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Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of...

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Page 1: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Si  P t JSimon Petersen‐Jones

Page 2: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

What is a DNA‐based Test Uses sample of DNA

Bl d Blood Cheek SwabId ifi   h    (   h )  f  h   i l Identifies the genotype (not phenotype) of the animal

Page 3: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

There are Two Categories of Test:

Mutation DetectionDirect detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation

Many potential ways of doing thisLinked marker testsLinked marker tests Genotypes animal for polymorphic marker, one version of which is known to be linked one version of which is known to be linked to the disease allele

Page 4: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

How to create a DNA‐based test1. First identify the genetic mutation that causes 

disease OR very closely map the disease on the disease OR very closely map the disease on the genome

2 Be 100% sure that the mutation causes the disease 2. Be 100% sure that the mutation causes the disease –or the mapping information is accurate

3 If the suspect mutation is proven to cause the disease 3. If the suspect mutation is proven to cause the disease then it is very easy to create a rapid and accurate test for the identification of the mutation BUT using a for the identification of the mutation BUT using a linked marker before the mutation is identified is more problematic.more problematic.

Page 5: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

How to prove a DNA change is theHow to prove a DNA change is the cause of the disease Genetic information

Statistically significant association between the DNA change Statistically significant association between the DNA change and the disease status

BUT can be some problems:d h ll b d h h d Region surrounding the mutation will be associated with the disease

Is disease fully penetrant?

What is mutation predicted to do?What is mutation predicted to do? Null mutation Missense mutation

Any physiological supporting evidence? Functional? Gene expression?

Page 6: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Mutation detection tests

Di l  id if   h       b   f  h   l  Directly identify the presence or absence of the causal mutationA i     l   i     d  i   l   Assuming no sample mix up and appropriate controls these are

E l   Extremely accurate Extremely specific 

O l  d   h     i Only detects that gene mutation

Page 7: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Mutation Detection Tests Size of PCR product for insertion/deletionsS i   f PCR  d Sequencing of PCR product

Allele‐specific PCR PCR – restriction enzyme digestion test

Mismatch PCR – restriction enzyme digestion test TaqMan Assay

Page 8: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

DNA‐based test for RPE65DNA based test for RPE65 Mutation

PCR a 135bp fragment spanning mutation site Resolve on acrylamide or high percentage agarose gel ‐ Resolve on acrylamide or high percentage agarose gel see 4bp difference in size

N N N A C CN N N A C C

Page 9: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Allele-specific PCR teste e spec c C test

Amplify inAmplify in PCR that is designed to normal affected carrier

amplify only the normal

gene + - +TESTDNA

gene

Amplify inAmplify in PCR that is designed to - + +

amplify only the mutant

gene

Page 10: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

PCR Diagnostic Test for PRA in Cardigan Welsh Corgis1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b M

a = PCR forfor normal

b = PCR for mutant

7a 7b 8a 8b Na Nb Ca Cb Aa Ab -ve a -ve b M

Page 11: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

PCR‐Restriction Enzyme 

B

Tests

B/B A/BU A/A

BA

B/B A/BU A/A

Restriction enzymeenzyme

digestionA

Page 12: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

d1 PRA i I i h Srcd1‐PRA in Irish SettersMutation in cGMP phosphodiesterase beta subunit

N l tid 2420 G ANucleotide 2420 G A

Normal TGG = tryptophanMutant TAG = stop codon

Exon 21

Page 13: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Mismatch PCR Test for rcd1‐PRA inMismatch PCR Test for rcd1 PRA in Irish Setters

Mutant allele Normal allele

PCR

Restriction Bfa1 Bsr1Bfa1 Bsr1enzyme digest

Bfa1

Page 14: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Mismatch PCR Test for rcd1 in Irish SettersMismatch PCR Test for rcd1 in Irish SettersM U

A C N 1 2 3

Cl t t l (1993) C E R 12 861 866Clements et al (1993) Curr Eye Res. 12:861-866

Petersen-Jones et al (1995) J Small Anim Pract. 36:310-314

Page 15: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Codon 616 1bp Deletion in PDE6A inCodon 616 1bp Deletion in PDE6A in Cardigan Welsh Corgis

Normal1921 TACCAGATGAAGTCCCAGAACCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATGGGTCCTCCATCTTGGAAAGA610 Y Q M K S Q N P L A K L H G S S I L E R610 Y Q M K S Q N P L A K L H G S S I L E R

CACCACTTGGAGTTCGGCAAAACGTTGCTGCGAGATGAGAGCCTGAATATCTTTH H L E F G K T L L R D E S L N I F

Mutant1921 TACCAGATGAAGTCCCAGACCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATGGGTCCTCCATCTTGGAAAGAC610 Y Q M K S Q T H W P S S M G P P S W K D

ACCACTTGGAGTTCGGCAAAACGTTGCTGCGAGATGAGAGCCTGAT T W S S A K R C C E M R A *

28 abnormal amino acids starting at position 616 before a premature stop codon. Normal protein is 861 amino acids.

Page 16: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

GTCCCAGAACCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATGNormal Allele

….GTCCCAGAACCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATG…..| |||||||||||||||||||TAGGTGACCGGTTCGAGGTACTAGGTGACCGGTTCGAGGTAC

PCRHinfI PCRf

….GTCCCAGAATCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATG|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

….CAGGGTCTTAGGTGACCGGTTCGAGGTAC

….GTCCCAG|||||||CAGGGTCTTA….CAGGGTCTTA

Page 17: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Mutant Allele

….GTCCCAGACCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATG…..| |||||||||||||||||||TAGGTGACCGGTTCGAGGTAC

PCRHinfI PCRHinfI

….GTCCCAGATCCACTGGCCAAGCTCCATG||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

….CAGGGTCTAGGTGACCGGTTCGAGGTAC

Page 18: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

a) Normal allele

PCR

HinfI HinfIHinfI53bp 75bp

HinfI

20bp

b) Mutant allele

PCR

HinfIHinfI53bp 94bp

Page 19: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Results - Mismatch PCR- Restriction Enzyme Digest Test

M U1 2 3 4 5 6 A N C

Page 20: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Real Time PCR

Page 21: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

TaqMan Assayq y

Page 22: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

TaqMan AssaTaqMan Assay

Page 23: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

TaqMan AssaTaqMan Assay

Page 24: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

TaqMan Assay – For Diagnostic TestAllele Discrimination

Page 25: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

UnaffectedUnaffected

Carrier

AffectedAffected

Page 26: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Linked marker test Identifies presence or absence of a DNA marker known to be closely linked to the disease locusto be closely linked to the disease locus

An indication of animals likely to be affected or unaffectedunaffected

Page 27: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

PRCD Mutation

1 2 1 1 2 2

prcd *1 ?

Diff b d f d 1 21 1 1 11 1**Different breeds of dog 1 21 1

*1 1

2 21 2*** *

Page 28: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Marker/Linkage Test for PRCDMarker/Linkage Test for PRCD

P A2 2

Pattern A = normal

Pattern B1 2*

1 2Pattern B

most = carriers

1 1**

1 1*

1 1Pattern C

most = affected** *

Page 29: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Linked Marker Test for prcdp Uses DNA markers very close to the defective gene

Divides dogs into 3 groups Group A – all dogs in this group are homozygous normal

Group B – many dogs in this group are carriers but some may be normal

ll ff d d h Group C – all affected dogs are in this group, BUT also contains some carriers and some normals

www.optigen.com

Page 30: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Laboratories for PRA Testingg Commercial labsU i i  l b University labs

Is lab reputable?

Page 31: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Advantages of DNA‐based Testsg Mutation detection tests allow genotype of animal to be ascertainedbe ascertained for recessive

affected carrier homozygous normal

    i  f  b di   d   PRA ff d  can use carriers for breeding and prevent PRA‐affected dogs from being born

Can be performed at any age Can be performed at any age Mutation detection tests are theoretically 100% accurate & 100% specific (barring human error)accurate & 100% specific (barring human error)

Page 32: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Collection of Samples for DNA‐Collection of Samples for DNA‐based Genetic Tests

Follow testing Lab’s instructions Follow testing Labs instructions Identification of animal C f l l b li   f  l Careful labeling of samples Require a source of cells with nuclei

Blood sample Cheek swab

Page 33: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Blood Samples for DNA Extraction

Follow testing Lab’s instructions Follow testing Labs instructions  Citrate or EDTA tubs DO not allow to clot DO not allow to clot Label clearly, accurately and immediatelyK   l  d  i h i   k Keep cool – send with ice pack

Page 34: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Cheek Swabs for DNA Extraction Follow testing Lab’s instructionsN   i hi    f  h   f f di  d Not within a few hours of feeding dog

Cytology brush to brush gently inside cheek Aiming to collect cells

Label sample clearly, accurately & immediately

Page 35: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked
Page 36: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked
Page 37: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Limitations of DNA‐based Tests Only applicable for a specific gene mutationO l    f       li bl  f   l i l  b d Only a few tests are applicable for multiple breeds

Some conditions are very genetically heterogeneous e.g. need many different tests for PRA

Page 38: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Advantages Offered by DNA‐based TestsAdvantages Offered by DNA based Tests Detect affected animals prior to onset of clinical signs Mutation detection tests for recessive disease identify: Mutation detection tests for recessive disease identify:

Homozygous normal Heterozygous  Heterozygous  Homozygous affected

Enable retention of heterozygotes in breeding poolEnable retention of heterozygotes in breeding pool

Page 39: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

U i C i f R i Di fUsing Carriers of Recessive Disease for Breedingg

If have a mutation detection DNA‐based test Aim is to avoid producing affected animals If carrier animal has other outstanding features it can b   d f  b dibe used for breeding Cross carrier with genetically normal animal Test offspring Test offspring

Use carriers if disease has high incidence Avoiding carriers will restrict gene poolAvoiding carriers will restrict gene pool

Risk of  incidence of other hereditary disorder Risk of losing desirable features

Page 40: Simon PtPetersen Jones · There are Two Categories of Test: Mutation Detection Direct detection of presence/absence of disease causing mutation Many potential ways of doing this Linked

Future for Eye Screening in the DNA Era –Future for Eye Screening in the DNA Era Can we hang up our ophthalmoscopes?

Tests very specific –h h l   ifiophthalmoscopy not specific

Possibility of new forms of hereditary eye disease Previous low incidence – emerge via popular sire effect

Occurrence of new hereditary  di i    eye disease‐causing gene 

mutations

We must continue frequent eye screenings


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