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Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Learner Guide
Silver Medallion
Aquatic Rescue
Learner Guide
Learner Guide
2
Acknowledgements
Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) would like to acknowledge the following people who contributed
their time and expertise to support the development of this resource:
Amy Teale, SLSA
Matthew Thompson, SLSA
Ann Stevenson, SLSNSW
Shane Daw, SLSSA
Jack Elsum, LSV
Greg Cahill, SLSQLD
Tony Snelling, SLSNT
© Surf Life Saving Australia Ltd.
This work is copyright, but permission is given to SLSA trainers and assessors to make copies for
use within their own training environment. This permission does not extend to making copies for
use outside the immediate training environment for which they are made, or the making of copies
for hire or resale to third parties.
For permission outside these guidelines, apply in writing to:
Surf Life Saving Australia
Locked Bag 1010, Rosebery NSW 2018
Ph: (02) 9215 8000
Fax: (02) 9215 8180
Web: www.sls.com.au
All resources developed by Surf Life Saving Australia are reviewed at least annually and updated as
required. Feedback can be supplied through the online Improvement Requests form on the
Education Resources page at www.sls.com.au or in writing to the address above.
Version 1.1 May 2013
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Contents
Course Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4
Topic 1 – Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6
Topic 2 – Awareness .......................................................................................................................... 12
Topic 3 – Initial Response................................................................................................................... 23
Topic 4 – Planning .............................................................................................................................. 28
Topic 5 – Operations .......................................................................................................................... 40
Topic 6 – Recovery ............................................................................................................................. 59
Assessment Information .................................................................................................................... 64
Assessment Portfolio ........................................................................................................................... 1
Assessment Task 1 – Written Questions .............................................................................................. 2
Assessment Task 2 – Submerged Object Retrieval .............................................................................. 7
Assessment Task 3 – Search and Rescue Scenario 1 ........................................................................... 8
Assessment Task 4 – Search and Rescue Scenario 2 ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Assessment Task 5 – Night search and rescue operation .................................................................. 11
Supplementary Questions .................................................................................................................. 12
Learner Guide
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Course Introduction
The purpose of this course is to provide participants with the skills and knowledge to participate in
search and rescue operations.
Course outcomes
Contribute to preparation activities for search and rescue operations
o Describe the principles of a SMEAC plan (Situation, Mission, Execution, Administration and
logistics, Command & signals)
o Assess the factors that influence a SMEAC plan
o Interpret task information
o Select appropriate search and rescue equipment
o Describe the roles and responsibilities of individuals in a search and rescue team
Recognise when a rescue response is required
o Describe scanning techniques and when to use them
o Identify high risk profile groups
o Describe strategies to maintain effectiveness of scanning
o Identify distressed and drowning patients
Perform complex patient rescue, including search and rescue of a missing person
o Identify hazards to self, bystanders and patient at an incident scene
o Implement hazard control procedures at incident scene
o Select appropriate personal protective equipment
o Communicate incident details to relevant personnel at appropriate stages
o Demonstrate an advanced water entry technique
o Describe search patterns
o Operate as a member of a search team for a submerged patient/object
o Perform retrieval of a submerged object at a depth of 3-5 metres below the surface
o Participate in a night search operation
Demonstrate recovery and stand down procedures
o Demonstrate retrieval of a patient and return to shore
o Describe body retrieval policy and procedures
o Complete operational documentation
o Perform equipment recovery, cleaning and maintenance in line with organisational
procedures
o Describe symptoms of operational stress and sources of support
You will also develop knowledge and skills to enable you to demonstrate competency in the
nationally recognised units of competency:
PUAOHS002B Maintain safety at an incident scene
PUASAR011C Search as a member of an aquatic search team
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These units form part of the nationally recognised qualification PUA31312 Certificate III in Public
Safety (Aquatic Search and Rescue).
Prerequisites
Candidates must meet ALL of the following conditions:
Be at least 16 years of age on the date of final assessment
Complete a 400 metre swim in 8 minutes or less in a swimming pool of no less than 25m length
Hold and be proficient in the SLSA Bronze Medallion and hold the Certificate II in Public Safety
(Aquatic Rescue).
What you need to complete this course
Learner Guide Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
33rd Edition (or later) Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – detailed on page 35
Relevant policies:
1.15 Peer group support
1.3 Body retrieval
2.1 Sun safety
2.2 Lightning
2.3 Occupational health and safety
6.17 Coronial inquests policy
6.9 Risk management
SLSA policies can be found at www.sls.com.au in the Administration and Resources section.
Learner Guide
6
Topic 1 – Introduction
This topic introduces the content of the Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue (SMAR) course. The aim
of this course is to prepare you for work as a Search and Rescue Team Member. Search and
rescue operations may take place during patrol hours, after hours, or at special events such as surf
carnivals and ocean swims.
Learning outcomes for this topic are:
Identify the purpose of the course
Understand the aquatic rescue learning pathways and how the course builds on skills and
knowledge developed in the Bronze Medallion
List search and rescue definitions
Describe the five stages of search and rescue
Describe the roles and responsibilities of individuals in a search and rescue team
Explain how Surf Life Saving interacts with other agencies
Recognise the organisational structure of search and rescue teams
The aquatic rescue awards pathway
The Bronze Medallion course introduced four important concepts of lifesaving practice;
Prevention, Recognition, Rescue, Recovery.
The Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue course will expand your knowledge and skills across these
four phases and introduce the concepts of ‘search and rescue’.
Bronze Medallion
Aquatic Rescue
Silver Medallion
Aquatic Rescue
Gold Medallion
Advanced Lifesaving
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Learner guide structure
The stages of a Search and Rescue (SAR) operation can be divided into the following five key
phases:
An operation may not require the performance of every stage, and there may be overlap with some of the stages taking place simultaneously. However, for the purpose of this Learner Guide the topic headings have been organised into the order of the five phases.
Definitions
Lifesaver
The term ‘Lifesaver’ has been used throughout this guide for consistency, but this may also apply
to ‘Lifeguard’.
Search
A search operation is defined as an activity that involves deployment of searchers to locate and
assess the situation.
Rescue
A rescue operation is defined as an activity where the rescue team generally has the incident in
direct view, or knows its exact location and is responding.
Search and Rescue (SAR)
A SAR operation is defined as a situation that involves the dispatch of a rescue team to an incident
- the exact location of which may, or may not, be known. Lifesavers and Support Operations/
Services personnel may manage the search and rescue for missing persons at their normal patrol
location either in the water, or on land.
Knowledge that an emergency situation exists or may exist Awareness
Preliminary action taken to alert search and rescue teams and obtain more
information Initial
Response
Debrief, refuel, replenish, complete required documentation and prepare
for future operations
Development of operational plans, including plans for search, rescue and
final delivery of survivors to medical care
Recovery
Operations
Planning
Dispatching SAR teams to scene, conducting searches, rescuing patients,
providing emergency care, transporting patients to medical aid
Learner Guide
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Group activity 1.1: Discussion
As a group discuss the experience you have in SAR operations. Provide a brief example of an
incident you have been involved in and identify if this was a search, rescue or search and rescue.
Be sure to protect confidentiality and just provide an overview of how you participated in the
activities.
Roles of search and rescue team members
Below are some examples of the titles given to search and rescue team members, and a brief
description of their roles:
Incident Controller
Oversees the whole operation and coordinates multiple agencies
Usually the Senior Police Officer who is on the scene
Note: Until more senior SLS personnel (e.g. Duty/District Officer) or from another agency arrive on
the scene, the Patrol Captain or Senior Lifeguard/Lifeguard Supervisor on duty is the Incident
Controller.
Incident Coordinator
Within Surf Life Saving (SLS) this may be a Patrol Captain, Lifeguard Supervisor or Duty Officer
Organise and manage the lifesaving personnel on the scene under the guidance of the Incident
Controller
Liaise with the Incident Controller and provide all the relevant required information
Team Members
Search and rescue team members fulfil a variety of roles, including:
RWC Operator
IRB Driver
IRB Crew
Swimming searcher
Board paddling searcher
Land searcher
Radio controller
Family liaison
Crowd control
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After hours call-out
As a Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue (SMAR) award holder you may be called upon to participate
in operations that are out of normal patrol hours, including at night, and in winter. Call out
procedures will follow your local Standard Operating Procedures. It is very important that you
keep your contact details up to date in Surfguard so that you can be contacted immediately in case
of emergency.
Inter-agency operations
Search and rescue operations are generally coordinated by the Police Service in each State/
Territory, and may involve deployment beyond the normal range of SLS operations.
Where an incident is not within the capabilities of the locally available rescue facilities, the police
pass on the coordination of the SAR to the Australian Search and Rescue Coordination Centre in
Canberra. However, in all incidents where volunteer rescue organisations are utilised, their actions
are coordinated by, and under the direct control of, the state or territory police. In many areas the
police have limited, or no marine rescue facilities and look to recognised professional rescue
organisations to assist them in their sea SAR operations, especially inshore and in surf zones.
It is important that Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA), with its affiliated clubs and services, maintains
liaison with local emergency services to ensure that they are aware of what personnel, powercraft,
mobile equipment and radio communications are available. Clubs should be aware of the scope,
nature and capabilities of both personnel and equipment in their particular areas, and provide
assistance and support in accordance with their resources on request by an appropriate authority,
e.g. applicable State Centre, Police, State Emergency Service, Fire and Rescue Service,
Coastal/Marine Search and Rescue, or equivalent.
Typical SAR team organisational structure
Police (Incident Controller)
SLS Duty Officer (Incident
Coordinator)
SLS Search and Rescue Team
Members
Ambulance SES
Learner Guide
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Group activity 1.2: Local incident response structure
Draw an organisation chart below that shows the structure of an incident response team in your
local area. Below the chart write a brief description of the roles of each team member.
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Group activity 1.3: Team member roles and responsibilities
Case Study
A lady in her 50’s approaches the patrol tent and reports that her husband was snorkelling off the
rocks at the north end of the beach but has not returned to shore and she can’t see him anymore.
Your Patrol Captain radios to the roving patrol who speaks to a member of the public and confirms
that there was a person snorkelling at the location, but they did not see them return to the rocks.
The Patrol Captain takes on the role of Incident Controller to coordinate an initial response.
1. What team member roles may be needed during the initial response?
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Topic 2 – Awareness
This topic describes the Awareness stage of a SAR operation. Learning outcomes for this Topic are:
Describe scanning techniques and when to use them
Describe strategies to maintain effectiveness of scanning
Identify high risk profile groups
Identify distressed and drowning patients
Recognise when a rescue response is required
Prevention is a key component in managing aquatic safety. Through effective preventative
measures many aquatic rescue situations are avoided. To be able to perform preventative actions
a Lifesaver needs to be aware of and recognise high risk groups and when a rescue is required,
through the identification of distressed and drowning patients.
Effective scanning is the foundation of the lifesaving surveillance and prevention system. This topic
focuses on the skill of scanning as a preventative measure to identify potentially hazardous
situations or factors such as high risk groups. It then covers how to recognise distressed and
drowning persons, the first step in an aquatic rescue.
Scanning
Scanning is the act of systematically observing and assessing an area of responsibility to maintain
the safety of persons in the area. There are a number of techniques and factors that can influence
the level of scanning effectiveness, which is explored below.
Visual attention
There can be high levels of activity in the area you are monitoring. During scanning there is a lot to
take in and as a Lifesaver you must learn to “filter” out much of what you are seeing and only
focus on important signals, signs and hazards. A drowning can occur within 20-60 seconds1 which
underpins the need to be continually vigilant and maintain attention.
Mobile phones should not be used for personal reasons whilst on duty. The distraction and loss of
concentration caused by using a mobile phone, even if only a quick glance, could be the difference
between spotting a swimmer in distress or not. Keep your phone in your bag, and only use it
during breaks.
Eye and head movement
When scanning an area, it is important to move your head with your eyes so that you can
maximise visual sharpness. Ensuring all parts of an area are observed using your frontal vision is
important, as scanning has been likened to ‘tunnel vision’ with a focused range of 10-15 degrees.
A wide-focus using peripheral vision can assist in recognising patients in distress, but it is unlikely
that based on visual senses alone a silent drowning person would attract the required attention.
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Patterns
Scanning patterns can be used to assist a Lifesaver in visual scanning, but an individual must
choose or develop a method suited to them. Generally speaking, move your eyes over your area of
responsibility looking left, in front and to the right. Remember to periodically also look behind you
where relevant.
The following are commonly used scanning patterns:
Pattern Description Diagram
Horizontal
Scanning
Moving from left to right
starting on the horizon and
working back towards your
feet
Vertical
scanning
Moving left to right starting
at the limit of your peripheral
vision and concluding at the
opposite end of peripheral
vision
Learner Guide
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Grouping Group users in an area by
activity such as swimming,
non-swimmers, wading or
surfing
Head
counting
Count the number of heads in
the area. E.g. surfers
intermittently visible in large
swell or surf
Tracking When relevant, focusing on a
particular person in the water
and tracking their movement
such as a surfer or
bodysurfer. This is useful
when monitoring high risk
groups
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Hotspots When scanning the water, be
sure to always look at
identified hazards including
rip current, headlands,
shallow sandbanks, etc. A
scan of the water should
always consider above and
below the surface
Additional scanning patterns that you may find useful are:
Pattern Description Diagram
Connecting the
dots
Moving from head to
head in an area
Letters Using a letter pattern to
scan
Use of hearing and smell
Scanning techniques should be used in conjunction with the other senses. The senses of smell and
hearing can also assist in carrying out duties. A Lifesaver may hear shouting which alerts them to a
Learner Guide
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person in distress, or hear the sound of a vehicle accident behind an area of direct supervision.
Smell can also alert Lifesavers to danger and hazards such as fire or fuel leaks.
Duration
The ability of a Lifesaver to maintain effective scanning reduces with time. It is recommended that
scanning from a fixed location is limited to a maximum period of 30 minutes before rotation or a
change of position needs to occur. If resources permit, this duration should be reduced down to
15 minutes per period ensuring at least 15 minutes break from scanning completely every hour.
The maximum periods of duration are recommended to address some of the factors that affect
scanning.2
Factors affecting scanning
Factor Solution
Positioning:
Physical obstructions affect the view of the Lifesaver
Elevation (observing from a height) can be an aid
When observing from an elevated position the Lifesaver must
remember to check underneath them too
Use an elevated
position, a tower is ideal
Boredom
Causes attention span and vigilance to be reduced
Often associated with monotony of duties
Has a negative impact on morale and performance quality
Rotation and duty
variation
Using a radio to report
observations to other
team members can also
aid concentration
Fatigue
Weariness from physical or mental exertion, increased by lack of
rest or sleep
Affects alertness, attention span and vigilance
Increases stress levels further reducing the effectiveness of
scanning
Ensure you are well
rested prior to duties
and take regular breaks
Remain hydrated and
eat regularly
Stress
Inability to adequately respond to mental, emotional or physical
demands
Signs may be cognitive, emotional, physical or behavioural
including poor judgment, negativity, anxiety, mood fluctuations,
tension, and headaches
If a Lifesaver is stressed, for example through their perception
that they cannot compete all the tasks required of them, they will
be less effective at scanning
Ensure you discuss or
raise issues that may be
causing you stress and
may affect your ability to
complete your duties
Seek additional training
opportunities to build
confidence
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Inexperience
The limited extent of participation in lifesaving duties or in
another relevant field
Experience develops skills and knowledge that can assist
individuals in carrying out their duties
Exposure to a variety of
experiences over time
including on-the-job
training, variation in
work duties and up-
skilling
Substance influence
Whilst under the influence of drugs or alcohol judgment,
attention levels and reactions are impaired and the body tires
more easily
This can place both the Lifesaver and patients at grave risk
Blood alcohol levels remain high for 12-20 hours after the last
drink
Check for any possible
side effects of
medication
Do not drink excessive
amounts of alcohol the
night before duty
Other environmental factors
Glare can make it difficult to see and tire the eyes
Background noise can make it hard for the Lifesaver to pick up on
sounds that may alert them to issues, or cause distraction
Glare can be reduced by
using polarised lenses
(which also assist with
seeing below the surface
of the water)
Summary tips
Every few minutes change your posture – standing, sitting, walking –
movement helps to keep you alert
Vary the direction you observe – left, centre, right
To reduce eye fatigue, move your head and eyes together
Regularly vary your scanning pattern
Duty variation/rotation will keep you more alert
Ensure you are well rested when starting duty
Leave your mobile phone in your bag
Learner Guide
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Individual activity 2.1: Factors affecting scanning
1. What steps can you take to maintain your level of attention when scanning at your beach?
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2. Describe one scanning technique and an example of when it would be suitable to use
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Group activity 2.2: Scanning techniques
This activity can either be completed on the beach, or simulated in the training room using images
provided on PowerPoint slides. Your Facilitator will provide you with an area to scan and you will
use the different scanning techniques. As a group you will then discuss which techniques worked
for you and why. Include your discussion notes below:
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High risk groups
People in high risk groups need to be watched with special attention.
Age extremities
Very young and very old people on the beach should always be
observed carefully. Young children should be intercepted if they
approach the water without adult supervision.
Overweight people These people are often in poor physical condition.
Recent immigrants and tourists
People from countries where surf conditions may not be as rough
should be kept under careful observation.
Unstable or intoxicated people
Those whose behaviour patterns show lack of coordination should
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be viewed as possible candidates for rescue.
Float users
These people should be observed as they are unlikely to have
swimming or survival skills.
People improperly dressed for beach conditions
Be wary of people who attempt to swim in clothing that is
unsuitable for the surf, e.g. jeans.
Identifying distressed and drowning patients
Distressed person
The person in distress is unable to return to safety without assistance usually because of lack of
swimming ability, fatigue, cramps or currents. Due to the distressed patient’s swimming or floating
skills he or she may attract the attention of a Lifesaver or of other nearby swimmers by calling for
help or attempting to wave one or both arms. For many distressed persons the action of raising
their arm for help will cause their head to go underwater, causing further distress.
Signs of distress include:
Person attempts to communicate distress by calling for help or waving an arm
Person attempts to swim to safety, but with a weak or ineffective stroke. When person is
observed making little or no progress, he or she is in distress.
Person seems in pain and holds their arm, leg, head, or stomach. Such patients might be
suffering injury, shock or both.
Person is visibly holding their breath, cheeks puffed out and not looking comfortable.
Person’s face shows wide-eyed fearful look
Drowning patients
The characteristics of a distressed person in trouble are different from those of the drowning non-
swimmer. Drowning patients are unable to support themselves in water over their depth. They
have no supportive swimming skills. Drowning victims can be either at the surface or submerged.
Drowning victims are more difficult to recognise especially when located a considerable distance
from a Lifesaver.
Drowning patients can be passive or active. The passive victim, because of a sudden loss of
consciousness, slips below the surface without calling out for help or struggling. Passive drowning
may be caused by a blow to the head, heart attack, stroke, hyperventilation, cold water,
immersion or intoxication.
The classic behaviour exhibited by active drowning victims includes:
No call for help or wave
Upright body position
Non-supportive leg action
Learner Guide
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Vigorous arm movements either to the sides or extended in front in an effort to raise the head
above the surface
Head tilted back, face turned towards shore for help
Face and eyes show panic
The 30/120 rule
The 30/120 rule was created to provide a response guideline for Surf Lifeguards. When
undertaking surveillance, a Lifeguard has up to 30 seconds to spot and enact a response on the
basis that poor swimmers can take between 20 and 60 seconds to start drowning. A Lifeguard
must then aim to reach a distressed or drowning patient in less than 120 seconds for the most
positive outcome.
While this is an admirable goal for Lifesavers, it is somewhat difficult to maintain, given the
variation in open-water environments such as the beach. It should be used as a guideline only and
demonstrates the significance of being proactive and identifying potential problems prior to an
issue arising.3
Individual activity 2.3: Characteristics of distressed and drowning people
1. List the main behaviour characteristics of each of the following:
Distressed person:
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Drowning patient:
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2. List four possible causes of passive drowning.
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Situational Awareness
During the initial awareness phase the Incident Coordinator/Patrol Captain will seek more
information to determine which emergency phase the incident relates to. Emergency phases are
based on the level of concern for the person who has been identified as potentially needing
assistance/rescue. The three emergency phases are displayed in the table below:
Phase Description Example Response
Uncertainty Knowledge of a situation that
may need monitoring, or more
information gathered, but no
need to dispatch resources
A person is reported
overdue at an intended
destination, but unsure
yet if they are missing
Situation monitored
closely, alert teams to
be on standby and to
report any sightings
Alert Knowledge of a person who is
having some difficulty and may
need assistance, but is not in
any immediate danger
A sea kayaker is seen
struggling to paddle
against the increasing
wind, 400m offshore
IRB alerted to go and
check if the person
requires assistance
Distress Immediate assistance is required by a person in grave or imminent danger
A child is showing signs
of drowning
A board paddler is
tasked immediately to
perform a rescue
The Emergency phase will determine the appropriate action to take as part of an initial response,
which is discussed in the next topic.
Individual activity 2.5: Emergency phases
1. On patrol you spot a float user drifting out of the flags and towards a rip current. Name the
emergency phase, and describe appropriate action you would take as a team member:
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2. A rock fisherman is reported missing by his friend who saw him fall off the rocks. Name the
emergency phase and describe appropriate action you would take as a team member:
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References
1 Pia F (1974) Observations on the drowning of non-swimmers J Phys Educ July-August: 164-167.
2 Fenner, P, Griffiths, T, Oostman, M, Pia, F (1996) Lifesaver surveillance and scanning: past,
present, future. In Bierens, JJLM (ed.) Handbook on drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 3Fenner, P; Leahy, S; Buhk, A; Dawes, P (1998) Prevention of drowning: visual attention scanning
and attention span in lifeguards. J Occup Health 15: 61-66
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Topic 3 – Initial Response
This topic discusses the preliminary action taken to alert SAR teams and obtain task information to
plan a response. Learning outcomes for this topic are:
Describe the type of information to be gathered to aid a SAR
Interpret basic maps and charts
Explain how to perform an initial search and mark the location of last sighting
Describe the steps taken to notify authorities
Initial response will be affected by whether a rescue, or SAR operation is required, and what
emergency phase the situation is categorised as.
If a person has been identified as in distress or drowning, an immediate rescue response will
involve at least very brief information gathering (e.g. sighting rips, evaluating proximity of rescue
equipment), communication, then performing a rescue. If however a SAR is required or it is a more
complex scenario, then the three steps identified in the flowchart below will be followed.
Flowchart of the initial response process
Awareness
1. Information gathering
2. Initial search and marking of location
3. Notification to authorities
Planning
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1. Information gathering
This step involves seeking information to determine the details of the incident and the type of
operation required.
What What is the situation (e.g. missing person, patient showing signs of distress, rock
fisherman swept off rocks)
Evaluate the situation, including results of any previous search
Establish the circumstances of their disappearance
When When was the person(s) last seen
Where Where was the person(s) last seen
Evaluate the probable movement of person (e.g. current movement from last
known location caused by tides, currents or evacuation attempts)
Local information regarding search areas (e.g. permanent rips, rock caves and
other hazards)
Assess the search condition and area hazards’
Who Description of the person (if known)
o Gender, height, weight, age, hair colour
o Clothing and any equipment they had (e.g. body board)
o Swimming ability
o Medical conditions
Maps and charts
Maps and charts are fundamental tools available for emergency response. There are many types
of maps available that can aid Lifesavers in different operational activities. These include:
Nautical charts – show depths (in fathoms or metres), navigation markers, hazards and seabed
information
Topographical maps – show landforms and indicate height via contour lines
Metropolitan street maps
State/Territory road directories
Electronic maps from websites
Group activity 3.1: Maps and charts
Your Facilitator will provide you with a range of local maps and charts. As a group discuss when
each would be useful in SAR operations.
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Group activity 3.2: Desktop scenario - information gathering
Refer back to the case study on page 11. As a group discuss and make a list of the information you
should gather to inform the search plan.
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2. Initial search and marking of location
This step involves inspecting the area where the patient was last seen, and if the patient cannot be
found, marking the location to provide a reference point for further searches.
Submerged rescue
When a Lifesaver arrives at the point where a person was
last seen in distress or drowning and they are not visible
on the surface, it is likely that the person has submerged.
In this instance, a Lifesaver should react by quickly
completing a visual search above and below water in the
immediate location. A submerged person must be brought
to the surface as quickly and safely as possible to be
returned to land for treatment.
Recent studies have shown that the act of hyperventilation can be dangerous to a Lifesaver prior to diving underwater to carry out rescue or search. Hyperventilation is the act of taking excessive deep breaths. This can result in hypoxia and will cause a loss of consciousness, otherwise known as
shallow water blackout, before a sufficient level of CO² is produced to develop the urge to
breathe.¹
Group activity 3.3: Retrieving a submerged object
Your Facilitator will place an object at a depth of 3-5metres which you will practice diving to
retrieve. During this activity you should
Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including swim fins
Pick up a brick or other light object initially to start
Learner Guide
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Progress to a weighted manikin if available
This activity may take place in the ocean or in a swimming pool
3. Notification to authorities
If the initial rescue or search is unsuccessful, the Lifesaver in or on the water can use the Code X
signal to notify the Incident Coordinator if they are in view, or by radio contact if out of sight. The
Incident Coordinator will then notify the authorities based on local procedures.
Lifesavers can then use their observation skills to identify any clues or objects that may help
inform the search and rescue plan.
Code X signal – Submerged patient missing
On a patrol the rescuer should notify the Patrol Captain before they attempt a rescue. If this initial
attempt is unsuccessful they can use the Code X signal if they are in view, or radio the message in
if out of sight. The Lifesaver should obtain a visual reference point of the position the person was
last seen, or drop a marker buoy.
The Patrol Captain will then notify SurfCom that a search is underway. If other services then need
to be involved, an Incident Controller will be appointed to coordinate the operation.
Group activity 3.4: Discussion
What steps should be taken following an unsuccessful initial search for a patient? What if a team
member has gone missing?
NOTES:
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Individual activity 3.5: Initial response
1. Briefly describe the initial response steps that you would take if you received a report that a
swimmer is in distress at the south end of your beach, 75 metres off shore.
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2. How would the initial response differ to that in Question One if you received a report of a
missing swimmer?
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References
¹ILS Policy Statement No. 12 (2011) Shallow Water Blackout, Minutes, Board of Directors, Da Nang,
Vietnam
Learner Guide
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Topic 4 – Planning
This topic covers planning, and planning checklists such as SMEAC which can be used to ensure
that all factors and relevant information is considered. It is also essential to manage risks and
maintain safety at an incident scene. The Initial response phase would also involve some aspects
of planning.
Learning outcomes for this topic are:
Describe the principles of a SMEAC plan
Assess the factors that influence a SMEAC plan
Interpret task information
Identify hazards to self, bystanders and patient at an incident scene
Implement hazard control procedures at incident scene
Select appropriate personal protective equipment
SMEAC
A SMEAC plan is used by a range of organisations as a checklist that ensures all factors are covered
when preparing an operational plan and as a briefing tool. SMEAC can be used to plan a response,
for example following a report of a missing person, or to make a contingency plan, such as
developing procedures for altering services after a dangerous surf warning.
As part of your role you will not need to write SMEAC plans, but will need to be able to understand
their structure, content and purpose.
SMEAC Plan Examples
Situation What has happened? What may happen?
Mission Objectives of the operation
Execution Action plan
Administration and logistics Sourcing and preparing personnel and equipment
Command and communications Reporting hierarchy and communication methods
Situation
This is the background to the problem, or a description of what has happened:
Check the background to operation
Identify location
Clarify requirements
Carry out risk assessment
Identify other agencies involved
Review previous operations for relevant information
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Mission
A short statement that explains what you want to achieve:
Short and concise
Clear and accurate
Guides the development of the operational plan
Execution
This is how you are going to achieve your mission:
Detail the steps required
What are you going to do? Why? When? Where? Who is involved? How?
Usually the longest section - should provide sufficient information to allow the team to do the
job
Administration and logistics
This is the resources needed to do the job, and how these will be coordinated:
Identify key personnel
Determine personnel availability and prepare rosters
Identify and obtain equipment and resources for the operation (including pre-operation checks)
Organise other requirements, e.g. parking, toilets etc
Organise documentation e.g. logbooks, incident report forms
Obtain any identification cards/ passes required
Command and communications
This is the reporting hierarchy - identifies team leaders and other key personnel and how the team
report to them and communicate with them:
Determine needs for communication equipment, i.e. radio networks and frequencies
Establish radio communications and call signs
Complete communication checks. Test radios in the area of the operation beforehand to check
for reception problems
Alternate means of communication identified (e.g. mobile phones, hand signals) and back-up
strategies communicated to staff
Briefings – team members briefed on how often they are expected to ‘check in’ with team
leader, what to report e.g. any changes in situation, procedures if a team member goes missing
or is in difficulty
Safety should be a key consideration across all sections of the plan
Learner Guide
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Example SMEAC
Scenario – At 10:33am on a Sunday, a 30 year old male was reported missing 500m north of the
flagged area at Berrydale SLSC, Berrydale Beach. He was seen swimming a few minutes prior.
Phase Description
Situation Missing swimmer last seen at 10:30am, 500m north of flagged area at Berrydale Beach, 50m out to sea
Mission Find the missing swimmer using SAR techniques
Execution In accordance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Step 1 [Immediately]:
Gather any further initial information available
Brief and dispatch an IRB and two additional Lifesavers to the scene to conduct an initial search
Step 2:
Notify SurfCom (People, Position, Problem, Progress)
Step 3:
Pending outcome of initial search, update SurfCom and if required request further assistance
Execute secondary search as time allows
Step 4:
Upon arrival of external agency or duty officer, act according to direction given
Administration and logistics Copy of SLS SOPs
IRBs and operators
Appropriately qualified Lifesavers
Appointed external agency liaison
SLS Patrol, IRB and Incident Logs
Command and communications Per SLS SOPs
Briefings
Radio communications
Mobile Phone (if required)
SurfCom liaison
External agency
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Case study – further developments
Refer back to the case study on pg 11.
It is now 30 minutes since the snorkeler was reported missing. The initial search has escalated and
support services are involved (Offshore Rescue Boat, Rescue Water Craft), the Police and a Duty
Officer have also been notified via SurfCom.
You have the following additional information:
The rocks are accessible by a set of stairs from the north headland
The swell is currently 0.5m and there is no chop
A southerly change is due in the next hour and the weather conditions are set to worsen
The missing person is 66 years old with a history of angina
There are 10 members on patrol this day, and patrol is due to finish in one hour
There are 2 other local surf lifesaving clubs that have night operations qualified personnel
available to call on
Group activity 4.1: SMEAC plan discussion
Your Facilitator will guide you through a discussion of the information presented in the case study
update, and how it would fit into the SMEAC plan framework. You will also discuss the other types
of information you may be involved in gathering to complete the plan.
NOTES:
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Maintaining safety at an incident scene
In order to eliminate, avoid, prevent or control workplace injuries, illnesses or undesired
occurrences, a risk assessment and management procedure must be undertaken. Risk assessment
and management involves:
1. Identifying the hazard
2. Assessing the risk
3. Controlling the risk
o determining appropriate control measures, including having a back-up or alternative management plan
o implementing the control measures
4. Evaluation/monitoring
Identifying hazards and risks
Hazard
Anything that has potential to cause harm or damage to people, equipment or the environment.
Risk
Risk is defined as the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Another way to look at this is the likelihood of injury or damage occurring and the potential consequences of any injury or damage.
Before commencing a search and rescue operation a thorough scene assessment should be
conducted to identify hazards. Seeking expert advice will aid this process. Risks must be carefully
weighed against the mission’s chances for success and the gains to be realised. As Lifesavers work
in a constantly changing environment, it is important to reassess hazards throughout operations.
Risk controls and monitoring
It is important to notify supervisors and team members of identified hazards as soon as possible. If
there is a foreseeable risk of injury or damage as a result of the identified hazard then it may be
necessary to control the risk. Once a risk control measure has been implemented, this should be
reviewed at regular intervals to check its effectiveness. Any change in the situation should be fed
back to the team leader or other nominated person.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
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Example risk management procedures
Hazard identification Risk assessment Risk control
Evaluation/monitoring
Large surf at base
of a pier, where a
patient is in the
water
Cause injury to
Lifesaver and
patient during
rescue. Risk of
drowning
Rescuer to identify
safest area to enter
the water or to
provide a flotation
device and await
further assistance
Ensuring back-up is
available
Back-up to monitor
progress of rescuer
Rip in middle of
search area
Risk of drowning
low for qualified
Lifesavers
Brief members of
search team on
conditions before
entering the water
Monitor progress of
search team
members
Search team
member does not
have appropriate
PPE
Potential injury to
lifesaver
Lifesaver does not
participate in
search or performs
restricted duties
PPE sought
Check all lifesavers
have appropriate
PPE before
commencing search
Storm debris in the
water in a search
area
May get into
powercraft motor
and cause damage
and stalling
Collision with
search team may
cause harm
Risk of infection to
Lifesavers
Powercraft crew to
alert driver to
debris that is visible
Search team to
wear Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Teams to report
back to incident
controller what
they encounter
Dropping
temperature during
a night search
Hypothermia Warm clothes and
PPE
Planned breaks
Individual activity 4.2: Risk management
1. What are the four steps in the risk management process?
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2. Why is it essential to conduct a risk assessment of the scene before commencing any search and
rescue operation?
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3. Refer back to the case study on page 11. Imagine you are a swimming or board paddling search
team member. Using this scenario think of one possible hazard to self, one to bystanders, and one
to the patient. Complete the rest of the table showing how the risks would be managed.
Hazard identification Risk assessment Risk control
Evaluation/monitoring
Hazard to self:
Hazard to bystander:
Hazard to patient:
Maintaining personal safety
Maintaining your own safety involves a number of actions, including risk assessment, PPE and
taking steps to reduce risks. It is important to look after your own safety so that you can perform
your duties effectively and not put yourself or others at risk. Review chapter one: Safety and
Wellbeing, in the Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual, 33rd Edition (or later), and SLSA policy
2.3 Occupational Health and Safety.
Maintaining your own safety is paramount during any rescue operation. It is important to not take
unnecessary risks and to communicate with team members your plan of action. Any changes in
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
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situation or conditions should be reported to your team leader immediately. If you are unable to
enter the water to rescue a patient you should:
Call for assistance, and monitor the patient
Throw a flotation device to the patient
Ensure the safety of other members of the public
Know your limitations
Respect and understand the limitations of yourself and other team members in varying conditions.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue award holders should maintain a level of fitness and competency
and adopt a culture of continuous improvement in relation to skill development. If at any time you
feel unsure of your ability to complete a task you have been given, you should discuss this with
your team leader. Attempting to do something you do not have the ability or confidence to do
could put yourself and your team members at risk of harm.
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is any piece of equipment used to provide first-level
protection of people against hazards in their environment. PPE provides a barrier between the
wearer and the hazard and serves as a constant reminder of hazards that exist in the work
environment. The effective use of PPE relies heavily on compliance – people must use it when,
where and how it is required.
The following list provides examples of equipment applicable to Lifesavers working in SAR
operations:
Wetsuit
Swim fins
Goggles
Personal Flotation Devices (PFD’s)
Stinger suit
Sun protection including hat, sunglasses, sunscreen
Booties
Gloves
Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)
High visibility vests
Case study - further developments
The snorkeler is still missing after one hour. The Duty Officer, working with the Police on scene,
has started coordinating a team of search and rescue swimmers.
Learner Guide
36
Individual activity 4.3: Case study escalation
Refer to the case study escalation on the previous page. As one of the swimmers in the SAR team,
list below the PPE you would use and why.
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Hydration
Hydration is the state of correct fluid balance in the body. Fluid intake and fluid loss are
appropriate for the person, the environment and the activities being undertaken. Fluid loss
involves water and salts (electrolytes), therefore fluid replacement should include water and
suitable electrolyte replacement drinks. Rehydration fluids and sport drinks are suitable – in
moderation. Water is the primary replacement fluid. Maintaining hydration is important in
keeping well, and in preventing fatigue.
There are several quick checks a person can perform to ensure that they are well hydrated:
Check the urine – should be plentiful, pale/straw coloured with minimal odour
Pinch test on the back of the hand – the skin should quickly return to normal position
No signs or symptoms such as headache, nausea or cramps in any muscle
Thirst is a late sign – if you are thirsty, you are already dehydrated and need to replace fluids
immediately!
Food intake
It is also important to allow breaks with sufficient time to eat food during prolonged operations.
Inadequate food intake will speed up the onset of fatigue. Be mindful of the ill effects of
performing exercise or undertaking activities immediately after eating.
Fatigue
Fatigue is the state of extreme tiredness resulting from either physical or mental activity.
Participants in search and rescue operations need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of
fatigue which may include:
Feeling drowsy
Blurred vision
Difficulty keeping the eyes open
Head nodding
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Yawning excessively
Repeatedly going off task, e.g. straying from a course, forgetting what you were doing, not
being alert to changing conditions, delay in answering questions or responding to a radio call
The only cure for fatigue is proper sleep and rest. Always take breaks as directed – this is
important for your own safety, and that of your team members.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia is the abnormal lowering of the internal body temperature caused from exposure to cold air, wind or water and can result in death.
Unconsciousness occurs when the body temperature drops to approximately 30C, and the
average person will die when their temperature drops to around 26C or below. The shock of rapid entry into cold water has also been known to cause death, in place of just continued exposure to the cold water. Factors that can cause a person to lose body heat faster include:
Low body weight
Light clothing
Exercising (e.g. when a lifejacket is not worn and the individual has to swim to stay afloat)
Use of insulated protective clothing, such as immersion suits or wetsuits, increases the survival time. Shelter should also be provided during breaks to provide protection from the elements.
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia occurs when the body temperature rises above normal and the body’s internal temperature mechanisms are unable to control it. The average person will die if their body
temperature rises above 42C.
Sun protection
The SLSA Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual contains information on heat related illness,
and includes sunburn. The SLSA Policy Statement on Sun Safety also provides additional guidance.
Manual handling
Surf lifesaving duties involve the lifting and carrying of equipment and rescued people. A common
workplace injury is to the lower back, caused by incorrect lifting or handling of heavy, awkward or
large objects. SLSA recommends the use of mechanical aids, team lifts and correct lifting
techniques when performing any lifesaving or club duty or activity.
Guidance on lifting can be found in the Powercraft Training Manual 7th edition and the Public
Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual 33rd edition.
Learner Guide
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Maintaining the safety of others
Duty of care
Duty of care means accepting responsibility for the health and safety of people in the workplace. It applies equally to employers, employees and volunteers.
You have a duty of care to:
Cooperate with your Incident Coordinator and team leaders
Work and use equipment safely
Take care of the health and safety of other members
Maintain your skills and fitness for duty
During search and rescue operations this means that you should:
Work in a safe manner following your team leader’s instructions
Learn how to use all relevant equipment correctly
Follow Standard Operating Procedures
Wear Personal Protective Equipment
Use appropriate rescue aids
Know your limitations – always consider risks versus possible gains
Missing team member procedures
If during a SAR operation you think a team member may be missing you should take the following
steps:
1. Cease the search and undertake a full recount of SAR personnel (if a searcher is missing beyond
doubt, skip this step)
2. Conduct a risk analysis to determine what factors may have lead to the searcher being lost and
whether any further life would be endangered by continuing the search
3. If an analysis of risks versus gain determines SAR is able to continue, follow the ‘initial response’
protocols to locate the missing searcher (the search for the original missing person may continue
depending on resources and the duration since that person was last seen)
Individual activity 4.4: Maintaining safety
1. What steps can you take to ensure you remain hydrated during search and rescue operations?
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2. What action would you take if you suspected one of your fellow team members was suffering
from fatigue?
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3. In your own words, describe what duty of care means. How can you ensure this is met during
search and rescue operations?
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Further reading
A guiding document for this area of occupational safety and health practice is AS/NZS ISO
31000:2009 Risk assessment – principles and guidelines.
Guidelines for Safer Surf Clubs, SLSA
Learner Guide
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Topic 5 – Operations
This topic describes the concepts of SAR operations. Such incidents can involve advanced levels of
coordination and communication and often inter-operation with other rescue agencies.
You will learn how to participate in operations during the day and at night, and how to perform
advanced rescue techniques which may be required throughout the response phase. Learning
outcomes for this topic are:
Select search and rescue equipment
Communicate incident details to relevant personnel at appropriate stages
Select an appropriate water entry point
Demonstrate an advanced water entry technique
Describe search patterns
Participate in search patterns as a team member
Operate as a member of a search team for a submerged patient/object
Perform retrieval of a submerged object at a depth of 3-5 meters below the surface
Participate in a night search operation
Demonstrate retrieval of a patient and return to shore
Selecting Equipment
It is important to select appropriate equipment to facilitate a safe and effective search and rescue
operation. Depending on the situation, you may need to use the following equipment:
Search and rescue equipment
Communications Handheld radio(s) programmed for local operations including SLS, Emergency
Services and other Coastal Rescue Organisations
Radio aqua-bag / waterproof bag
Mobile Phone (personal or role specific)
Car inverter / radio charger
Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Clothing options according to conditions
High visibility identifying vest (in line with Emergency Management standards)
Sun protection including hat, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc.
Wetsuit (if applicable)
Localised
Information
Area coastal map, with high risk locations, secondary names and hazards
identified
Emergency contacts list
Guidelines and
Forms
Pen / notebook / waterproof notepad
Relevant SAR and incident logs
Clipboard
SAR manual and procedures
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
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First Aid
Equipment
First Aid Kit
AED
Oxygen Kit
Space blanket
Search
Equipment
Torch (waterproof)
Binoculars
Dye packs
Smoke/signal flares
Planning white board
Strobes/glowsticks
Night vision equipment
Rescue
Equipment
Marker Buoy – buoy and basic anchor
Mask and snorkel
Rescue tube and fins
Personal strobe (depending on conditions)
Personal Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) (depending on
conditions)
Recovery
Equipment
Body Recovery Kit
High visibility identifying vests PFD and waterproof radio bag
Individual activity 5.1: Case study SAR equipment
Using the case study further developments on page 35, list the SAR equipment that your team will
require at this stage.
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Pre-operational procedures
It is important that all equipment is checked before use to ensure it is in good working order, and
necessary documentation completed. This is particularly important for equipment that is used
infrequently, and when working with equipment you have not used before. Checks will include but
are not limited to:
Logbooks – check to see if any equipment issues have been reported
Check radio battery life and test radio is functioning
Ensure all PPE is in good condition and fits
Review maps and plans to ensure all necessary information is included
Check first aid and oxygen kits are complete and are operational
Check all necessary components of SAR equipment are present
If any equipment is found to be faulty or not complete this should be reported to your team leader
and the relevant documentation completed.
Environmental Factors Influencing a Search and Rescue
Weather
Many Australian beaches experience strong offshore and onshore breezes, and some also
experience strong squalls and storms, even cyclones. Surf Lifesavers should be aware of the daily
forecast affecting their local area and should consider the effect the wind will have on inshore
conditions, especially rips and currents.
Wind current
Wind current, or wind drift current, is the result of wind acting on the surface of the water for a
long period. Wind drift needs to be taken into account when planning for a search, as it will affect
objects on the surface of the water.
Ocean current
Ocean current is the permanent, large-scale flow of ocean waters, not caused by local winds or
tides. Ocean current is normally only significant in oceanic areas and will affect the drift of a
submerged or partially submerged object. While several sources for obtaining ocean current
information are available, the most recent and preferred sources are the appropriate Australian
hydrographic publications. An example of these currents is the Pacific Southern Current which
runs from northern Queensland to Victoria, or the Leuwin Current which runs down the coast of
Western Australia. Identifying and using people with local current knowledge is a critical part of
effective search planning.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
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Tidal current
The effect of tide on current in any given area may be determined by consulting tide tables or
current charts. Whenever possible, local knowledge should be sought to verify tidal calculations.
The following situations need to be considered when dealing with tidal currents:
when tides reverse, the current effect in one direction may be greater than in the other
the tidal flow will cause changes in the probable position of the search object for different
search times
the cumulative effect may be to thrust the search object into areas where ocean current may
take effect
tide charts may be accessed through the Bureau of Meteorology at www.bom.gov.au
Water clarity
The clarity of the water will affect the distance that SAR personnel can effectively see into the
water. Water clarity is affected by things such as pollution (e.g. storm water runoff, algae, etc) or
water movement (sometimes referred to as turbidity) caused by surf, rip currents or tidal
influences stirring up sediment.
Swell and surf conditions
In large surf conditions performing a SAR operation is more difficult. Wave height is the distance
from the trough to the crest of a wave. Wave period is the time in seconds between subsequent
waves reaching a certain point.
Rip currents
When performing a rescue a Lifesaver may use the rip current to aid their journey to the patient. It
is also important to consider rip currents when planning and performing a search pattern because
of the influence on the movement of a submerged patient and also maintaining the integrity of
search patterns and safety of search personnel.
Group activity 5.2: Case study discussion
As a group discuss the impact that environmental factors could have on the search for the missing snorkeler. NOTES
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Search Patterns
For any land or water-based search to have a good chance of success, the search must be carried out in a methodical fashion — ensuring it starts in the place where the person or persons are most likely to be located and also ensuring it covers the area thoroughly.
The selection of search patterns is extremely important and should only be made after careful
consideration of all factors. Whichever search pattern is used, it must meet the following criteria:
Suitability – appropriateness to the environment (e.g. location person last sighted), weather
conditions (winds, tides, currents, size of the swell), timeframes to complete the search, size
and number of persons to be located etc
Feasibility – within the search team’s capabilities
Acceptability – the expected results should be worth the estimated time and effort involved
Safety – does not unnecessarily endanger any member of the search team
The distance between each leg of the search will depend upon these factors, with the guiding principle being to ensure the search area is visually covered. This means the distance between each leg of the search pattern should be slightly less than the estimated distance that a target could be reasonably expected to be seen in the prevailing conditions.
There are four main groups of search types which relate to the search area, these include:
Land search
Surface search – e.g. from a board or IRB
In-water search – either looking down into the water using a mask and snorkel, or diving under
the surface.
LAND SEARCH
Contour
A Contour search is used to examine inclines, mountain slopes and valleys when sharp changes in elevation make other types of search impractical. It can include incrementally working around or up a hill gradually increasing altitude. It is also used to describe searches which following the contour of a foreshore or coastline
SURFACE SEARCH
The objective of surface searches is to look from above the water surface for submerged objects
or be in a position to “feel” for objects below the surface. A number of patterns may be applied, a
sample of common searches are listed below.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
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IN-WATER SEARCH
In-water searches allow personnel to look below the surface and where instructed to use “duck-
diving” to locate submerged objects or persons. Personnel would ideally be equipped with mask,
snorkel and fins to enhance maneuverability and ability to see in the water.
Line Search
Line search pattern, also known as parallel line search, involves team members moving in a
straight line. The picture shows how a rope is utilised to ensure the distance between team
members is maintained.
The distance between personnel
participating will depend on factors
including:
What gear and equipment they are using, e.g. a rescue tube, rescue board, IRB
The depth of the water
Sea conditions
Water clarity – the less clear the water, the closer together the searchers must be.
Creeping Line
The Creeping Line search pattern involves moving back and forth in making gradual increments
parallel to the previous track. The pattern will follow the measured direction of the current where
the missing object or person is likely to have also drifted.
Learner Guide
46
Square
The Square search pattern is often used by
powercraft and involves the search starting from the
last known site and moving outwards in a square
pattern.
It is typically used where there is little ocean current
or drift, or where is its highly likely the object has
remained static.
Circular
Similar to the Square pattern, a Circular search can
be undertaken by a search team around a “point of
last seen” or “last known location”.
Underwater search pattern
As a search swimmer moves through the water they
may dive down at set intervals to search the ocean
floor.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
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Working with powercraft in the water
Where personnel are in the water, the role of
powercraft can vary from undertaking searches,
acting as observation points and communication
relays, to coordinators from in-water personnel
and water safety for in-water personnel. It is
important that in-water personnel keep in
constant contact with powercraft overseeing their
safety and constantly communicate, including use
of signals.
Powercraft will be instructed to keep safe
distances from personnel in the water and react
immediately if assistance is required.
After bringing an object or patient to the surface
you may need to transfer the patient to a
powercraft for return to shore. Types of craft that
you may interact with include Inflatable Rescue
Boats (IRB’s), Rescue Water Craft (RWCs), Offshore
Rescue Boats (ORBs), Jet Rescue Boats (JRBs) and
police and coastguard boats.
When working with any powercraft it is important
to follow the instructions of the operator and
crew. They will tell you the safest position for you
to be in, and how to help transfer a patient to the
craft. Be aware that non-surf lifesaving craft do
not have safety propeller guards.
Group activity 5.3: search scenarios
Discuss the following questions as a group and note your answers in the spaces provided.
1. What type of search patterns could be used in the search for the missing snorkeler in the case
study? Explain your answer.
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2. At a local ocean swim race a swimmer was spotted by a water safety member on a rescue
board. As the board paddler approached the swimmer disappeared beneath the surface. They
were 100m off shore. What type of search patterns could be used in this scenario? Explain your
answer.
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3. In what circumstances would you be most likely to use a Creeping Line search pattern?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
4. What search patterns could you use for a land based search, and why?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Group practical activity 5.4: Search patterns
Task 1 – Line search
Your Facilitator will divide the group into appropriate sized teams and set up a search area. In
groups you will then practice a line search, taking care to ensure you travel at the same speed and
hold your position relative to the other team members. You should also regularly be checking on
the welfare of fellow team members, and practice reporting findings to the team leader.
Task 2 – Search patterns
Your Facilitator will divide the group into appropriate sized teams and set up a search area. A
mannequin or other object will be placed in the water for you to find. You will practice two
different search patterns, as appropriate to the local conditions, and as a team member to find the
missing object.
The activity will also include:
Information gathering
Briefing
Selection of PPE
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
49
Selection of SAR equipment and pre-operational checks
Post-operation procedures
Task 3 – Alternate search patterns
Your Facilitator will divide the group into appropriate size teams and set up a search area. You will
practice one of the following:
A search pattern on land
A search pattern on a rescue board
Advanced water entry
An incident response may require a Lifesaver to enter the water from a point other than the beach. The following section provides guidance around entering the water from piers and rocks.
Piers/Jettys
Piers that feature at many beaches and other parts of the coastline are structures around which
incidents often occur. Their height, influence on rip current flows and submerged objects beneath
them make them potentially
hazardous to nearby persons in
the water and those on the pier
who jump or fall. It is critical that
Lifesavers who have piers within
their area of responsibility are
regularly scanning these structures
and are fully aware of permanent
and temporary hazards around the
structure through local
reconnaissance.
In the event that someone falls or jumps from a pier, or gets into difficulty close to the structure,
entering the water from the pier may be the quickest way for a Lifesaver to reach the person. For
a Lifesaver to jump from a pier as safely as possible, they must:
Intimately understand all permanent and temporary hazards that exist around the structure
Understand the water depths at varying tidal levels
Jump from a position that provides the greatest depth
Practice regularly through scheduled training
Learner Guide
50
Jumping sequence1
1. Conduct a final check of the water beneath
2. Hold your rescue tube in one hand out to one side
and fins in the other
3. Step from the pier and face the horizon, not down.
4. Enter the water feet first at all times
5. Release the rescue tube before submerging
6. Where a second Lifesaver is present, signal that you
are ok and proceed with the appropriate response
Entering from rocks
Many beaches have rocky outcrops or ocean pools that are sites where people enter the water. It
is important that a Lifesaver is aware of where and how to safely enter the water at such places in
their local area. The below points are not an extensive guide, but are items you should consider
before deciding to enter the water. It is important to only attempt this after you have performed a
risk assessment, and if it is safe to do so.
Preparing to enter
1. Assess the rock platform area before approaching and continue to be vigilant of your safety 2. Approach the platform and search for the point with the easiest access, for example:
o Least swell o Protected channels o Deep enough water o Free from rock hazards or shallow water
3. Put on fins before entering the water, have rescue tube ready 4. Wait for a smaller wave set 5. Move to the rock edge in a fast but controlled fashion 6. Wait for the wave to rise up and jump onto the top of the swell/wave
Key points to remember
1. Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment such as:
o Gath helmet o Full wetsuit o Booties o Gloves o Fins o Ensure carrying rescue tube
2. Where possible, try to assess a safe exit point before entering the water 3. A smoothly sloping edge may not always be the safest entry point as the waves washing over
the rocks could cause a diving hazard 4. If a local area, ideally have knowledge of tested contingency plans for the rock platform area
and the best access points 5. Always face the swell, never turn your back on it 6. Do not enter whilst facing the surf with rocks/cliffs at your back as you will get crushed
between the two. Enter to the side if able, with the surf coming towards you at a 90 angle
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
51
Patients on rocks
If a person is stranded on the rocks the situation should be assessed to determine:
If the person can be secured or transported to land without entering the water
If the person is able to be safely transported to an Inflatable Rescue Boat (IRB) or Rescue Water
Craft (RWC)
If the person is able to be winched by a helicopter
If the person needs to re-enter the water with you to swim to an IRB or RWC (last resort only)
Try to provide reassurance to the patient and notify them of the course of action before undertaking it.
Rock exits
1. Identify safe exit area
o Do not exit with your back to the wave
o Consider the effect of waves bouncing off other rocks
o Check if a rock area with natural stairs or a shelf is available
2. Prepare to exit
o Wait for a smaller wave set
o Swim to the rock platform, float next to it with hands touching rocks
3. Exit and withdraw
o As a small surge comes in swim up onto the rocks and achieve a foot/handhold quickly
o As surge withdraws leaving you dry on the rocks, stand and move away from the danger
zone quickly but cautiously
o Take care that the rescue tube is out of your way as you exit the water
4. Safe exit eject
o If the wave being used to propel yourself onto the rocks is too strong, or if no foot/handhold
is possible
o Push away from the rocks
o Cover your head/face with both arms and assume the foetal position
o Signal your condition to other Lifesavers
5. Remember
o Always keep an eye on the surf and never turn your back on it
o If caught out on a rock ledge, turn away from the incoming surf, spread your stance and
bend down (this is known as the ‘defensive’ or ‘crouching’ position)
Learner Guide
52
Entering from groynes and breakwaters
When entering from groynes and breakwaters,
the same principles and procedures apply as for
rock rescue described above.
Individual activity 5.5: Maintaining safety during water entry
1. Name the locations in your area that you may need to enter the water (other than the beach).
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
2. Describe 3 hazards at these locations and how you would manage the risks.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. If it is unsafe for you to enter the water to retrieve a patient what action can you take?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Practical activity 5.6: Advanced water entry
Your Facilitator will explain advanced water entry techniques specific to your location (e.g. piers or
rocks) and as a group you will identify a safe entry point and then practice entering and exiting the
water, whilst using appropriate PPE. Safety is paramount in this activity and no unnecessary risks
should be taken.
Rescue techniques
Rescue techniques were introduced in the Bronze Medallion. For a detailed description of rescue
techniques, equipment and planning a course of action refer to Chapter 9: Rescue techniques in
the Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue 33rd Edition Manual.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
53
Patient retrieval
Hypothermia is a likely condition of patients who have been recovered from the water during SAR
operations. Team members should be aware of this condition and check for and provide
appropriate first aid.
Body retrieval
Surf Life Saving Australia members through their patrol duties may become involved as first
responders to the unfortunate, but often necessary, task of retrieving deceased persons. This must
ONLY be undertaken on direction of the Police Service. Bodies may be located either on land or in
water and general principles apply to both situations. A body in water will initially sink and then
(over 36–72 hours) as the body’s cells degenerate, gas will be released and the body will float.
Variables include the temperature and depth of water, with cold water slowing down
degeneration and deeper water compressing the gases.
All normal hazards associated with SAR operations apply to body retrievals. It is not appropriate to
risk life, injury or equipment damage in body retrieval operations. With body retrieval operations
the risk of infection is increased and the use of gloves is highly recommended.
Personnel involved in operational activities should be aware of the available counselling services
that aid in maintaining psychological health. The SLSA Policy 1.3 Body Retrieval provides guidelines
for management of body recovery.
The following general principles apply to body retrieval operations:
The body should be disturbed as little as possible, minimise contact and respect the deceased
The Police Service should be notified as soon as practicable – deceased retrieval should be
performed under their direction
The incident scene should be persevered
Not appropriate to take risks to retrieve a body
Preserving an incident scene
To protect the integrity of any investigation, it is essential to take appropriate steps to protect the
incident scene. The truth can only be determined from factual information. Contaminated, moved
or tampered evidence can distort investigation findings.
Preserving an incident scene involves the following two phases:
Learner Guide
54
Tips on protecting incident scene:
Follow directions of Police Service / SLS Duty Officer
Respond promptly and take charge of the scene if first on scene
Control access by guarding the scene until Police Service / SLS Duty Officer is present to
nominate action
Use barricade tape or close and lock doors
Cover evidence with tarps or other materials
Take notes of the scene and circumstance
Case study update – Outcome 1
Three hours after he was initially reported missing, the snorkeler’s mask is found washed up on
the beach. 30 minutes later his body is spotted by one of the swimming search team members,
50m off shore.
Group activity 5.7: Outcome 1
1. Using the case study update – Outcome 1, discuss as a group the procedures that will now take
place:
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
1. Securing and preserving the scene
• Preserving life
• Assessing the scene for factors that will
impact on scene preservation
• Protecting evidence
• Managing people at the scene (remove
any non-emergency personnel from area)
• Requesting assistance
• Securing the scene
• Guarding the scene
2. Recording and reporting details of the
incident scene
• Recording witness details and information
volunteered
• Recording scene information
o Specific location
o Persons/animals/items present
o Date/time
o Environmental factors
o Position of deceased
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
55
2. Who is in charge during body retrieval?
......................................................................................................................
3. Explain the two main phases involved in preserving an incident scene.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Case study update – Outcome 2
After a 20 minute search the snorkeler is found on a footpath on the headland between the rocks
and the next beach. He swam round to the next beach then realised he was too tired to swim back
so got out of the water and started to walk back. He has been spotted by a member of the public
and is reported to appear very cold and displaying signs and symptoms of hypothermia.
Group activity 5.8: Outcome 2
1. Using the case study update – Outcome 2, discuss as a group the procedures that will now take
place:
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Learner Guide
56
Night operations
Standard Operating Procedures
Any operations conducted at night must comply with the relevant Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs) for your state/territory. There may be restrictions on certain activities, such as use of
Inflatable Rescue Boats (IRB) enforced by agencies such as local maritime authorities. Check with
your Lifesaving division.
Within this course you will only practice night operations:
On land, following a risk assessment of the area by your Facilitator
In water up to knee depth (that is not affected by unpredictable surf), following a risk
assessment by your Facilitator.
Night Vision
Due to the physical characteristics of the eye, if you look directly at a small or dim object at night,
it may not be seen. To increase night vision, objects should be observed ‘off centre’. This means
not directly looking at the object, but slightly off centre/to one side. When looking at objects in
the distance, this can be achieved by focusing your vision about a fist’s width at arm’s length from
the object.
When using scanning techniques at night, your visual axis should be moved every 4-10 seconds. It
is also important to note that staring at an object at night may give the illusion that the object is
moving. This happens because the eye has no bearing to check the exact position of the object.
Place the object against something else such as a finger at arm’s length to avoid this occurring.
To ensure your night vision is not affected by any lights, shield your eyes from any lights and avoid
looking at them. Also avoid waving about your torch so not to affect the visions of other’s in your
search team. It is also advisable when looking at maps or other documents at night, to place your
fingers over the torch lens to filter the light to avoid affecting your night vision. Some support
operations may be equipped with night vision equipments and special conditions may apply so it
can be used effectively.
Special considerations for night operations!
Visibility
Safety
Identifying hazards
Hypothermia
Fatigue
Hydration
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
57
Desktop scenario 5.9: Night operations
The local Duty Officer contacts you at 10pm on a Sunday evening to ask you to participate in a
night time SAR operation. A group of 6 people, aged in their 20s were skinny dipping at the beach
after spending the afternoon drinking in the local pub. When they all returned to shore they
noticed one person was missing, and his clothes were still on the beach. They immediately dialled
Triple Zero (000) and reported his disappearance to the police.
1. What roles could you be expected to take in this SAR operation?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
2. What are the limitations of the search you will be able to undertake?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
3. What other emergency services will be involved with the SAR operation?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Practical activity 5.10: Night search
As a group you will practice a night search at your local beach. Your Facilitator will assume the role
of Incident Coordinator and provide you with instructions. You have the following information:
It is Saturday evening at 7pm, the sun has just gone down
A wedding reception is taking place in the surf club function room
A 5 year old girl has gone missing from the reception, she was last seen playing with friends on
the sand in front of the surf club balcony
Approximately 40% of the wedding reception guests are surf Lifesavers, and 5 people hold the
SMAR award.
As a group you will go through the five phases of this SAR operation:
Awareness
Initial response
Planning
Operations
Recovery
Learner Guide
58
High visibility clothing is recommended for this activity.
References
1 Brewster, B (2003) Open water lifesaving, the United States Lifesaving Association manual.
Pearson Custom Publishing, Boston MA
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
59
Topic 6 – Recovery
This topic discusses Recovery, the final stage in SAR operations, and the process of returning the
SAR team and resources to a state or preparedness after emergency operations. Recovery includes
debriefing, refuelling, completing required documentation and restoring equipment.
Learning outcomes for this topic are:
Perform equipment recovery, cleaning and maintenance in line with organisational procedures
Complete operational documentation
Describe symptoms of operational stress and sources of support
Describe protocols for liaising with the media
Post operational procedures
Equipment
It is important to ensure that all equipment used during the search and rescue operation undergo
post-operational checks and are ready for use again.
Check equipment is operation ready
Complete any required equipment logs / notify SurfCom
Arrange for any repairs/maintenance
Replenish first aid kits
Documentation
Relevant logbooks
Patrol log
Injury report forms
Any external forms (e.g. Maritime)
Incident Reports
Incident reports are completed after an incident to:
Provide statistics
Record information to refer back to
Evaluate effectiveness of an operation
Assist with official investigations
Injury monitoring
Learner Guide
60
Incident reports contain all relevant information to the search and rescue operation undertaken,
this may include:
Weather conditions at the time
Positions at which sighting investigations were made
Descriptions of what was investigated
Detailed descriptions of areas searched and not searched, outcomes and an assessment of the
effectiveness of the search
Results of monitoring or radio frequencies
Any operational difficulties encountered
Debrief information from observers
Injuries to patients and team members and action taken
Practical activity 6.1: Post-operational procedures
As a group you will practice returning all equipment to its rescue ready state, and completing
documentation.
Critical incident stress
A critical incident is ‘any situation faced by emergency service personnel that causes unusually
strong reactions which have the potential to interfere with their ability to function either at the
scene or later’. 1
Generally critical incidents are defined by surf life saving as one or more of the following:
Incident resulting in death (including body recovery)
Incident resulting in serious injury (including resuscitation)
When a child is the patient
Serious injury to self or another member
Exposure to gruesome sights
Incident whereby a member of the public is injured by lifesaving personnel/equipment.
Operational debrief
An operational debrief will be carried out by a Regional officer/Duty Officer, or appointed
representative. This records who was involved and in what capacity, contact details and the
sequence of events.
Also recorded are any factors that contributed to the incident, positive/successful parts of the
response and issues/concerns, and any additional resources needs are discussed and documented.
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
61
Emotive debrief
Following an operational debriefing, team members will be given the opportunity to participate in
an emotive debriefing. This will include the following:
Outline the effects that traumatic events can have on people
Outline what support is available and how to access it
Provide supporting information such as brochures and contact information
Outline the ‘from here’ as far as follow-up, accessing additional support etc
Team members should not be forced to participate in structured psychological debriefing, but
should be made aware of the services and support that are available.
Psychological first aid
Critical incidents can have a strong emotive impact, which can overwhelm the usually effective coping skills of an individual or group. There is no standard recipe for how people cope with trauma. Each person has their own way of recovering. They should be supported in using strategies and resources that suit them, and that are readily available.
Psychological first aid uses commonsense principles to promote natural recovery, such as helping people to feel safe, connected to others, calm and hopeful, with access to physical, emotional and social support 2.
Some of the signs and symptoms that a problem may be developing are:
Feeling highly anxious or distressed
Being constantly on edge or irritable
Having difficulty performing tasks at home or at work
Using alcohol, gambling or drugs to cope
Difficulty sleeping
Withdrawal from others
Teariness, fatigue
Being unable to respond emotionally to others
These symptoms may not be present immediately, but may develop in the days and weeks following an incident. Remember that there is no expiry date on the support that is available to help.
Sources of help:
Club
Patrol Captain
Club Captain
Lifeguard Supervisor
State Centre
General Practitioner (GP)
Learner Guide
62
Media protocols
As a member of a search and rescue team there may be times when you are approached by the
media. All media enquires must be directed to authorised media representatives only. If you are
not sure who this is, refer all enquiries to your supervisor.
It is essential that these steps be followed to ensure the validity of investigations, the privacy and
confidentiality of any person involved, compliance with any relevant legislation, maintain the
reputation of the organisation and to maintain respect for injured or deceased person/s and their
family members.
It is important to remember that specific information regarding incidents must remain confidential
and must not be discussed outside the requirements of your role. Remain vigilant of
confidentiality and if you need to debrief regarding any incidents you have been involved in, seek
professional methods, or speak with your supervisor further. It is not appropriate to discuss any
incident details publically, especially on social media mediums such as Facebook.
Failure to maintain privacy and confidentially requirements is considered a serious breach of SLSA
policies.
Individual activity 6.2: Recovery
1. What should you do if the media requests information from you about an incident or general
operations?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
2. What documentation needs to be completed upon completion of a search and rescue
operation?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
3. What are some of the signs and symptoms of critical incident stress?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
63
4. What help is available if you think you or a colleague may be suffering from critical incident
stress?
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References
1 Jeffrey T. Mitchell PhD 2 Hobfoll, SE, et al (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma
intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry, vol. 70, pp. 283-315
Learner Guide
64
Assessment Information
There are five assessment tasks required to complete the Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue course.
Below is a description of the assessment tasks required to demonstrate competence in this course.
This section is for information only. All evidence should be collected in the assessment portfolio
section of this Learner Guide.
Assessment task 1: Written questions
This theory assessment paper will be conducted under exam conditions, supervised by your
assessor.
Assessment task 2: Submerged object retrieval
This practical assessment task will take place in a swimming pool or the ocean.
Assessment task 3: Search and rescue scenario
This practical assessment task will be conducted in the beach environment.
Assessment task 4: Night search and rescue operation
This practical assessment task will be conducted at the beach and in the surrounding area.
Assessment Portfolio
This portfolio includes all of the evidence you are required to submit to your assessor to
demonstrate competence in the Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue and the related competencies
listed in the competency record below.
Learner details
First Name: Surname:
Date of Birth: Club / Group:
Competency record
SLSA Course Co
mp
eten
t/n
ot
yet
com
pet
ent
Dat
e
Ass
esso
r
init
ials
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
Assessment tasks
Pre-requisite swim – 400m in 8 minutes or less
Task 1 – Written questions
Task 2 – Submerged object retrieval
Task 3 – Search and rescue scenario
Task 4 – Night search and rescue operation
Nationally recognised units of competency (delete if not applicable)
PUAOHS002B Maintain safety at an incident scene
PUASAR011C Search as a member of an aquatic search team
Assessor Name
Assessor Signature Date
Assessment Portfolio
2
Assessment Task 1 – Written Questions
This task will be conducted under the supervision of an assessor. Write your answers in the space
provided beneath each question. You must successfully answer each question to be assessed as
competent. If you are unable to successfully answer any of the questions your assessor will discuss
them with you and will ask verbal supplementary questions to test your knowledge
1. The table below names five stages of a Search and Rescue (SAR)? Provide a brief description of each.
Awareness
Initial Response
Planning
Operations
Recovery
2. Which agency has ultimate authority over a SAR operation?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What role does the Incident Controller take in a SAR operation?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
4. Below are three factors that can impact on the effectiveness of scanning techniques? Provide a
solution to reduce the impact of each factor:
Factor Solution to reduce impact
Positioning
Boredom
Fatigue
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
3
5. Describe the purpose of a SMEAC plan:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6. What are the main body retrieval principles?
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7. What are two signs or symptoms of critical incident stress?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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8. Identify two support mechanisms to reduce the effects of critical incident stress.
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9. What should you do if you cannot locate a missing person in the water once you have reached
their last known location?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Why is a risk assessment essential before undertaking any rescue or search and rescue
operation?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Assessment Portfolio
4
11. What are the four main steps in hazard management?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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12. What are the four key pieces of information that should be obtained, where possible, before
conducting a rescue or search and rescue operation? Provide an example of each.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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13. Following the steps of hazard management, complete the table below to show how you would
manage the hazard of entering the water from rocks. Provide at least one example in each box.
Risk assessment Risk control
Evaluation/monitoring
14. List four examples of how you can maintain your own safety when participating in a SAR operation.
1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
5
15. List two environmental factors that could influence a search and rescue and describe how they
could specifically influence operations.
1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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16. What is appropriate PPE when entering water from rocks?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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17. What are the two main steps in preserving an incident scene?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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18. What steps should be taken if a team member has gone missing?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. As a search and rescue team member who do you have a duty of care to?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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20. When would it be appropriate to use a Creeping Line search pattern?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Assessment Portfolio
6
21. What are two factors that increase the level of risk in night operations?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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22. What should you do if you are approached by the media following an incident?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. What pre-operational checks would you complete before a SAR operation?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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24. What steps need to be taken if you discover equipment is faulty in a post-operational check?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
25. Why is it important to maintain fluid and food intake during SAR operations?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
7
Assessment Task 2 – Submerged Object Retrieval
Your assessor will observe you performing this assessment task. You need to demonstrate
competence against the criteria listed in the table below. This task can be performed in the ocean
or in a swimming pool. A weighted rescue mannequin or a pool brick will be placed a minimum of
3 metres and a maximum of 5 metres below the surface, resting on the floor. You are to dive
down, retrieve the object and bring it to the surface, then signal for assistance whilst maintaining
hold on the object. You may have more than one attempt at this task (time permitting) and may
wear goggles/mask and snorkel and swim fins.
Does the candidate perform the following
satisfactorily?
Yes/No Explanation/description of evidence
sighted/comments
Select appropriate PPE as required
Perform an efficient surface search to locate the
submerged object
Identify any hazards
Take safety precautions to prevent injury
Retrieve the object from the floor and bring it to
the surface
Signal for assistance whilst maintaining hold of
the object
The candidate has performed these tasks to the organisational standards required.
Assessor name ................................................... Assessor signature................................................
Date:
Assessment Portfolio
8
Assessment Task 3 – Search and Rescue Scenario
This task will be conducted in the beach environment. Your assessor will observe you performing:
following established pre-operational procedures
selecting and using appropriate PPE
participating as a team member in two different search patterns as a swimmer
identifying hazards and risks
maintaining your own safety and the safety of team members throughout the search
participating in a SMEAC briefing
following search procedures
demonstrating lost searcher procedures
following body retrieval procedures
using and maintain appropriate communication methods
following established post-operational procedures
completing records appropriately
participating in an operational debrief
Scenario
Part 1: You are on duty and your team have been notified that a surfer’s board has washed up on
shore. An initial search of the scene has failed to find the surfer. Your team are now preparing to
conduct a further search of the area while your team leader organises further assistance.
Part 2: The surfer is still missing 30 minutes after their board has washed up on shore. The Duty
Officer (your assessor) provides you with a SMEAC plan and briefing. You must now perform all
necessary planning and pre-operational procedures before performing as a member of a SAR
team. You must follow risk management principles at all times. Upon completion of the search you
will perform post-operational procedures.
Observation Checklist for Assessment Task 3
Does the candidate perform the following
satisfactorily?
Yes/No Explanation/description of evidence
sighted/comments
Planning and Preparation
Participate in search
Check equipment for operational use
Select and use appropriate PPE
Participate in search for submerged patient
Observe safety while searching (shallow water blackout, hazardous conditions, Powercraft)
Work as team
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
9
Does the candidate perform the following
satisfactorily?
Yes/No Explanation/description of evidence
sighted/comments
Appropriately prepares for SAR
Obtain task information and discuss with team members
Participate in SMEAC briefing and interpret maps presented
Gather any additional information necessary to determine incident details
Hazards and risks identified and acted upon appropriately
Identify hazards and assess risks at incident scene
Report hazardous situations according to organisation polices
Implement hazard controls where possible
Equipment and PPE prepared appropriately
Select appropriate SAR equipment and PPE and perform pre-operational checks
Report faulty equipment according to organisation policies and procedures
Operations
Safety maintained
Monitor hazard controls and communicate to relevant personnel
Follow search safety procedures
Maintain adequate food and fluid intake Apply survival techniques when necessary
Search procedures followed
Carry out team member role as allocated
Secure scene to maintain public safety
Use observation skills to identify clues Mark and observe search boundaries
Use search formation to locate missing object
Recover object and return to shore
Preserve the incident scene following standard operating procedures
Lost searcher procedures implemented
Team leader advised immediately
Cease search and undertake full recount of team
Conduct risk analysis and take appropriate action
Body retrieval procedures followed
Body disturbed as little as possible
Police notified as soon as practical
Incident scene preserved
No inappropriate risks taken
Communication
Maintain communication with team members during search
Use and follow signals
Immediately advise team leader when object found
Assessment Portfolio
10
Recovery
Equipment and PPE recovered appropriately
Recover and clean SAR equipment
Recover and clean PPE
Report any damage to equipment
Records completed appropriately
Complete log books
Complete forms as per standard operating procedures
Participate in an operational debrief
Contribute to discussion
Assist in identifying operational strengths and improvements
The candidate has performed these tasks to the organisational standards required.
Assessor name ................................................... Assessor signature................................................
Date ...................................................
Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
11
Assessment Task 4 – Night search and rescue operation
This task will be conducted at the beach or outdoors in the vicinity. One of your Facilitators will act
as team leader for the following scenario:
A daytime search for a missing child continues as it gets dark. The operation is scaled back from in-
water searches, but the team continues to search the shoreline and surrounding area. You will
participate as a team member in the SAR operation and perform post-operational procedures.
Does the candidate perform the following
satisfactorily?
Yes/No Explanation/description of evidence
sighted/comments
Use observation skills to identify clues
Carry out team member role as allocated
Mark and observe search boundaries
Use search formation to locate missing person
Maintain communication with team members
during search
Monitor hazard controls and communicate to
relevant personnel
Follow search safety procedures
Advise team leader immediately of any findings
Use and follow signals
Recovery
Follow stand-down procedures
Recover and clean PPE
Recover and clean SAR equipment
Report any damage to equipment
Complete log books
Complete forms as per standard operating
procedures
Participate in an operational debrief
The candidate has performed these tasks to the organisational standards required.
Assessor name ................................................... Assessor signature................................................
Date:...............................................................
Assessment Portfolio
12
Supplementary Questions
This section contains a list of suggested supplementary questions for the practical assessment
tasks. Assessors may ask any question from the list, or any other questions they feel are
appropriate to ensure you understand the material presented in this Learner Guide. The purpose
is to allow the assessor to collect all the information they feel they need in order to make a valid,
informed decision.
Assessment task 2: Submerged object retrieval
What is the purpose of the equipment used during retrieval of a submerged object?
What are potential hazards during a submerged object retrieval?
What safety precautions did you take and why?
What steps should you take after returning to the surface with a submerged patient?
Assessment task 3: Search and rescue scenario
What information was gathered at the start of the operation?
What hazards did you identify?
What hazard control measures did you use?
How did you report any hazards that you identified?
Why did you choose the PPE that you used?
Is there any other equipment that you could have used?
What clues were you looking for?
What was your role in this scenario?
How did you ensure communication was maintained?
What procedure should you follow if a search team member goes missing?
What were the search boundaries?
Why was this type of search pattern used?
How did you maintain your own safety during this operation?
How did you contribute to maintaining the safety of your team members during this operation?
How should an incident scene be preserved?
How do you report any damage to equipment?
What is the purpose of an operational debrief?
What other emergency services could be involved during this scenario?
Assessment task 4: Night search and rescue operation
How can you protect your night vision?
Why are risks greater during night operations?
What are the limitations of night operations in this area?
What would be different about this operation if it occurred during the day?
Course Evaluation – Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue
Course date: ______________ Venue: _______________ Your name (optional): _____________
Trainer(s) and Assessor(s): ________________________________________________________
Your evaluation of this program is very important. It enables us to improve our training
programs and the quality of our service.
Statements
Strongly agree
Agree
N/A
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Course Content
The course was explained to me prior to commencing and met my expectations
The course had the right balance between theory and practice
The course was the right duration and intensity
General comments on course content
Course Material
The course materials were clear and easy to follow
The activities were realistic and effective
The course materials will be a useful ongoing reference
General comments on course material
Trainers and Assessors
Knowledge was sufficient to effectively deliver the course
Kept the course interesting and interactive
Provided clear and complete answers to questions
General comments
Overall Outcomes
My knowledge and skills increased as a result of this course
This course has helped me meet or clarify my goals
Course assessment activities were fair and realistic
General comments about the overall outcomes of the course
Thank you for taking the time to provide this feedback
