Sika SolaRoof ®Systems and Services for Flat Roof Solar Energy Installations

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Sika’s Involvement in the Solar Energy Business

Pohlen-Solar GmbH

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Sika’s Activities with Photovoltaic Technologies (PV)

The focus of Sika’s Solar Energy activities is with Photovoltaic (PV) related technologies. The special Sika products, systems and services for this sector are all integrated under the Sika SolaRoof® brand. Other solar technologies, such as those involving Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and Solar Thermal energy (ST), are not part of Sika’s Roofing activities.

As the leading global manufacturer of both liquid applied and sheet roof waterproofing mem-branes, Sika has had a strong focus on Roofing for many years. PV installations on flat roofs are an important part of the trend to cleaner energy production and can make an attractive investment for many building owners. When these systems are professionally designed and installed they can give outstanding customer benefits, not least through significantly reducing their energy costs and even a financial return through the various ‘Feed in Tariffs’ (FIT) available.

This brochure is intended to give you an overview of Sika’s solutions and services for high per-formance solar roofs, which have been developed from more than 50 years’ experience in Roof-ing and more than 10 years’ experience with PV systems. This includes guidance on the typical processes involved in designing and installing a PV roof project and how to find the optimal solu-tion for your long term satisfaction.

ContentSuitable Roofs for Photovoltaic Installations 4

Roof Analysis / Condition and Local Influences 6

Financial Considerations 8

PV Selection Guide: Mounting Systems and Installation 10

PV Selection Guide: Cell Technology 12

PV Selection Guide: Panel Technology 14

The Sika Solar Parks: Practical Long-Term PV Experience 16

Sika Roofing Solutions for Exposed Roofs 18

Sika Roofing Solutions for Ballasted Roofs 20

Sika’s Roofing Experience and Possibilities 22

Sika’s Range of Accessories for Roofing 24

PV and Roofing Guarantee 26

Sika Support for Your PV Project 27

PVPhotovoltaic Energy

CSPConcentrating Solar Power

STSolar Thermal Energy

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Suitable Roofs for Photovoltaic Installations

Pitched RoofsThe shapes of this roof type and pitch varies according to their environment and tradition from region to region. The materials of the outer layer that provide the primary water-proofing function are usually traditional roof tiles, slates or shingles, but also sheet roof-ing systems are common for non-domestic buildings. Most traditional building roofs are constructed from relatively small individual roof tiles / units, which combine to provide good durability with minimal maintenance. A pitched roof with the right orientation can

Roof tiles Metal roof Corrugated fibre cement roof

Sika’s focus is on large exposed or ballasted flat roofs, often in industrial areas.

frequently provide a good location for PV installations because there is natural drainage of water.The slope of the roof and its orientation has a great influence on the selection of the most appropriate PV system. Basically a PV sys-tem could be installed on every pitched roof, but its performance will be strongly depen-dant on its orientation. Roof orientation is the most important factor rather than the slope: orientation towards the south has a more positive influence than any optimized tilt angle

of the panels, which usually simply corre-sponds with the roof slope. The installation of a PV system can therefore be made to most pitched roofs, be it as an addition to the roof or as an integrated component, which then also has a waterproofing function. There is a variety of different PV system fixing solutions available on the market and it is important that they are designed for at least the same life ex-pectancy as the PV panels selected.

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Flat RoofsEven in regions which are not exposed to extreme levels of year round sunlight (e.g. Central Europe) it would be possible to generate huge amounts of energy, if all roofs were to have PV installations. There are vast areas of retail and distribution centres, ware-houses and industrial buildings etc., with many millions of square metres that are not utilized for this purpose today. It is a sound and sustainable idea to use these roof areas as a base for Photovoltaic power plants. The most efficient PV installations are also possible on flat roofs, this is because of the much larger areas involved and the economic advantages of scale on these larger installations.The following are the most common types of flat roofs that today generally have efficient

Green roofExposed roof Utility roof

The main waterproofing membrane layers for these types of roofs are polymeric sheets (FPO / PVC / EPDM), liquid-applied membranes or traditional bituminous products.

single-ply roof waterproofing membranes, whilst bituminous roofs still make up the largest percentage of existing and older flat roofs. Sika is your most competent partner when it comes to selecting the flat roof build-up and system that is durable and to meet your PV system requirements.

Exposed RoofsOn these roofs the membrane is either me-chanically fastened or adhered to the sub-strate according to the build-up.�� Adhered membranes can be fully or partially adhered dependent on the system selected.��Mechanically fastened membranes can be spot or linear fastened.

Ballasted RoofsDue to the nature and large weight of soil, ag-gregates, gravel or paving used on top of the waterproofing membrane, the substructure needs to be solid to support this load and is therefore usually reinforced concrete. The standard classifications of ballasted roofs are:�� Gravel Ballasted Roofs�� Green Roofs�� Utility Roofs

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Roof Analysis / Condition and Local Influences

Assessment of the Roof Condition

PV installation on a new roof construction PV installation on an existing roof

Structural capacity of the roof for a PV system

The roof must be designed so that it is able to support a ballasted PV system. Have future changes of structural codes in mind and plan accordingly with reserve load capacity. Design for easy and secure fixing of the PV system.

Evaluate the maximum load capacity of the roof. Check with the responsible structural engineer in existing drawings and also make calculations according to the latest structural codes.� Strengthening may also be an option

(Sika also have expertise in this field)(Consider the PV installation and mounting system at the same time)

The waterproofing layer The most suitable and long-lasting waterproofing membrane system can be selected from Sika’s extensive range of proven single-ply and liquid applied materials.

Qualified personnel must carefully evaluate the condition and the remaining life expectancy of the existing waterproofing layer. Consider localised load influences of different PV systems.� A new membrane can be the right solution

Thermal insulation layer under the waterproof membrane

The most efficient and best suited thermal insulation layer should be selected. Consider the Compressive load due to the PV installation, as well as the local fire regulations.

Old buildings were frequently not insulated according today’s standards. Usually in these instances the waterproofing layer is also not sufficient anymore and must be replaced, together with new thermal insulation.� Take the opportunity to save future heating energy

Lightning protection A modern lightning protection system needs to be designed and installed by specialists familiar with the needs of the building and the PV system.

It is likely there is already a lightning protection system installed on the roof, however it usually it cannot be used with the PV system without modification.� A new lightning protection system is a must

Water drainage Especially with PV systems integrated into the roof waterproofing membrane, it is mandatory to avoid standing water on the roof.

A sound roof and adequately draining slope has to be ensured� Consider adding the optimum slope with specially shaped

insulation

Photovoltaic installations are cost intensive ap-plications. Usually the aim is that they should perform for at least 20 or more years, which also has durability and other implications for the substrate they are to be positioned on.

These requirements can be considered for two different situations:�� PV installation on a new roof construction�� PV installation on an existing roof that needs to be refurbished / upgraded

The following table details the main factors that need to be carefully evaluated in the earli-est stages of design for each of these situa-tions.

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Local InfluencesNext to the roof design and condition analysis, it is also an important task to check the lo-cal site conditions. Dependent on the specific buildings location and roof orientation, there can be situations where a PV installation does not make sense i.e.�� Shade: The best sun radiation is no guarantee for power output from panels that are mostly in the shade – Always check early in the design process ��Weather: Sun irradiation has the main influence on the energy generation – Not single peaks but the annual average�� Pollution: Dependent on the environment the PV panels can get dirty quickly – if this is a possibility consider a regular cleaning / maintenance regime

Snow, wind and hailFor most countries there are now published wind zone maps. These map zones of com-parable wind speeds as parameters for the calculation of the maximum roof load to-gether with the height above sea level, the height of the building itself and the roof shape. Frequently a project specific analysis needs to be undertaken to get local appro-val for the installation of a PV plant. Snow load may also need to be considered, the base for this is a snow zone map as pro-

PV panels on a snow covered flat roof

Up to 120 meters above

sea level

Up to 510 meters above

sea level

Up to 710 meters above

sea levelAbove the 3

specified regions

Wind zones: 1-4

Wind zones: 1+2

Wind zones: 1+2

Snow zones: 1-3

Snow zones: 1-3

Snow zones: 1+2

Wind zone map for germany

Centrosolar CENPAC

duced in regions where this is a requirement. Restrictions may also apply dependent on the on PV panel type and the roof build-up. Finally hail has also to be taken into account, which is again dependent on the location.

Shading and pollutionShading from chimneys, vent pipes and other plant or equipment on the roof can lead to sub-stantial power generation losses compared to the initial calculations.

Shading on a single panel can affect the per-formance of a whole system if it is connected in series. It is also important to have a look at the ‘closer’ environment; small trees can grow fast and within a few years cause significant shading.

There are specialized optical analysis instru-ments available which can calculate the annual development of shading in a specific location, together with its potential influence on the PV energy production.

Pollution in or from industrial areas can be a reason for unwanted dirt pick-up on light-coloured surfaces. This is not helpful in situ-ations where the light reflective membrane is designed to contribute to the energy gene-ration process. There is no method available for the prediction of the soiling rate – to in-spect and evaluate existing nearby roofs is usually the best solution.

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Financial Considerations

Case A) Investment in a PV Installation and a New Roof

Earn the Maximum Return from Your Roof Investment

Return on Investment

When investment in a PV installation is considered then this is always about the long term. Depending on if the PV plant will be installed on a new roof, or on an existing roof, the processes are slightly different and the consequences concerning the financial aspects are high. This is shown in the graph below, which lists all of the investments and returns during the anticipated life of the PV plant. Choosing a cost-optimized system of PV installation and Roof waterproofing membrane ensures a long-lasting PV cash machine. The slight degradation of the PV pan-els performance over time is dependent on the PV technology selected; usually the panel producers will guarantee an output of >80 % after 20 or 25 years. Our experienced partner companies will monitor the instal-

lation and conduct regular maintenance in order to maximise output and avoid any expensive surprises. Financial returns are more and more im-portant, so consider only PV systems which are supported by the Power Companies. Depending on the country, Feed-in-Tariffs (FiT) can be paid for up to 20 or 25 years, although in some countries grid parity will soon be reached and the most attractive FiT may disappear. However, even after this time, the PV plant will still produce energy that can continue to be sold or consumed.A single source of responsibility for your new roof and PV system is the best approach. Reliable partners for a secure investment at a fixed cost are the key for success.

Years of operation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Income according to FiT* / self consumption

Operation + Maintenance

Income on Extended Operation (no more FiT)

Optimized Investment in Roofing / Waterproofing

Optimized Investment in Solar PV Installation

Return on Investment* Feed-in-Tariff (duration depending on country)

Investments

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Case B) Investment in a PV Installation on an Existing Roof

Return on Investment

If the PV plant is to be installed on an existing roof, then the build-up and waterproofing system needs to be assessed to ensure that it can remain for another 20+ years without major deterioration. This is to avoid the un-pleasant situation of the Roof membrane needing to be replaced during the lifetime of the PV installation. The consequence of this would be the temporary removal of the PV installation, a certain period without energy generation, new waterproofing application and finally the re-installation of the PV panels with their mounting system. All this extra work has a tremendous influence on the Return on Investment. The graph below il-lustrates how the cash flow looks in a situation where the roof has to be replaced in year 12. The difference in the financial output at the end of

life for the PV installation is mainly based on the cost of dismantling and re-installing the PV plant, plus the loss of energy generation within the period of re-Roofing. There are some BAPV (Building Applied PV) solutions which can more easily be temporarily taken from the roof, e.g. ballasted ones. However this gets much more difficult when the mounting structures are mechanically fixed to the sub-structure by pen-etrating screw fasteners. MIPV (Membrane Integrated PV) is the worst case in this situation because dismantling and re-use of the bonded laminates is not possible, at least with single-layer installation.Therefore the roof waterproofing system and the build-up also need to be taken into account when evaluating a PV investment.

Years of operation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Income according to FiT* / self consumption

Operation + Maintenance

Income on Extended Operation (no more FiT)

Investment in Roofing / Waterproofing

Investment in Solar PV Installation

Return on Investment* Feed-in-Tariff (duration depending on country)

Dismantling and Re-Installation of PV Plant

Investments

D R

OI

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PV Selection Guide: Mounting Systems and Installation

Roof Load CapacityWhat are the main decision factors in the se-lection of the best type of PV installation?�� After having checked the roof build-up with the responsible structural engineer and the meteorological location according to local standards, the load capacity for a PV system installation on the roof is known.�� It is then important to check the fixing pos-sibilities for the PV installation on the spe-cific roof in question. The additional wind loads can be very high and these need to be kept under control by either ballasting or fixing the PV system to the roof structure. Ballasting is a heavy weight option, espe-cially with tilted panels, because without additional aero dynamic measures they will catch the wind. On the other hand at-tachment with screws to the metal, wooden or concrete structure creates penetrations which are not always desirable.

Metal mounting system Sika SolarMount system Ballasted plastic pod system

Shaded PV Panels

BAPV: Building Applied PVBAPV installations always include a mount-ing structure on the roof. This can be a metal profile (rack system) or a plastic (pod) system.�� Fixing to the roof is usually made with screws into the substructure, but penetra-tion of the waterproofing membrane is the main disadvantage of this approach. Bal-lasting is the other option which does not harm the membrane, but requires a higher roof loading capacity and a higher level of thermal insulation compression strength.�� In recent years more and more aerodynam-ic mounting structures have been devel-oped and introduced to the market. Some of these do not need to be ballasted and are therefore even suitable for use on light-weight steel deck structures with limited extra load capacity for a PV plant. Another trend is to bond or weld the mounts directly to the Roof waterproofing membrane.

��Many different parameters need to be con-sidered in developing the design of a PV installation. A tilted BIPV solution does not necessarily harvest the highest amount of energy throughout the whole year on a spe-cific roof.�� Tilted panels can also create some shading, a minimum aisle width between the rows of panels therefore has to be ensured. Large tilt angles and wide aisles can be less ef-ficient than a low-tilt installation, which is not the optimum but has a reduced loss of panel area and achieves superior overall output.

Centrosolar

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PV Selection Guide: Mounting Systems and Installation

Important Considerations for Mounting Systems�� The PV panel and ‘installed system’ incentives have drastically re-duced during the last few years in some countries. The cost of the mounting systems within the overall ‘system costs’ is therefore un-der a lot of pressure. The easier the mounting system is to install therefore, the better are the chances of success. The optimization of the whole system logistic chain is therefore required in addition to a reduction in installation time.�� The complete electrical installation needs to be undertaken carefully to avoid damage due to future water ingress and to prevent any fire risk.�� Fixing the Mounting structure to the Roofing membrane is key for long term durability:

– Secure positioning, no sliding of the mounting on the roof – 100 % compatible materials in an integrated system to avoid long

term damage – No mechanical stress imparted to the membrane due to differen-

tial thermal expansion coefficients

�� Photovoltaic systems built into the roof or walls (the façade) of a building are called: ‘Building Integrated PV‘, or BIPV. A sub-category

�� The roof load of MIPV systems can be just fractions of BIPV systems. Their aesthetic impact on a buildings appearance is also minimal, as they are usually not visible thanks to their integration into the Roof membrane. MIPV applications require flexible PV panels or laminates, because Roof membranes are obviously not rigid and can also be deformed in use by wind uplift forces etc.�� Durability aspects are the main challenge when it comes to MIPV due to the need for thin, light-weight and flexible polymer films to produce the laminates, including their encapsulation.

Roof installation in parallel (semi-integrated) Membrane integrated PV

MIPV: Membrane Integrated PV

BIPV: Building Integrated PV

is MIPV which stands for:‚ ‘Membrane Integrated PV‘, in which ‘Mem-brane’ refers to the roof waterproofing membrane. BIPV is therefore part of the building envelope and often defined as needing to provide secondary functions other than just PV. For example this could be the primary waterproofing function, or the PV cells can be semi-transpar-ent and integrated into skylights or other areas.�� Next to roof load and aesthetics BIPV installations are often selected due to the fact that in many countries there are better feed-in tariffs for semi or fully integrated Photovoltaic systems.

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PV Selection Guide: Cell Technology

Efficiency and Output per AreaA PV or solar cell is the semiconductor device that converts sunlight into electricity. They need protection from exposure to the environment, such as by encapsulation.What are the decision factors for the selection of the right PV cell tech-nology for a project?�� In situations with limited available roof space for the PV system: then the cell type leading to the highest annual output is always preferred�� If there is ample roof space available: then the PV system with the lowest cost and maintenance requirements can be more suitable

Crystalline PV Cells Facts�� Crystalline cells have the longest track record of PV cells and are very reliable and durable.�� There are 2 main types of crystalline cells – poly-crystalline and mono-crystalline�� They are produced by sawing larger blocks into thin structures, known as wafers�� The consumption of active PV material when compared to thin-film systems is much higher due to their thicker layers

Poly-crystalline cells Mono-crystalline cells

Main characteristics �� They have a characteristic speckled blue appearance.�� The efficiency of poly-crystalline cells is Usually slightly lower than for mono-crystalline cells.

�� Their appearance is matt and blackish in colour.�� Special developments with back contacts allow the highest performance.�� Bi-facial cells can generate energy at both the front and rear sides, thanks to reflectance from the substrate.

Relative cell efficiency High High

Area required per unit output Small Small

Dependency on operating temperature High (the cooler the better) High (the cooler the better)

Performance at low light Conditions Medium Medium

Sensitivity to moisture Low Low

Panel type available Rigid Rigid

Other Cell Technologies are in the Development Phase in many Laboratories (including Organic Cells and Dye-sensitised Cells).

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Durability, Market Experience�� Crystalline cells and PV panels made with them are the PV products with the longest track record. This experience now covers more than 20 years and some of the earliest installations are still operating suc-cessfully.�� Durability is therefore an important additional factor which has to be taken into account when selecting a PV system. This fact is more and more important when it comes to the financing of a PV installation. A guaranteed financial return is often limited to a small number of PV products from a few producers with long experience and rigorous quality management systems.

Thin-film PV Cells Facts�� The Cells are produced by the deposition of photovoltaic active semi-conductor layers onto flexible or rigid substrates.�� Typical substrates are temperature resistant and can be steel, glass or polymeric sheets. Substrates can be rigid or flexible.�� Some of the active layers are very moisture sensitive. Reliable and proven encapsulation is therefore crucial to achieve the required du-rability.�� They are flexible concerning shape (surfaces don’t need to be even) and transparency (e.g. for façade application).

CdTe cells CIGS cells Silicon based cells

�� A cadmium telluride film is deposited onto a glass panel.�� Overall production experience is above 5 years

�� A Copper-Indium-Gallium Selenide layer of is deposited onto a glass sheet or high temperature resistant polymer film.�� Their high sensitivity to moisture requires perfect encapsulation.

�� Amorphous silicon (a-Si) layers can be deposited at low temperatures, which allows the use of standard polymers.�� Tandem cells have an additional micro-crystalline absorber layer to increase their efficiency by about 20 %.

Medium Medium Low to medium

Medium Medium Medium to large

Low Medium Low

Medium Medium High

Medium High Low

Rigid Rigid, flexible Rigid, flexible

Most of these are not yet commercially available for Roofs and therefore are not shown in the illustrations above.

Flexcell

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PV Selection Guide: Panel Technology

Mounting Solutions and Ventilation�� A PV panel or laminate is the installation ready assem-bly of individual cells, including their encapsulation for protection against environmental influences.�� The first decision is related to the ‘Installation’ i.e.: can a rigid panel be used, or is the roof limited to a low-weight flexible laminate? The range for the roof load for a tra-ditional BAPV installation is from ca. 15 up to 100 kg/m2 whereas a MIPV solution is only about 5 kg/m2.

A) Centrosolar

B) Panasonic

C) First Solar FS Series 3

Rigid PV

Cell technology Crystalline A) Bifacial Cells B) CdTe C)

Panel efficiency (commercial Panels)

High (13–20 %) High (15–18 %) Medium (ca. 11 %)

Market experience High (>20 Years) Low (< 5 Years) Medium (> 5 Years)

Panel weight per area High (12–15 kg/m2) High (ca. 18 kg/m2) High (ca. 17 kg/m2)

Encapsulation Front: glass, back: polymer (or glass), edge sealed

Front and back: glass, edge sealed

Front and back glass, edge sealed

Natural ventilation recommended?

Yes Yes No

Installation possibilities On any metal or polymeric mounting

Special racks with minimized shading loss

BAPV or BIPV

Framed or unframed panels?

Both Framed Unframed

�� The second decision is the selection of the cell type. This is dependent on the mounting situation and pos-sibilities. A tilted BAPV installation usually offers the possibility of natural ventilation for the panel, which is mandatory for the efficient use of crystalline panels. If this is not possible, then a thin-film wafer based panel, especially silicone or tandem, may be the best choice.

PRAMAC

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Weight and Appearance�� There are roofs with an available load capacity that is simply not enough to allow the installation of a BAPV solu-tion, even an aerodynamic lightweight version. The use of membrane integrated laminates can be the only possible solution in such situations.�� Additional wind loads are not induced by this type of installation. Nevertheless it needs to be confirmed that

A) Q-Cells

B) MASDAR PV GmbH

C) Global Solar Energy

Rigid PV Flexible Laminates

CIGS A) a-Si / a-Si/μc-Si (Tandem) B) Silicon / CIGS C)

Medium (10–12 %) Low to Medium (a-Si ca. 7 %) (Tandem ca. 8.5 %)

Low to Medium (Silicon ca. 5–8 %) (CIGS ca. 10 %)

Medium (> 5 Years) High (a-Si >15 Years) (Tandem ca. 5 Years)

Low to High (CIGS ca. 2 Years) (Silicon > 10 Years)

High (16–19 kg/m2) High (16–19 kg/m2) Low (ca. 2–4 kg/m2)

Front and back: glass, edge sealed Front and back: glass, edge sealed Front and back: polymer films

No No No

BAPV or BIPV BAPV or BIPV MIPV by bonding or laminating

Both Unframed, often on back rails No frame, adhesive bonded to the substrate

the movement of the whole membrane build-up by wind uplift cannot harm the PV laminates and their fixing sys-tem long term.�� In sensitive situations MIPV systems provide the great advantage that no panels are visible from a distance, even on a low building.

United Solar

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The Sika Solar Parks: Practical Long-Term PV Experience

Aim of the Sika Solar ParksSika is proud to have several of our own Solar Parks in operation. All are comparative installations for different PV systems installed on single-ply and liquid applied membrane covered flat roofs. Building owners, inves-tors, architects, engineers, roofing contractors, PV installers, students and solar energy enthusiasts all appreciate the chance to investigate different possibilities on a real scale. Sika uses these facilities to test our products and our partners systems and to demonstrate our competence to all interested parties, who can get first-hand experience of different PV installations and their behaviour in real-life conditions. Most of the installations are connected to the local grid and so also take profit from available local feed-in-tariffs for clean PV energy.

Stuttgart (DE)The installation in Stuttgart is the oldest Sika Solar Park; the first phase was built at the end of 2008 with 5 PV systems. A large extension took place at the end of 2010 and during 2011. Since the end of 2011 out of 11 PV systems installed all together, one is a façade system. The number of ‘formal’ visitors is rising every year and currently stands at more than 500. The first ‘Sika Solar Day’ was held at this site in 2009 and this has become an annual event, which attracts many focused visi-tors. After presentations on the PV technologies and installations by the system suppliers, the visitors can physically inspect the Sika Solar Park themselves. Thanks to the latest inverter and online monitoring tech-nologies, it is also possible to conduct any desired data comparisons of the installed PV arrays. An annual report on this is compiled by Sika Germany, which presents the actual status of the Solar Park, the key values and also many other observations and developments over time.

0,0%

2,0%

4,0%

6,0%

8,0%

10,0%

12,0%

Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

in k

Wh

2010 507 1550 4323 7511 5820 8527 8808 5625 5097 4026 1686 368

2009 341 1580 3689 6848 8534 8785 8245 7559 5299 3062 1567 848

Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez

Annual Energy Output ComparisonsMonthly PV Panel Efficiency Analysis

Stuttgart (DE)

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Sarnen (CH)The Solar Park in Sarnen consists of 2 roofs with 6 PV systems installed. Due to this lo-cation being close to the Swiss Alps it is a demanding environment with plenty of snow in winter time. It is a centre for expe-rience with highly reflective membranes and bi-facial PV panels. The evaluation of different mounting structures for rigid PV panels and bonded flexible PV laminates to membranes are the other main tasks at Sarnen.

Canton, MA (US)Sika Sarnafil, in the USA, has the largest Sika Solar Park when it comes to installed power generation. The Solar Park provides customers with a clear demonstration of two diffe rent photovoltaic technologies in a real environment. Each solar array has its own inverter which allows us to determine the net energy production of each system inde pendently.

Shanghai (CN)Large parts of Asia have a very demanding climate for PV materials and their installation. Therefore an important role of the Solar Park in Shanghai is to look at PV system durability in all aspects and details. A further focus in Shanghai is to compare crystalline PV panels on different mounting systems.

Further Sika Solar Parks are in the Development Phase.

Monitoring with on-line access is standard on Sika Solar Parks

Stuttgart (DE)

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Sika Roofing Solutions for Exposed Roofs

Some examples of mechanically fastened Sika solutions for typical exposed roof requirements

Steel decks

Requirements�� FPO membrane with extended guarantee�� Fast and easy installation�� High chemical resistance of the waterproofing membrane�� Good fire behaviour of the thermal insulation

Sika system�� FPO membrane Sarnafil® TS 77, mechanically fixed with Sarnafast® SF 4.8 mm and Sarnafast® Washer KT��Mineral wool or PIR insulation�� Vapour control layer Sarnavap® 1000 E�� Steel deck

Concrete decks

Requirements�� PVC-membrane with lacquered surface and extended guarantee�� Fast and easy installation�� Special colours and design (décor profiles)

Sika system�� PVC membrane Sarnafil® S 327, mechanically fixed with Sarnafast® SB 6.3 mm and Sarnafast® Washer KTL��Mineral wool or PIR insulation�� Vapour control layer Sarnavap® 3000 M�� Concrete deck

Roof structures without ballast or wearing layers on the waterproofing membrane are known as “Exposed Roofs”. They are ideal for lightweight roof structures with large spans as well as for complex roof structures and geom-etries, including domes for example.�� Light weight roof build-ups�� Possibility of light / bright coloured surfaces for improved sun and heat reflection, plus reducing the “heat island” effect�� Almost unlimited design possibilities with different membrane colours, profiles and roof graphics, etc.

Sika has a wide range of exposed Roofing systems, all of them designed to provide high performance, long lasting and sustainable roof waterproofing. They easily withstand all com-mon environmental influences:�� UV light exposure�� Heat and cold�� Air born pollution and dust��Wind uplift forces�� Rain, hail, snow and all other common exposures

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Some examples of adhered Sika solutions for typical exposed roof requirements An example of a liquid applied membrane solution

Concrete decks

Requirements�� Fully adhered, felt-backed FPO membrane with extended guarantee�� Highest aesthetic appearance�� No penetration of the roof deck (when all roof build-up components are adhered)�� Special colours and design possibilities (including décor profiles)

Concrete decks

Requirements�� Self-adhered PVC membrane�� No VOC’s or liquid adhesives on site�� Easy and fast installation�� Instant adhesion, convenient for application on steep roof slopes�� No penetration of the roof deck�� Standard guarantee

Non-insulated waterproofing

Requirements�� Non-insulated roof waterproofing with Sika MTC® technology�� Seamless waterproofing�� No penetration of the roof deck�� Extended guarantee�� Increased fire resistance�� No water underflow

Sika system�� FPO membrane Sarnafil® TG 76 Felt fully adhered to the insulation with Sarnacol® 2142 S�� PIR, EPS/XPS insulation bonded to the vapor control layer with Sarnacol® 2162 or mechanically fastened to the substrate�� Self adhesive vapor control layer Sarnavap® 5000E SA or bitumen�� Primer 600, where required�� Concrete deck

Sika system�� Self-adhered PVC membrane Sarnafil® G 410 EL FSA�� PIR insulation bonded to vapour control layer with Sarnacol® 2162�� Self adhesive vapour control layer Sarnavap® 5000E SA or bitumen�� Primer 600, where required�� Concrete deck

Sika system�� 2 Top coats of Sikalastic®-621 TC Reinforcement with Sikalastic® Reemat Premium�� Base coat Sikalastic®-601 BC��Sika® Concrete Primer where required�� Concrete deck

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Sika Roofing Solutions for Ballasted Roofs

Some examples of Sika solutions for typical gravel ballasted roofs

Warm roofs

Requirements�� FPO-membrane with extended guarantee on PIR/EPS/XPS insulation�� Fast and easy installation�� High chemical resistance of the water-proofing membrane�� Extended guarantee

Sika system�� Gravel min. 50 mm and 80 kg/m2

�� FPO membrane Sarnafil® TG 66�� PIR/EPS/XPS�� Vapour control layer Sarnavap® 3000 M�� Concrete deck

Inverted roofs

Requirements�� Inverted roof waterproofing with Sika MTC® technology�� Seamless waterproofing�� Standard guarantee�� No water underflow

Sika system��SikaRoof® MTC Ballast�� Gravel min. 40-60 mm and 80 kg/m2

�� Filter layer S-Felt VS�� XPS insulation�� Top coat of Sikalastic® 622 TR�� Reinforcement fleece Sikalastic® Reemat Premium�� Base coat Sikalastic®-602 BR��Sika® Concrete Primer where required�� Concrete deck

Gravel ballasted RoofsIn gravel ballasted roofing systems, the water-proofing membrane is covered and ballasted against wind uplift and other influences with a layer of gravel. Conventional gravel ballasted roofs have been established in most markets for many years and are suitable for flat roofs and load bearing structures.

With the Sikaplan® / Sarnafil® and Sikalastic® product ranges, Sika can pro-vide both single ply and liquid applied mem-branes for these roofing systems according to the client’s specific requirements. Gravel bal-lasted roofs have many benefits and frequent-ly make a very economic roofing system with:�� Fast and easy installation�� No penetration of the roof deck

For most applications it is possible to find the optimized Sika solution based on one of the following systems:��Sikaplan® and Sarnafil® single-ply membranes��Sikalastic® liquid applied membranes��SikaRoof® MTC systems (liquid applied membranes and coatings)

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Some examples of Sika solutions for typical green / utility roofs

Extensive green roofs

Requirements�� PVC-membrane with lacquered surface and extended guarantee�� Extensive green roof with low maintenance

Utility roofs: pedestrian traffic

Requirements�� Inverted build up with Sika MTC®

�� Pedestrian terraces�� Standard guarantee�� Seamless waterproofing�� No water underflow�� Inverted roof build-up

Sika system�� Soil with plants (min. 80 mm thick and 80 kg/m2)�� Drainage layer Sarnavert® Aquadrain 550�� PVC membrane Sarnafil® G 476 / G 410�� Separation layer S-Glass Fleece 120�� PIR/EPS/XPS insulation�� Vapour control layer Sarnavap® 3000 M�� Concrete deck

Sika system��SikaRoof® MTC Ballast�� Pavers on chipping bed 30 mm�� Filter layer S-Felt VS 140�� XPS insulation�� Top coat of Sikalastic®-622TR�� Reinforcement Sikalastic® Reemat Premium�� Base coat Sikalastic®-602 BR��Sika® Concrete Primer, where required�� Concrete deck

Green RoofsIn so called ‘Green Roofs’ soil, or another suit-able plant growing medium, is placed and planted with the selected vegetation over the waterproofing membrane. Green roofs can therefore make a significant contribution and provide practical solutions in the quest for sustainability, increased biodiversity and qual-ity of life. Green Roofs are classified as “Exten-sive” or “Intensive”.�� Extensive green roofs have a shallow grow-ing medium with small plants�� Intensive green roofs have a thicker soil layer with additional drainage, designed for planting larger plants, bushes and small trees, thus creating actual roof gardens.

Utility RoofsOn utility roof decks the top layer is also de-signed as a wearing surface for pedestrian and / or vehicular traffic. Utility roof decks can help to:�� Create more utilized space and bring additional value to the building.�� Generate an increased return on investment by using the roof for a car park, restaurant area, or any other viable purpose or facility.

Utility roof decks share many features with gravel and green roof ballasted systems:�� The membrane is protected against any ag-gressive environmental exposure and me-chanical damage.�� The natural non-combustible properties of the paved wearing surface contribute sig-nificantly to the fire resistance of the whole roof.

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Sika’s Roofing Experience and Possibilities

Single Ply MembranesSika is one of the most experienced single ply membrane producers with a track record of more than 50 years. Our production incor-porates the latest, most efficient and proven technologies.�� PVC membranes are manufactured on ex-trusion and coating, calendar and spread coating production lines.

FPO membranesBrand name:��Sarnafil®

�� Track record for over 20 years�� High chemical resistance�� Fast installation independent of the weather�� SR colour range for PV systems which can take advantage of surface reflectance, as with Cool Roofs

PVC membranesBrand names:��Sarnafil®, Sikaplan®

�� Established technology with long track record�� Easy to repair�� Possibility of customized design solutions (colours, profiles, and roof graphics)�� Highly flexible, easy to handle on site�� Good vapour permeability�� Flame free installation�� Recyclable

Installations with Sarnafil® / Sikaplan®

��Sarnafil® T polyolefin membranes are resistant to bitumen and can be applied directly on to old existing bitumen roof wa-terproofing systems�� The fastest installation speed is always achieved using mechanical fastenings��Sarnafil® / Sikaplan® membranes for mechanical fastening have special polyes-ter reinforcement to resist the highest wind loadings�� Installation is almost non-weather depen-dent

Mechanically Fastened SystemsMechanically fastened systems are ideal for large, lightweight metal decked structures on buildings such as retail stores, distribution and logistics centres, warehouses, supermarkets and workshops etc.

Incident light to front side

Incident light to back side

Highly reflective Sika membrane

�� FPO Polyolefin membranes are manufac-tured on extrusion and coating production lines, which were specially designed and optimised for FPO membrane production by our own engineers.

23

MTC® 1-C PU systems(Moisture triggered 1-component Polyurethane)Brand name:��SikaRoof® MTC® systems�� Systems are rain and moisture tolerant almost immediately after application�� Easy and fast detailing with unique reinforcement�� Seamless waterproofing�� No water underflow, due to the full bond of the waterproofing to the substrate�� High fire resistance, self-extinguishing characteristics when cured

2-C PU membranes(Elastic, crack-bridging, rapid-curing 2-component Polyurethane)�� Brand name: ��Sikalastic®

�� For use as waterproofing membranes for concrete structures and on non-trafficked concrete deck areas, with an additional top coat for UV-protection�� Excellent crack-bridging properties�� Highly elastic waterproofing membranes�� Standard curing and simple application by trowel or roller�� Fast curing application with 2-part hot spray equipment

Installations with Sarnafil® / Sikaplan®

�� High aesthetic appearance�� Freedom of design and suitability for com-plex roof shapes�� No penetration of the roof deck is required�� Very low noise emissions during installation�� Easy refurbishment of existing bitumen roofs

Adhered SystemsAdhesive attachment of the exposed Sikaplan® or Sarnafil® roofing mem brane is an option for nearly any roof. These provide an ideal solution for public and resi-dential buildings, including schools, offices, hotels, hospitals, apartments, sports centres etc.; plus they are especially suitable on all types of refurbishment projects.

Liquid Applied Membrane SystemsLiquid applied roof membranes are an in-creasingly important focus for Sika. Innovation has allowed us to develop and customize new products based on advanced MTC® tech-nologies, especially for flat roof applications. These systems are ideal for exposed roofs with large numbers of penetrations and com-plex detailing.

�� Product lines are based on 1-component and 2-component Polyurethanes �� A further product line includes coatings based on aqueous Acrylic dispersions and Sika’s CET technology

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Walkways and Separation Layers

Prefabricated Sections Décor Profiles and Batten Profiles

WalkwaysThese are used in exposed roofing systems to provide pedestrian access – mainly to plant and equipment or other maintenance pur-poses.

��Walkway pads Sarnafil® PVC��Walkway pads Sarnafil® T��Sikaplan® Walkway membrane

Protection, Separation and Levelling LayersSeparation layers are placed between non-compatible components in the roof build-up. Protection layers are used to protect the waterproofing membrane from different kinds of damage. Levelling mats are used to smooth out rough or uneven substrates before the membrane is laid.

�� Protection and separation layer felts S-Felt A 300, T 300, GK 400, M 500, S 800�� Protection layer sheets Sarnafil® TG63, Sarnafil® G445, Sikaplan®

�� SBV�� Separation layer fleece S-Glass Fleece 120

Extruded profiles using the same high qual-ity of materials used for our membranes; these provide additional styling and design possibilities. Particularly for sloped, highly visible roofs, décor profiles are used to break up large areas, emphasize forms and to give roofs a unique appearance.

�� Use Décor and Batten Profiles to imitate the appearance of metal roofs�� Traditional lead batten copper and modern standing seam roof profiles can all be realistically reproduced�� Décor Profiles are available in a wide range of colours

Sikaplan® and Sarnafil® prefabricated sections are made out of the same polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) or polyolefin (FPO) and are de-signed exclusively as components of the Sika Roofing system.

�� Easy and rapid installation�� Neat and reliable details�� Good resistance to weather, UV-radiation and stress cracking�� Guarantee system compatibility�� Secure welding to the roof membranes

Sika’s Range of Accessories for Roofing

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Thermal Insulation

The Sika Roofing range incorporates the most efficient types of thermal insulation available on the market and includes materials suitable for adhered roofing applications.

PIR/PUR

Thermal insulation boards produced from rigid PU foam with an isocianurate catalyst. This is a universal and efficient solution and is the most suitable insulation type for adhered systems.��SarnaTherm® PIR��Sikatherm®

��Sarnapur®

EPS

Thermal insulation boards produced from ex-panded polystyrene granules. This is also one of the most efficient solutions for thermal in-sulation. Sika provides a range of suitable EPS boards for adhered systems.��SarnaTherm® EPS��S-Therm EPS

Application Tools Cleaners, Sealants, Surface Preparation Agents

All the ancillary products for detailing, clean-ing, seam sealing, seam preparation and more are specially designed for use in roofing. The right tools, these should always be available on site to ensure good workmanship.

�� Contact adhesives and hot-melt adhesives for flashings�� Seam cleaners and general purpose cleaners�� Seam preparation agents�� Sealants for details at connections, penetrations and terminations�� Substrate primers

Efficient and reliable installation is ensured by state-of-the-art technology in tools and equip-ment. Sika provides specially designed appli-cation tools to ensure optimal ease of use and installation quality.

�� Spray Tool for the Sarnacol® T 770 solvent free hot-melt adhesive used for bonding upstands with Sarnafil® T membranes�� Nylon rollers for adhesive application�� Dispenser Cart for controlled and continu-ous application of strips of adhesive�� Heat Gun for executing details or to reacti-vate evaporated adhesive�� Automatic welding machines�� Hand-held welding machines

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PV and Roofing Guarantee

Preconditions for a PV System and Roofing Guarantee��What is required to apply for a complete guarantee package? �� Planning of the PV installation needs to be made by an experienced Solar System designer�� Installation of both the Sika membranes and the PV system compo-nents must be carried out by an experienced Roof and Solar Installer�� Experienced installation of the Sika SolarRoof PV components�� A project specific inspection and maintenance scheme needs to be established

Investment

Planning Financing Installation

Return on Investment

Operation Maintenance Future Options

�� Single source of responsibility�� Choose higher PV / roof membrane quality for optimized solar output�� Guaranteed fixed costs for the investment�� Support on financing (Experienced partners)�� Customized solutions (for New build and Refurbishment)

�� 25 years guaranteed solar output of > 80%�� 20 years operation to beyond the FiT period�� Regular inspection to minimize maintenance��Monitoring by a certified partner company�� Defined end-of-life, e.g. controlled recycling

What Makes the Difference?

Experienced Roof Installers

Experienced General Contractors

Experienced Solar Suppliers

Experienced Solar Installers

Experienced Roofing Supplier

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Sika Support for Your PV Project

Sika Partner ConceptThe information in the previous pages of this PV Technology brochure illustrates that the professional design and execution of a PV installation is a very complex task. Nevertheless this is the key to a durable PV installation and a secure solar investment. As the leading manufacturer of roof waterproofing membranes and systems, Sika therefore teamed up with local specialists (*) who are:�� Experienced Roof Installers�� Experienced General Contractors�� Experienced Solar Suppliers�� Experienced Solar Installers

This allows our customers to have success with safe and reliable opera-tion. Service and Maintenance as well as on-line Monitoring, is another part of this success. The duration of any guarantee is dependent on the PV system selected and the level of support required from our partner companies.The table below outlines some of the wide range of services and solutions from these partner companies. It follows the 5 logical steps in the process for the Whole Life Cycle of a PV installation and beyond.

(*) Please contact your local Sika Roofing organization for details

2Development

1Commitment

3Installation

4Operation

5Future Options

Select Sika as your Competent Roofing Partner Obtain PV and Roof Information according to our Checklist

Technical Review and Evaluation Customised Solution Selection Obtain Required Approval Arrange Finance

Complete Roof Refurbishment / Installation Complete Solar Installation Qualified Grid Connection Acceptance for Power Generation and Supply

Ensure Regular Inspection and Maintenance Constant Output Monitoring Extended Operation to beyond the FIT Period

Remove and Liquidate Recycling Rebuild / Refurbish

Sika Services AGBusiness Unit ContractorsIndustriestrasse 266060 Sarnen / SwitzerlandPhone +41 58 436 79 66Fax +41 58 436 78 99www.sika.com

Our most current General Sales Conditions shall apply. Please consult the Product Data Sheet prior to any use and processing.

Joint Sealing

Sikaflex®

Sikasil®

Grouting

Sikadur®

SikaGrout®

Roofing

Sarnafil®

Sikaplan®

SikaRoof® MTC®

Waterproofing

Sikaplan®, Sikalastic®

Sika® & Tricosal® Water stopsSika® Injection Systems

Concrete Production

Sika® ViscoCrete®

Sika® Retarder®

Sika® SikaAer®

Flooring

Sikafloor®

SikaBond®

Concrete Repair and Protection

Sika® MonoTop®

Sikagard®

Sikadur®

Corrosion and Fire Protection

SikaCor®

Sika® Unitherm®

Structural Strengthening

Sika® CarboDur®

SikaWrap®

Sikadur®

Sika Full Range Solutions for Construction

Also Available from Sika

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