Broad objectives for its estab- lishment are social objectives of providing

employment,eco- nomic objective ofproducing saleablearticles and thewiderobjective of

creating self-reli- ance amongst the poor andbuilding up of a strong rural community

spirit. The high- lightsofthemainschemesofKVICareasfollows:

Schemes Available

I.Rural EmploymentGeneration

Programme(REGP)

KVIC launched Ru- ral Employment Genera- tion Programme (REGP) or

GramodyogRojgarYojanafor

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one hand and to effectively relate these to the overall effortofpovertyeradicationinthe

district.

3.NIRD

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) facilitates rural development

through government and non-governmental initiatives.NIRD is the countrys apex

body for undertaking training, research, action and consultancy functions in the rural

development sector. It works as an autonomous organization sup- ported by the

MinistryofRuralDevelopment,Gov- ernmentofIndia.

4.NRRDA

Construction of rural roads brings multifaceted benefitsto thehithertodeprived

ruralareasandalsoan effectivepoverty reduction strategy. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak

Yojana (PMGSY)was takenupby the GovernmentofIndiawithanobjectivetoprovide

con- nectivity to the unconnected Habitations in the rural areas.In2002 theNational

Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) was established to extend support to

PMGRYthroughadviceontechnicalspecifications,projectappraisalandmanagementofa

system ofNa- tional Quality Monitors, Management of Monitoring Systems and

submission of Periodic Reports to the MinistryofRuralDevelopment.

5.CAPART

Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and RuralTechnology (CAPART)is

an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and is

functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development. CAPART is

involved in catalys- ing and co-coordinating the emerging partnership be- tween

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Voluntary Organisations and the Government ofIndia for sustainable development of

RuralAreas.

OtherSchemes ofRuralDevelopment

Beside the above-mentioned schemes some more schemes of Government of India

like National Ru- ral Employment Guarantee Scheme, National Rural Health

Mission,RajivGandhiNationalDrinkingWa- terMission,RuralInfrastructure,Rural

Electrification andIndiraAwasYojana are also availablebut as this compilationstresses

onNABARDandKVICschemes theseotherschemeshavenotbeendiscussed.

Relevant Websites:

NABARD:

www.nabard.org

KVIC:

www.kvic.org

DRDA:www.rural.nic.in/drda.htm

NIRD:www.nird.org.in

NRRDA:www.pmgsy.nic.in/nrrda.asp

CAPART:www.capart.nic.in

MinistryofRuralDevelopment:www.rural.nic.in

MinistryofAgroandRuralIndustries:www.ari.nic.in

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Conclusion:-

The governments policies and programs have laid emphasis on poverty elevation,

generation of employment and income opportunities & provision of infrastructure

and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor. For realizing these objectives, selfemployment and wage employment programs continued to pervade in one form or

other institutions in terms of functions,power and finance. Grama Sabha, NGOs, Self

help groups and PRIs hav been accorded adequate role to make participatory

democracy meaningful and effective.

Rural Development : Review of Nineth Plan Performance

An outlay of Rs. 2000 crore was provided for rural development sector during Nineth

Plan period. The budgetary support and allocation from 1997-98 to 2001-02. For

various schemes Rs.2498 crores have been provided ]. The year wise outlay and

expenditures are indicated below. During the Nineth 5 Year Plan, under IRDP,

Income Generating Assets were provided 3235 lakh families through subsidy and

credit. During 1999-2000 the IRDP, TRYSEM,OWCRA were merged to form a new

self employment program called Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna

(SJGSY).

Thus, to sum up we can say that many Government Programs and Schemes have

failed in the recent years hence there is essential need of new, innovative and

effective programs for the development of rural areas.

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BIBILOGRAPHY

1.Institutes of rural management,ANAND: 388 001,INDIA

Cooperatives & rural development in

india(abstract) by katar singh & R S Pundir

2.Rural development schemes: an overview

Datas and tables are from the chartered accountant

1199(February 2006)

3.sustainability of rural development project: india case study(IFAD)

4.A journal on rural development: role of women in promoting rual

sanitation

5.case study on rual development from different website:www.nabard.org and

www.rural.nic.in