Significant Achievements: D

Home Science Home Science is a field of knowledge and service primarily concerned with

strengthening family life and enhancing potentials of the individual for meaningful life.

Researches in Home Sciences have been conducted with a goal to discover the

changing needs of individuals and families and to provide suitable solutions to satisfy the

needs. Research with this has been devoted to achieve livelihood security in terms of

dietary intake, management of resources, designing, selection and care of cloth and

child and family welfare. Homestead technologies have been generated through

researches to improve the quality of life of urban and rural families. Eco friendly agro

processing to develop fabric dyes, development of value added edible products to enrich

daily diet and modification of agricultural and household tools to reduce drudgery of farm

women are few areas on which research are being conducted at present. On the basis

of research carried out in the University, the salient research findings are given as under:

Foods and Nutrition Development of Nutriguide: Nutritional composition of various products consumed

in Rajasthan was not available and need was felt to be calculated as per the raw

ingredients used in the recipes. Hence various food preparations consumed in daily

diet of the people of Rajasthan was analysed for their nutritional composition. The

results of study revealed that maize, bajra and wheat recipes are fair in iron content

which ranged between 1.0 mg to 6.0 mg per serving. Maize recipes like dalia and

dhokla are rich in fibre while biscuits and Maggie are poor in fibre content. Pulse

preparations are rich in protein content, kadhi with pakodi, besan gatta curry,

pakodi etc. are fair in almost all nutrients. Onion, bhutta and potato pakoda are rich

in fat content and provide more than 200 Kcal per plate. Products like roasted

groundnuts, fried groundnuts, besan groundnuts are rich in protein as well as

energy content. These items provide more than 400 Kcal/serving. Gingelly seeds

and niger seeds ladoo are rich in iron and calcium content. One serving of this

provides 5 mg of iron. Iron content of bhindi was 7.82 mg and mogri was 8.16

mg/100 g. All the vegetables were poor source of protein. Karonda vegetable was

rich in vitamin C content. Guava and papaya fruits are rich sources of fiber.

8 HOME SCIENCE.doc 1


The values obtained in the study were compiled as data base. This data base was

published in the form of book “Nutriguide” as well as software at ICAR level. These

publications can be used by dietetic departments of hospitals to plan a diet for

patients suffering with various diseases. At community level also this data base can

be used to assess the adequacy of daily diet for various nutrients during normal and

special conditions and also to plan a balanced diet.

Value Addition / Enrichment of traditional foods products:

� Value addition of Aloe vera - Aloevera is naturally grown in forest area of

Udaipur region and proved to possess medicinal property. Hence value added

products of Aloevera have been developed to utilize this produce for consumption.

Aloevera was used to prepare squash and jelly in combination with lemon juice and

wood apple. The acceptability scores of these products ranged between 7.12 to 8.6

indicating that these have been liked moderately to extremely. Products were also

rich in Vit C content i.e. jelly 535mg/100g and squash 940mg/100g. About 50

bottles of squash and 15 of jelly have been marketed at the rate of Rs. 40 and Rs.

15 per bottle.

Gawarpatha Jelly Gawarpatha Squash

�

Experiments preschool

children, school childre

Enrichment of traditional food products:

were carried out to de

n and pregnant women.

velop nutritionally rich

products for


In all eight products were developed (Kangani biscuits, Kangani besan biscuits,

Kangani besan laddoo, Kangani mawa laddoo, Kangani Laddoo, Kangani khaman,

Kangani lauki gatta, til laddoo & till mathari) using combinations of various food

groups i.e. cereals, pulses, nuts & oilseeds, vegetables, milk & its products.

The products developed are rich in energy, protein, iron & calcium. About one to

two servings of these products will be sufficient to fulfill the 1/3 day’s requirement of

energy and protein of preschool children while school age children will require 1½

to 2 servings. One serving of these products will be sufficient to fulfill the additional

requirement of pregnant & lactating women.

Development of Health foods:

a) Development of Udaipur AICRP Mix: A β- carotene and iron rich dry mix was

developed using carrot, spinach, mint, lotus stem, niger seeds and rice flakes in

dried and powdered form. About 20 g of this mix provided 1000 µg of β-carotene

and 10 mg iron. The mix was incorporated into five different recipes. khakhra,

mathari, kasar, laddoo & biscuits. These recipes were standardized and found

acceptable.

Intervention trial using biscuits of AICRP mix showed a positive effect on improving

serum, retinol and haemoglobin level of vitamin A and iron deficient rural school

children after 100 days.

b) Low glycaemic index products for diabetics: Two products viz kangani lauki

gatta and kangani khamman were developed using the Meera & Pratap varieties of

Italian millet released by MPUAT, Udaipur. Both the products were analyzed for

nutrient composition. Glycaemic index by glucose response of these products was

assessed in comparison to 50g of glucose at fasting and post prandial level for two


hours. Glycaemic index of lauki gatta and khaman was found to be 36.12 and

43.28 respectively, revealing their suitability for diabetic patients. (Fig.1-2)

Kangani Lauki Gatta Kangani Khaman

In second stage of the study two products were experimented for their glucose

response among diabetics. A group of 30 diabetic patients having fasting blood

glucose more than 120g percent were selected on the basis of their willingness.

Blood glucose level was assessed 5 times at fasting and post parandial level at an

interval of 30 min. The product weight containing 50 g carbohydrate was given to

each patient to assess the glucose response.

102.23

111.87

128.4131.8

80.2786.2

93.8

101.998.43

81.57

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

(Fasting) 30 60 90 120

Time in minutes

Blo

od g

luco

se le

vel

For Standard glucose For test recipe

AUC std 44.06

AUC sample 17.95

Glycemic Index of this product is 43.28

94.52

93.97

120

105.67

91.87

142.87

118.4

96.497.9103

92.87

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

(Fasting) 30 60 90

Time in minutes

Bloo

d gl

ucos

e le

vel

For Standard glucose For test recipe

AUC standard 35.66

AUC sample 11.35

Glycemic Index of this product is 36.12

Eating test productPricking to take blood Putting blood drop


social and

developmen

characterist

changing scenario. University has carried out valuable research on these aspects

during the decade is summarized in the following paras-

Capacity building of adolescent girls

The objective of the study (2006-07) was capacity building of rural adolescent

girls in areas of communication, interpersonal relationship, mental health, decision

making, legal awareness and self-esteem. For the purpose a sample of 150 adolescent

girls in the age group of 11-18 years was selected from five villages of Udaipur district

(30 from each village). Pre-Post test design was used to assess impact of intervention.

Study revealed that:

• In the age group of 11-14 years mean height, weight and haemoglobin level of

adolescent girls were 153.21 cm, 42.99kg, 10.40 respectively. For girls in the age

group of 15-18 the respective values for the variables were 159.01 cm, 52.60 kg

and 10.20.

• Mean age of menarche in the group was 12.8 years. Reported menstrual

problems were stomach ache, back ache, head ache, cramps and heavy flow.

During menstruation majority of girls followed right practices and had no special

diet pattern.

Glucose response revealed that the for diabetic patients as

Kangani Lauki Gatta

Human Development An individual’s life is sum total of physical,

emotional aspects. The

t. To equip oneself in le

human development researches on differen

ics, related changes, pr

developed variety of foxtail millet is suitable level of glucose were with in the expected limits. (fig 3-4)

Kangani khaman

mental, cognitive, psychological,

re are so many factors affecting in one’s life span

ading a qualitative life & to become a social asset

t aspects like life stages & their

oblems and coping mechanisms, etc. in this ever

98.43 101.9 93.8

175.43 191.4 186

86.281.57

172149.4

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Fasting 30 60 90 120

Non Diabetics Diabetic Patients

103 97.9 96.4

162.77 186.97 178.27

93.9792.87

164.3140.87

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Fasting 30 60 90 120

Non Diabetics Diabetic Pat ients

• All adolescent girls had poor knowledge about general health hazards even after

intervention. However, the mean scores showed improvements at post test I and

II.

• Throughout all testings majority of the girls showed poor mental health. Only 12

girls had average health at post test II. There was an increase in mean scores at

post test I as well as post test II in case of all the components of mental health

i.e. positive self evaluation, perception of reality, integration of personality,

autonomy, group oriented attitudes and environmental mastery.

• Majority of the adolescent girls had poor decision making abilities in personal and

home matters at pre-test and post test I. All the girls had average self-esteem at

all the testings.

• Interpersonal relationship of girls was average with parents and group. In case of

relationship with siblings, friends and neighbours, girls showed average

relationship at the time of pre-test and post test I whereas at post test II they

showed good relationship.

• Overall legal awareness of the girls was poor at all the testings though their

scores improved gradually at post tests after intervention.

• Gain in mean scores at the time of post test I and II in 7 areas viz numeric ability,

health and hygiene, nutrition, reproductive and child health, general knowledge,

child rearing practices and economic aspect indicates effectiveness of

intervention.

• Intervention also indicates improvement in Quality Life Index variables i.e.

knowledge, skill, capacity and personality.

Intervention training on reproductive health and nutrition

For capacity building of girls besides intervention programmes 14 trainings were

conducted which were related to reproductive health, child birth and postnatal care,



water purification, vermicompost, health and environmental sanitation, storage of grains,

menstrual hygiene, immunization, effective communication, prevention of health

hazards, care of pregnant women, tie and dye, block printing and fabric painting.

Beneficiaries of trainings in all 5 adopted villages ranged from 86-155 and in all 1797

participants were benefited. Impact analysis showed that intervention activities and

trainings were effective as improvements in knowledge, skills, practices and personality

were observed. Though there was improvement in the mean scores but in most of the

cases they still show poor status which clearly indicates a need of intensive efforts to

improve the status of the girls.

Empowerment of rural girls and women for enhancing quality of life Research objectives for the year 2007-2009 were promotion of vocational skills amongst

rural adolescent girls, development of training modules for farm women for care and

management of children and social and educational empowerment of adolescent girls and

women of farm families. Work was done in 5 villages (Mahuda,Veerdholia,

Noorda(sindhu),Palana Kala and Palana Khurd ) of Mawli Tehseel adopted under AICRP in

Home Science with a sample of 150 adolescent girls and 35 women selected randomly. Major

achievements are as follows:

*Promotion of vocational skills amongst adolescent girls –For promoting vocational skills

various trainings were conducted in the year 2007-2008 for crèche management, aasan making,

paper bag making, preservation and beauty culture. In the next year along with crèche

management and food preservation,vermicompost and play material for children were also

included which created vocational readiness amongst girls.

Preparation of stimulating play material


* Development of training modules-Development of training modules for farm women for

care and management of children and life skills is in progress in collaboration with other AICRP

centers.

* Social and educational empowerment of adolescent girls and women. Assessment of knowledge/awareness of rural adolescent girls and women was done in the

year 2007-2008 on selected variables under study like health, nutrition, hygiene, reproductive

and child health, child rearing practices, income generating activities, general knowledge, legal,

menstrual, social skills, interpersonal relationship and knowledge of infant development. Results

revealed that majority of respondents had poor knowledge regarding nutrition, reproductive and

child health, general knowledge, child rearing practices and income generating activities and

legal laws. They also had poor communication skills and decision making abilities. Majority of

them were found average in social skills, self-esteem, interpersonal relationship and mental

health. Major problems faced by girls during menstruation were stomach ache and back ache.

Sixty six percent young mothers had poor knowledge regarding infant development. These

results indicated a dire need of interventions for improvement which were provided during 2008-

2009. After interventions post test data was collected which is under analysis.

For social, legal, technological and political empowerment of target group various

trainings and other activities (lectures, role plays, quiz, film shows, educational games,

exhibitions and day’s celebration) were organized in the year 2007-2008.

Celebration of breast feeding day

During the year 2008-2009 for the same purpose trainings on care of pregnant and lactating

women, breast feeding, health, hygiene, and environmental sanitation, reproductive health, child

birth and post natal care, menstrual hygiene, effective communication, immunization, water

purification were conducted. In the same year demonstrations on art activities for preschoolers,

stimulation activities for infants, play material for children, stitching of sanitary napkins, best out

of waste and food preservation were also conducted. Awareness regarding welfare

programmes/activities was also generated and efforts were made for enhancing their

participation in various developmental programmes. Efforts for empowerment of girls and

women showed positive impact and improvement in their knowledge, skills, practices and

personality.

Family Resource Management

Ergonomic Management of Farm Women’s Drudgery

Since, women’s technological empowerment holds the key to rural prosperity and

improved livelihood security, FRM unit endeavored to conduct technological

interventions for reducing drudgery of farm women. Some women friendly technologies

as given below were evaluated on ergonomic parameters and propagated.

Improved sickles

Harvesting is one of the important and labour intensive operation utilizing about

15 to 20 per cent of the total human energy spent in crop production. Ergonomic

Assessment of wheat harvesting activity was carried out in Nandwel village of Udaipur

district. Women were asked to work with local, Falcon & Gujarat make sickles. It was

observed that working heart rate was highest when women worked with local sickle i.e.

128 bmin-1 with energy expenditure of 11.63 KJ/ hour. followed by Falcon sickle where

Heart Rate was 125 bmin-1 with energy expenditure 11.15 KJ /hour. The lowest heart rate

was recorded while working with improved Gujarat sickle (123 bmin-1) involving minimum

energy expenditure (10.83 KJ /hour). Physiological cost of work also varied with different

sickles tested. Musculo skeletal problems were severe while using local sickle whereas

moderate with use of Falcon sickle. They were minimal while using Gujarat sickle.

Output with traditional sickle was 110 m2 / hour whereas it increased to 132 m2

/hour with use of Gujarat sickle. With the Falcon sickle, an output of 121 m2/ hour was

observed. Hence, Gujarat sickle was found to be most acceptable in terms of output and

reduction in fatigue and time.

Motorized Briquetting machine Ergonomic assessment of making cow dung cakes manually and with briquetting

machine was done on 30 farm women engaged in animal husbandry activities from at

least 10 years and having 5-8 livestocks. The experiments were conducted both in

summer and winter seasons. Average heart rate values were almost similar while


making cow dung cakes with conventional method during both seasons. With improved

technology i.e. with manually operated machine, the average heart rate was above 130

bmin-1 but with the motorized briquetting machine, the average heart rate in winter

reduced to 89 bmin-1, which was marginally more in summer i.e. 93 bmin-1 Similar

observations were made for energy expenditure and physiological cost of work. Output

was exceptionally high while using motorized briquetting machine (15 kg / hr) while it

was 3.3 kg and 3.5 kg with use of manual briquetting machine and modified briquetting

machine respectively. Only 23 dung cakes were prepared with traditional method.

Maize Sheller

Maize shelling is a tedious and stressful activity performed predominantly by

women. The activity was evaluated on ergonomic parameters on 30 farm women, using

following four methods / equipment :-

i). Traditional method of shelling

ii). Tubular maize sheller

iii). Foot operated maize sheller

iv). Handle operated maize sheller

It was observed that working heart rate and energy expenditure was highest (160

b. min –1, 16.72 KJ /hour) while using foot operated maize sheller. Traditional method of

beating involved exorbitant heart rate of 155 bmin-1 with energy expenditure of 15.96 KJ/

hour. Heart rate (102 bmin-1) and energy expenditure (7.56 KJ / hour) were found to

decrease using handle operated maize sheller. The heart rate was minimum (99 bmin-1)

with use of tubular maize sheller but it yielded a very low output of 4 kg / hr. Hence it

was found suitable for seed purpose only.

Though output was highest with traditional method of beating but beating is a very

strenuous activity employing exorbitant heart rate. With the use of tubular maize sheller,

output was just 4 kg / hr whereas it was 35 kg/ hr with use of hand operated maize

sheller. Output was even high (39 kg/ hr) with foot operated maize sheller but it involved

energy beyond acceptable limits and was perceived as Very Heavy by the women.

Hence, handle operated maize sheller was found to be most efficient in terms of output

and drudgery reduction.


Grain cleaner cum grader

Cleaning of grains is performed only by women and is a very time consuming activity. This activity was evaluated on ergonomic parameters by using following improved technologies and comparing them with Traditional method of cleaning grains

• Hanging type cleaner grader

• Pedal operated cleaner grader

• Motorized cleaner

The average heart rate in traditional method with use

of Soopra and Sieve for cleaning wheat was 80 bmin-1 and

105 bmin-1 respectively. There was an increase in average

working heart rate and energy expenditure with use of

hanging type cleaner (111 bmin-1, 9 KJ /hour) and

motorized cleaner (119 bmin-1, 10 KJ/ hour) but it rose to

124 bmin-1 and 11 KJ /hour while using pedal operated

cleaner. Pedaling involves more energy than cleaning with hanging type cleaner.

The output increased multifold with use of improved technologies.

Output was minimum with use of pedal operated cleaner (45 Kg /hour)

and maximum with motorized cleaner (1 quintal / hour). Hanging type

cleaner grader yielded an output of 75 kg/hour whereas it was

minimum with traditional methods (25 kg/ hour). Thus, hanging type

cleaner proved to be a low-cost, effective technology while motorized

cleaner also performed well but involved operational expenses of electricity.

Drudgery reduction in animal husbandry

The appropriate animal husbandry technologies reduced drudgery and occupational

health hazards of women along with saving in energy which could be utilized for other

productive work. Technologies taken up for ergonomic assessment were Rake, Shovel

Hanging Type Cleaner

Motorized Cleaner

Hand operated maize shellerTubular maize sheller



and Wheel barrow to reduce the drudgery of farm women. The samples constituted of 30

physically fit farm women. The average Resting HR of respondents ranged between 84-

86 bmin-1. The average working HR was high while using the traditional tools than

improved tools. The AWHR was higher for transporting waste i.e. 123 bmin-1 which was

reduced by 10.2 % with the use of the improved treatment i.e. wheel barrow (bmin-1.)

.The reduction in energy expenditure was by 27.42%, 19.3% and 14.81% while working

with Rake, Shovel and Wheelbarrow respectively. Overall reduction in change of posture

was seen with the use of the improved tools where the squatting posture was totally

eliminated. Four degree of deviation from normal angle was calculated when the

respondent worked with rake, shovel and wheel barrow for performing the activity of

cleaning the shed as compared to 9 degree deviation with traditional method. Cent

percent subjects reported severe pain in shoulder joints & low back while working with

traditional method which reduced to moderate when working with improved tools. Rake,

shovel and wheel barrow requires less strength of leg and back muscles as compared

with traditional method.

Empowerment of women in the Resource management practices 1. Installation of Fibre-kelu in roofs for improving indoor air quality.

Most of the houses in selected villages were kacha and with

thatched roof or with pottery kelu without windows and

ventilation. The families were burning kerosene lamps inside

houses even during day time as illumination was very poor.

The smoke of lamp caused indoor air pollution as ventilation in

houses was lacking.

Rake Shovel Wheel barrow

A fibre-sheet of 2 X 3 feet was installed on experimental basis in 5 houses. The

resulting illumination indoors was excellent but when it was

tested for water seepage inside, the results were not

encouraging. In order to provide a technology suitable for all

seasons a fibre glass kelu was designed imitating the shape

and size of locally used kacha kelu and was installed in the

roofs of 100 households. The size and shape of this fiber

glass kelu matched the traditional kelu and did not allow rain water to seep inside the

room. The fibre glass kelu provided 24 lux light at the center of the room and 36 lux

directly under the sheet.

Promoting PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) during Jaggery Preparation

In the selected villages Jharna and Virdholia jaggery preparation was an enterprise

contributing 30-50% to their family income. The existing method of preparation called

for various health hazards to workers. Certain PPE were introduced to minimize the

hazards as shown in the pictures.

2. Promoting Women friendl reducing agriculture tools Trainings were organized in colla partment in villages for

promoting use of wheel hoe weede tubular maize sheller and

improved sickle. These women on rotation basis.

An assessment of thes

acceptability.

Eye Glasses

Mask

Gloves

Scum Extractor

Long Handled Wooden Rake

Boots

y drudgery boration with FMP de

rs, vegetable pluckers,

tools/technologies were distributed t

e tools/te

o

chnologies showed reduction in MSD and high field


Clothing and Textile Standardization of dyeing conditions with Natural dyes :

Kesula flower, dhawdi flower, ratanjot leaves and khakre ka gond were selected

as natural dye sources available in plentiful in Rajasthan for dyeing cotton and

wool yarns. A wide range of rich and varied shades were obtained on cotton and

wool with all the four dye sources. Kesula flower produced yellow –orange and

dark rust shades on wool and crème to yellowish orange colour on cotton. The

shade range of dhawdi flower and ratanjot leaves were quite soothing and eye

pleasing. Certain mordants like cream and ferrous deepens the shades range as

compared to alum and copper. Copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate had given

fast pink to maroon colour on wool with khakre ka gond. Simultaneous

mordanting method with chrome mordant produced best shades in alkaline

medium for cotton dyeing with khakre ka gond.

The color fastness ratings were very good to excellent in case of Kesula, dhavidi

and ratanjot. For khakre ka gond, the colour fastness was found to be good to

very good for washing rubbing and perspiration. The washing fastness grades of

dhawdi flower were four where as some sample showed increase in colour tone.

Light fastness grades ranges between 5/6 -7.

For dyeing 1 Kg of yarn dyeing cost was Rs. 274.00 for wool and Rs 105.00 for

cotton. Pre mordanting method with chrome mordant produced best shades in

alkaline medium for dyeing cotton by dhawdi flower. The dyeing cost was Rs.

110 /-only with dhawdi flower, for ratanjot leaves cost of dyeing 1 kg cotton yarn

was Rs105/- and 250.00 for 1 kg wool. For Kesula flower the dyeing cost was Rs.

150.00.

The crude dye percentage in each of the dye source was also explored. It was

estimated that kesula flower has 27 per cent , dhawdi 32 per cent, ratanjot

leaves 15 per cent and khakre ka gond 72 per cent crude dye.


[


Based on the results Standardized Dyeing Package was developed for

intervention at selected village on selected respondents in two groups at Akola

village in Chittorgarh Distt. The standardized methods developed for dyeing

cotton and wool were shown to them and tie and dye samples were prepared

with different dye sources.

A good number of value added products were developed using natural dye

sources on cotton, wool and silk materials , for example table cloth, spawns ,

saris, table –mats, dupattas , telephone mat and sweaters.

The technology of making Herbal Gulal was also developed in the laboratory

through experimentations using different vegetative dye sources and also tested

for its effectiveness and harmful effects on human skin. Flowers of palash,

marigold, rhizomes

of turmeric and natural indigo were used as colouring matter with the arrowroot

powder to develop lemon yellow, kesaria, deep blue and sea green shades.

Trainings were given to the rural women of the adopted village in making of

Herbal Holi Gulal, which will help them in setting up small enterprises for

economic empowerment.

Value Addition of Indigenous Agro Wastes

A benchmark survey was carried out during the year 2005-06 in five adopted

villages of AICRP in Udaipur district with a view to identify the agro waste available with

the farmers for value addition and thereby improving their livelihood.

It was found that ambadi and sunhemp are grown for household utilization in the

area. However, the fibres of these two crops can be better utilized if it can be spun into

yarn to make different value added products. In addition to this, there are also farm

wastes which do not have any economic value for them. In view of this it was planned to

initiate research on value addition of these indigenously available fibers and farm

wastes. The following facts were revealed:

� The stalks of ambadi, sunhemp, bhindi were used for fibre extraction. The

extracted fibers were creamish white in colour having good strength. The fibres

were bleached to improve whiteness and remove remains of lignin causing

yellowishness in the fibres. Coloring was also done at both fibre and yarn stage

as per the requirement to develop different products.

Extracted fibers Dyed fibres Frame weaving of pile rug

� The fibres were spun into yarns to develop a range of value added products using

fibre and yarn craft with emphasis on functional aspects. Aasan, footmat, bags,

magazine holder, cut pile rugs, telephone mats, rakhees, multipurpose holder etc.

were developed in attractive colour combinations, having good aesthetic appeal.


Cut pile rug Multi purpose holder

� Hand made paper sheets were also developed using different proportions of

cellulose and pulp of agro waste materials such as cereal straws and bagasse in

selected ratios. The developed sheets of 1:1 ratio were found better in terms of

smoothness, texture and strength for developing a number of value added

articles.

Telephone mat Paper bag Envelopes

These articles developed were having good market. If such types of products are

developed from these materials the farmers can fetch a good income for their livelihood.

Standardization of printing procedure on cotton fabric with selected Natural dyes

Natural dyes are emerging as commercial colours at various levels of production of

textiles in global scenario. Therefore research work has been taken up with the aim of

developing the spectrum of fast printed shades from various natural sources on cotton

required for weavers and artisans.

• In the experiments, the flower and gum portion of Butea monosperma known as

Kesula flowers and Khakre Ka Gond were used as dye sources for printing cotton



fabrics as these are available in plentiful in Rajasthan and produce bright and dark

shades. Four mordants such as alum, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate and

stannous chloride were selected for mordant printing. Based on the colour strength

values and subjective evaluation on three parameters-clarity of design, sharpness of

design and level of shade, two concentrations per mordants were selected for

optimization of printing procedure on cotton fabric.

• The results of the evaluation of colour

value and colour strength of the after

treated mordant printed cotton fabric

sample dyed with kesula flowers and

Khakra gum dye revealed that

vinegar, alum and limejuice post

treated samples showed increased

colour strength on cotton with bot

sulphate and ferrous sulphate over control. Alum makes the sample yellow-orange

with reddish tinge.

Further it was observed that all the four treatments

except lime juice were extremely good at lower mordant concentration of copper sulphate with both kesula dye and

khakra dye sources (Fig.-1)

As an outcome of the standardization work of printing on

cotton with selecte

added products k

source with

colourful sha

improve the

Kesula and khakra dyed and printed Value added products- Dupatta

h the selected concentration of alum, copper

Mean scores of after - treated samples of Alum mordant at selected two concentration (Kesula flowers)

4 4.33 4

1

44.66 5

4.33

1

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

T1 (Vinegar) T2 (Common salt) T3 (Alum) T4 (Lime juice) T5 (Sodiumcarbonate)

Treatments

Mea

nSc

ores

5% MC

10% MCd natural dyes, two cotton dupattas, as valu

were developed using kesula and kha

different mordants to achieve attractive and

des. These were also given after trea

colourfastness.

e

ra dye

tment to


Economic viability of Printing with Natural Dyes S. no Printing Variables- 1 Kg Fabric (Approx. 8 meters) Amount in Rs

1 Dye source + myrobalan 60.00 2 Gum 03.00 3 Mordants 15.00 4 Labour charges 60.00 4 Fixing agent 05.00 5 Fuel 20.00 Total 163.00

In a nut shell cotton samples printed with 1 % kesula flower and 2% khakra gum

dye treated with NaCl- 5% and vinegar 5% exhibited excellent fastness with better dye

receptivity with the cost of approx. Rs. 20 per dupatta.

Standardization of printing procedure on Silk fabric with selected Natural dyes. Silk samples printed with 1% Kesula flower and 2%

Khakra gum dye after treated with 5% solution of sodium

chloride, sodium carbonate and alum exhibited excellent

fastness with better dye receptivity.

- The cost of making 1Kg. printing paste was Rs.105/- for

Khakra gum followed by Rs.65/- Kg. for Kesula flowers dye extract. This 1Kg. printing

paste is enough for printing 30 meters of silk fabric. As an outcome of the

standardization work of printing on silk with selected natural dyes two toppers and one

short Kurta as value added products were developed.

Utilization of degradable farm waste for production of Hand made paper Ambadi, sugarcane bagasse, mustard stalks, linseed stalks etc. are f

rural areas and they can be utilized for developing hand made pap

products.

Hand made sheets of 80 GSM of size 22x 30 inches was

developed using 100 per cent pure pulp. A ratio of 30% hosiery and

70% agro pulp was used to develop sheets of 100GSM. Sheets of 150

GSM was developed using two different ratios - 40:60 and 50:50 (A

ratio of 40% hosiery and 60% agro pulp and equally half –half mixture

of both the pulp)

ound plentiful in

er for consumer


The developed handmade sheets of selected different ratio

and of varied GSM were analyzed for its usefulness. The sheets were

tested for various physical parameters such as

absorbency, smoothness, folding strength,

softness, bulkiness, stiffness, compressibility,

brightness, opacity, porosity, bursting strength, tear

strength, basis weight and printability etc. The developed sheets have

good folding strength (28 in number), softness, good absorbency,

smoothness, opaque in nature etc. The sheets can be successfully

used in product manufacturing besides its use as packaging materials. They are suitable

for printing paper as well.

Development of consumer products from developed Hand made paper:

The developed sheets of ambadi raw material in pure and combination forms were found

very good as far as luster, thickness and strength is

concerned. In pure form , the sheets of pure pulp were

slightly brownish -green in colour whereas those made

of combination with hosiery rags were having milky

greenish tinge. The dyes added produce beautiful

yellow, orange sheets. As such the shade of sheets

Folders were found more appealing than white and would

et for various

Different utility

d hand made

Multipurpose Holders

These were Toran , Multipurpose holders ,Folders ,Photo Frame ,Envelops etc. To

measure the preference of developed article, mean percent score were calculated and to

assess the percentage acceptability of the developed items an acceptability index was

calculated.

have been acceptable in the mark

consumer uses. In view of this,

products were made from develope

sheets of Ambadi.


The acceptability of these products was find out by a panel of judges by taking

their opinion on a rating Performa using 5 point rating scale. The total scores obtained

by each article were ranked in order of acceptance.

Table-1 Acceptability of developed articles of ambadi hand made paper

In case of developed articles, multipurpose

holders was most preferred with the score of 69

points out of 75 points. Photo frame and folders

stood on second position with a score of 90.6%.

Utilization of non-degradable farm waste for production of utility fabrics (polyethylene ) The non degradable farm waste –polythene bags and unused clothes

available at home were utilized to develop utility fabrics using thermal

bonded technique.

The polythene bags of various thickness and weight were

selected and combined with different thickness of materials to develop

bonded fabrics of various thickness and weight by standardization of time and

temperature of bonding in thermal bonding machine.

Development of value added products from developed bonded fabric: The efforts were made to develop multiple utility products using bonded fabric

sheets. The developed bonded fabric was used to develop desired products. Such as

folders, baby feeder, bibs, baby sheets, baby sets, table clothes, fridge cover, apron,

S.No. Criteria of evaluation Multipurpose Holder

Folders Toran Photo Frame

1. Suitability of design as per end used

22 (88%)

24 (96%)

23 (92%)

23 (92%)

2. Suitability of paper as per end used

24 (96%)

21 (84%)

22 (88%)

23 (92%)

3. Over all appearance 23 (92%)

23 (92%)

22 (88%)

22 (88%)

4. Total Score obtained by each article

69 68 67 68

5. Acceptability Index 92% 90.6% 89.3% 90.6%


bags etc. These products were highly liked and appreciated by every one as they are

aesthetically appealing, highly functional and cost effective.

Bag Baby Sets To measure the preference of developed article,

mean percent score were calculated and to

assess the percentage acceptability of the

developed items an acceptability index was

calculated. The acceptability of these products

was find out by a panel of judges by taking their

opinion on a rating Performa using 5 point rating

scale. The total scores obtained by each article

were ranked in order of acceptance.

Analysis of barrier properties of fabric against selected pesticide

Research experiments were carried out to assess the two P/C blend for barrier

properties against Diafenthiuron pesticide to develop suitable protective clothing for

farm families.

Name of the pesticide – Pegasus (Diafenthiuron 50 WP), (Syngenta India ltd.) Uses : Pegasus is a new specialty, research based insecticide from Syngenta for the

excellent control of whitefly nymphs and mites. It is specially made for vegetables.

Pesticide Residue Analysis

Table cloth


Ten samples each were cut from two selected P/C blends. Five samples were given 5%

starch treatment to act as barrier against pesticide. Two samples were taken out from

each category i.e. with and without starch treatment as control sample. Now, different

treatments were given as shown in the table—

Fabric code Test fabrics

Control

5% salt at 120ºF

5% salt at 140ºF

Barrier fabric (Starch treated)control

Barrier fabric 5% salt at 120ºF

Blend I P/C (67:33)


Control

5% salt at 120ºF

5% salt at 140ºF

Barrier fabric (Starch treated)control


Blend II P/C (60:40)


Analysis of Blended Fabrics:

Tested fabrics were

Chromatographic analys

pads were quantified a

blends, the rate of perce

as compared to Polyester cotton 60:

Residue Present in Barrier Fabric

Further it was

found that both

unfinished (UF1 and

UF2) control samples

showed peak level of

0.97 ng/cm2 (67:33 P/C)

analyzed with 100% diafenthiuron. (standard). Gas

is of the residues penetrated sample collected over filter paper

nd expressed as ppm. The results revealed that in both the

ntage diafenthiuron penetration was having variation. The lower

penetration was found in case of polyester cotton 67:33 (polyester cotton plain weave)

40 blend.

:

and 0.77 ng/cm2 (60:40 P/C) residue, where as 67:33 fabric blend (F1) attained 1.23

ng/cm2 residue as compared to 0.138 ng/cm2 residue of 60:40 P/C fabric blend (F2).

Residue present after washing with 5% salt at different temperature:

Findings revealed that 67:33 P/C barrier fabric washed in 5% salt solution

with different temperatures showed maximum level of residue in control (0.096) where

as 60:40 P/C blend control depicted 0.010 ng/cm2 residue. Barrier fabric blend of 67:33

P/C washed with 2% salt at 120ºF showed lower residue retention (0.065 ng/cm2) when

compared to control (0.096 ng/cm2) .

Further , It was noted that there was no effect of temperature on residue retention in

P/C blend 60:40 as shown by similar values of residue obtained (0.008 ng/cm 2).

Residue present after washing with 2% detergent at different temperature:

Barrier fabric control sample of 67:33 P/C blend showed maximum level of

residue retention 0.096 ng/cm2 than barrier fabric control sample of 60:40 P/C blend

(0.010). Barrier fabric blends of 67:33 P/C showed decreasing trend of residue retention

when compared to control (0.096 ng/cm2) when washed with 2% detergent at 120ºF

(0.080 ng/cm2) and 140ºF (0.067 ng/cm2). Further, when barrier fabric samples of 60:

40 P/C were washed in 2% detergent at 120 and 140 degree temperature the mean

residue retained/absorbed was found static (0.008 ng/cm2).


It was observed that P/C blend 60:40 showed lower residue absorbed/retained

than the P/C blend 67:33.


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