Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, France, 4 July 2018
Silicon-based Quantum Computing:
The path from the laboratory to industrial
manufacture
Andrew DzurakUNSW - Sydney
[email protected] NationalFabrication Facility
A quantum computer developed by D-Wave Systems.Credit Kim Stallknecht for The New York Times
Todd Holmdahl will direct Microsoft’s quantum computing efforts. Credit Ian C. Bates for The New York Times
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
1982 Feynman Quantum Mechanical Machines
Superconducting QubitsMartinis, UCSB/Google; Chow, IBM;
Di Carlo, Delft; Walraff, ETH-Zurich; etc
Ion Trap QubitsWineland, Monroe NIST;
Blatt, Innsbruck; Ion-Q; etc
Diamond QubitsWrachtrup, Stuttgart; Hanson, Delft;
Awschalom, Chicago; etcPhotonic Qubits
Furusawa, Tokyo; O’Brien, Bristol; etc
A quantum bit
Competing Quantum Computing Technologies
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Competing Quantum Computing Technologies
Silicon QubitsUNSW; Wisconsin; Delft; Intel;
Sandia; CEA-Leti; etc
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Commercial Investments in QCSuperconducting QC
Superconducting QC& Silicon QC
Topological QC
Silicon QC
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
What isQuantum Computing?
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
From bits to qubits …
|1>
|0>
Conventional Computer
QuantumComputer
0, 1 |0>, |1>
bits qubits
Quantum state of a two-level system
|1>|0>
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
What is a difficult problem?
31 x 53 = ?1643
2183 = ? x ?37 x 59
C = P1 x P2 is hard Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
How will
Quantum Computing
be Disruptive?
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Code Decryption• Public key encryption (RSA-129) is (almost)
uncrackable. Basis of most secure comms today
• A full-scale quantum computer could crack RSA-129 in minutes (Peter Shor – 1994)
• QC important for national and international security
• Disruptive from a national security perspective, but not really from an economic perspective
• Classical “quantum secure” codes are possible, & quantum communications can also be used for data security
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Data Mining & Storage• Server farms now major
consumers of energy
Facebook data centre (opened 2013) - Luleå, Sweden, Arctic Circle
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
High Performance Computing
• Simulation (modeling), optimisation problems (eg. scheduling), database searching …
• Existing supercomputers/servers at their limits
• Market opportunities:Biotech industry
– modeling (new pharmaceuticals) – searching (bioinformatics)
Advanced R&D – modeling (commercial, govt)– new materials (aerospace, etc)
Internet Search Engines
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Silicon Quantum Computing
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
B=2T
Spin Qubits in Silicon• Long Coherence Times in Silicon at 1K:→ Nuclear – mins→ Electron – ms-s
• Scalable• Industry “Compatible”
B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998)
January 2000 – Australian National Centre for QC
Prof. Bob Clark, UNSWFounder &Director (2000 - 2008)
Prof. Michelle Simmons UNSWDirector (2011 - )
Prof. Gerard MilburnUniv. of Queensland
Director (2009 - 2010)
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
1 nm
Silicon Qubits: Single-Atom Nanotechnologies
Jamieson, Yang, Hopf, Hearne, Pakes, Prawer, Mitic, Gauja, Andresen, Hudson, Dzurak and Clark,Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 202101 (2005)
O'Brien, Schofield, Simmons, Clark, Dzurak, Curson, Kane, McAlpine,
Hawley and Brown,Phys.Rev. B 64, R161401 (2001)
Top-Down Bottom-Up
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Morello et al., Nature 467, 687 (2010)
2010 – Silicon Spin Qubit Readout
A. Morello et al., Nature 467, 687 (2010)
Si:P Donor Electron & Nuclear Spin QubitsT1e = 6s (at 1.5T)
J.J. Pla et al., Nature 496, 334 (2013)
B0 BacJ.J. Pla et al., Nature 489, 541 (2012)
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Lattice Nuclear Spin Noise in natSi29Si (~5%)
31P
28Si,30Si Lattice
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Si:P Donors: Electron & Nuclear Spin Qubits in 28Si
J. Muhonen et al., Nature Nanotechnol. 9, 986 (2014)
28Si
natSi
1998: An important year for spin qubits …
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Electron Spin Qubits based on Quantum Dots
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Si Q-Dot Qubits: Si/SiGe Heterostructures - I
Nature 511, 70 (2014)
T2* = 360 ns
T2* = 2-10 ns; Tπ ~ 50 ps; FC = 85-94%
28Si T2* = 6 µs
natSi
natSi
T2* = 1 µs; T2 = 37 µs
Si Q-Dot Qubits: Si/SiGe Heterostructures - IINature Nanotechnology 9, 666 (2014) natSi
FC = 99% via RBM - PNAS 113, 11738 (2016)
Science Advances 2, e1600694 (2016)
T2* ~ 2 µs FC = 99.6% via RBM
EDSR - µMagnet
natSi EDSR - µMagnet
S.J. Angus et al., Nano Letters 7, 2051 (2007)
Silicon-MOS Quantum Dots
Intel Pentium SiliconMOSFETTransistor65nm Node(2005)
Silicon MOSSingle-electronQubit (2014)
SiMOS Q-Dot Qubits: CMOS Compatibilty
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
28SiMOS Q-Dots: 1-Qubit Gate, Fidelity > 99%
M. Veldhorst et al., Nature Nanotechnol. 9, 981 (2014)
Ref I X Y X/2 -X/2 Y/2 -Y/2
Test gate
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
IF, I
nfid
elity
%
Square pulse Fidelity
Square pulse Unitarity
Optimized pulse Fidelity
Optimized pulse Unitarity
• Clifford gate fidelities:• Square – 99.825%, T2 = 0.62ms• Improved – 99.957%, T2 = 9.40ms• 4 times better in fidelity,
15 times better in T2
BARTLETT
FLAMMIA
28Si
F = 99.96%
ESRH. Yang et al., arXiv:1807.09500
Henry Yang
arXiv:1807.09500arXiv:1807.09500
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, 2nd Grenoble Quantum Engineering Day, Grenoble, 6 July 2018
Benchmarking SiMOS Qubits: Fidelity = 99.96%
28Si-MOS Dots: Multi-Qubit Devices
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
SET Sensor
ESRDrive
Reservoir
G4
G3
G2G1
ConfinementQA→QB→QC→
x
AlOx
28Si
Aluminium
1 Gate ⇒ 1 Qubit
x
28Si-MOS Dots: Multi-Qubit Devices
28Si-MOS Dots: Operation of 3 Independent Qubits
SET Sensor
Reservoir
G1G2
G3G4
Q1→Q2→Q3→
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
CMOS Qubits: First 2-Qubit Logic in Silicon
Veldhorst et al., Nature 526, 410 (2015)
SiMOS Qubits:Scalability
&Error Correction
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Long-term Vision: Error-corrected 2D Architecture
Veldhorst et al., Nature Comms. 8, 1766 (2017)
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Industrial Manufacture: Uniformity, Lower NoiseMaurand et al., Nature Communications 7, 13575 (2016)
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, 2nd Grenoble Quantum Engineering Day, Grenoble, 6 July 2018
CommercializingSilicon QC
&France-Australia
Alliance Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Australian National Centre for QC: 2018-2024A$33m (21m Euro)
over 7 years
Quantum Research @ UNSW
Nano-Fab
Atom-Fab
Cryogenics
700 m2
Clean Rooms
5 STM/MBESystems
25 DilutionRefrigerator
Systems
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018
Silicon Quantum Computing P/L• Est. 2017
• Host University (Labs & Staff)• A$25m (16m Euro) – Resources & Infrastructure
• Australian Federal Government• A$25m (16m Euro) – Cash Investment
• New South Wales State Government• A$8.3m (5.3m Euro) – Cash Investment
• Australia’s Largest Telecommunications Co.• A$10m (6.4m Euro) – Cash Investment
• Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Assets ~ $1 trillion)• A$15m (9.6m Euro) – Cash Investment
• A$53m (34m Euro) Cash + A$30m In-Kind
See: sqc.com.au
Silicon Quantum Computing P/L
• A$83m = €53m • Initial Cash Investment
• Technical Aim: 10-Qubit System in 5 YearsR&D Program Leaders
SIMMONSP-Atom Qubits
(STM/MBE)
MORELLOP-Atom Qubits(Ion Implanted)
DZURAKQ-Dot Qubits
(CMOS)
ROGGEClassical I/F
(Cryo-CMOS)
See: sqc.com.au
ψ ⟩
8000 m2 cleanroom
GRENOBLE FIRST 300MM DEMONSTRATION OF QUBITS IN A CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Quantum Silicon Grenoble
Australia-France Alliance
See: sqc.com.au
Acknowledgments
Prof. Andrew Dzurak, Leti Innovation Days, Grenoble, 4 July 2018