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SIMULATION APPLIED TO URBAN LOGISTICS: A STATE OF THE ART Sarra JLASSI Simon TAMAYO Arthur GAUDRON 1 To cite this work: Jlassi , S. , Tamayo , S. and Gaudron , A. (2019). Simulation Applied to Urban Logistics: A State of the Art. . In City Logistics 3: Towards Sustainable and Liveable Cities. Doi:10.1002/9781119425472.ch4
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SIMULATION APPLIED �TO URBAN LOGISTICS: �A STATE OF THE ART

Sarra JLASSI Simon TAMAYO

Arthur GAUDRON

1

To cite this work: Jlassi , S. , Tamayo , S. and Gaudron , A. (2019). Simulation Applied to Urban Logistics: A State of the Art. . In City Logistics 3: Towards Sustainable and Liveable Cities. Doi:10.1002/9781119425472.ch4

•  Modelling Vs Simulation •  Research method •  Findings

Synthetic view of the reviewed publications Simulation techniques (choices, advantages, drawbacks) Software solutions

•  Synthesis of the research opportunities •  Conclusions

2

MODELLING vs SIMULATION

3

Modelling Vs Simulation Model »  Representation of the system »  Described with influence

diagram or using mathematics »  A good model is a judicious

trade-off between realism and simplicity

Simulation »  Operation of the model »  Relates to techniques, methods

and tools to understand: ü  how systems behave over

time ü  estimate and evaluate

systems performances »  What If Questions

WIVER Sonntag (1985) (Germany)

FRETURB Routhier &Toilier (2007) (France)

CityGoods Gentile &Vigo (2013)(Italy) 4

RESEARCH METHOD

5

Research Method INITIAL KEYS SPECIFIC KEYS

Urban City Last mile

Logistics Distribution Delivery Planning Goods distribution Goods movements

Freight movements Freight transport Freight demand Transportation Routing Delivery spaces/areas/bays Loading/unloading bays

Demand Traffic Parking Commercial movements Decision support Supply chain

40 RESULTS

Year

Type of stakeholder

Output Criteria

Simulation techniques

Country

type of publication 6

Initial key AND Specific Key AND *Simulation*

CLASSIFICATION

FINDINGS 7

Stakeholders

75%

50%

35%

10%

Local authorities

Carriers

Shippers/Receivers

Residents

8

Output criteria

Economic 92.50% Environmental 52.50%

Social 17.50%

9

Countries

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10

Nb of publications in time

11

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Types and sources 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Social and behavioral sciences procedia  Transportation research procedia

Transportation research board Proceedings of the winter simulation conference

International conference on computers & industrial engineering Computer Science On-line Conference - CSOC

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) International conference on geographic information science

World electric vehicle journal Simulation modelling practice and theory 

Journal of computational science Advances in engineering software journal

Euro journal on transportation and logistics  IFAC papers on line

International Journal of Urban Sciences International journal of production economics

Journal of the transportation research board OMEGA international journal of management science

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management

Tsinghua Science and Technology Dynamic fleet management concepts-systems, algorithms & case studies

Robotics, automation and control book

Conference proceedings

Book chapter Scientific journal

12

SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

13

Simulation Techniques Five main simulation techniques to address urban logistics problems »  Instance Generation Simulation (IGS)�

tests on configurations of a problem »  Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS)�

make use random sampling and statistical analysis

»  Discrete Event Simulation (DES)�systems evolve in a discrete space where time is driven by events

»  Agent Based Simulation (ABS)�several agents with independent behaviors are involved

»  System Dynamics (SD)�real-world processes are represented in terms of stocks, flows and delays

14

Types of problems Reviewed problems classified into 5 categories: 1.  Transportation, network and infrastructure problems: 52.5% of the publications 2.  Urban consolidation & mutualisation problems: 22.5% of the publications 3.  Vehicle routing problems: 17.5% of the publications 4.  Intermodality problems: 15% of the publications 5.  Electromobility problems: 7.5% of the publications

The total of the percentages does not add up to 100%

15

Types of problems �& simulation techniques

1 - Transportation, network and infrastructure problems: 52.5% of the publications

Planning of freight movements

Operations in urban environments

Traffic �management

Parking and facilities location

42%

11% 11% 11% 5% 5% 5% 5% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

16

2 - Urban consolidation & pooling problems: 22.5% of the publications

33% 50%

17%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Types of problems �& simulation techniques

17

Urban �consolidation

Pooling of resources

Pooling of infrastructures

3 - Vehicle routing problems: 17.5% of the publications

14% 14% 14% 14%

43%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Types of problems �& simulation techniques

18

Multi-path �TSP

UDCs and �VRP

VRPTW, VRPPD & VRPPDTW

4 - Intermodality problems: 15% of the publications

20%

80%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Types of problems �& simulation techniques

19

Logistics networks integrating different transportation services, designed to move goods from origin to destination in a timely manner and using multiple modes of transportation (Dotoli et al. 2010)

5 - Electromobility problems: 7.5% of the publications

50% 50%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Types of problems �& simulation techniques

20

Using zero emission vehicles to deal with pollution (emissions), �noise and other nuisances due to freight transportation in city centres

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

The different choices of simulation techniques are detailed based on: •  Arguments in reviewed publications •  Email survey (amongst the authors)

21

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

ABS   Useful to better understand real-world systems   Allows interaction different urban entities: freight carriers, truck drivers,

retailers and local authorities   Allows evaluating and improving the objectives of different stakeholders   Useful when there is little knowledge about the global interdependencies

between coexisting stakeholders   Agent based modelling is harder to develop

Works aiming to evaluate the performances of UDCs are usually tackled with ABS

22

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

  Useful for problems containing networks of queues

à Simulate systems involving traffic and lead times

All the papers dealing with intermodal transportation systems (ITS) make use of DES

23

DES

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

  Problems with significant uncertainties, whenever there is need of

estimations, forecasts and/or decisions   Most of the reviewed publications use MCS to simulate the variability of urban

freight demand, behavior of actors, and duration of operations�à The main applications involve facility location decisions and scheduling

24

MCS

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

  Publications dealing with vehicle routing problems and network design

Publications implementing IGS intend to model only �important scenarios of a system and in most cases �pay particular attention to travel times

25

IGS

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

  Focuses more on the behavior of the system rather than the individuals

composing it

Rabelo, et al., (2005) SD is suitable for high level strategic modelling, because 1.  it proposes a holistic approach of systems, integrating many subsystems 2.  it focuses on policies and system structure 3.  it make use of feedback loops to represent the effects of policy decisions.   DES tends to look at the smaller detail of a system (microscopic), �

whereas SD tends to take a more overall perspective (macroscopic) (Maidstone (2012))

26

SD

Simulation techniques advantages and drawbacks

  Provide better representation of the reality

  More efficient computing environment by capitalizing on advantages of both techniques

Ability of ABS to model different stakeholders that act as

independent decision-makers and/or behave as single entities.

Ability of DES to represent �complex queuing systems.

Good knowledge of this thechnique in the community.

DES + ABS

27

Hybrid simulation

SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

28

Software choices

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

29

Software choices

Why ARENA?   Surveys on simulation software shows the usability of Arena® is an attractive

feature (easy to use with available reference literature) (ORMS, 2015; Abu-Taieh, 2005)   Capacity for dealing with large-scale and modular systems (Fanti el al. (2015) )

Our email survey amongst the authors that use Arena indicated that: •  They were Arena® users beforehand. •  Simul8, Simio, Witness and Anylogic are software solutions of equivalent

quality. •  A default choice: software already available in their institution.

30

Research opportunities what remains to be simulated?

»  Lack of traffic micro-simulation »  E-commerce »  Regulations regarding vehicles (sizes, weights, load factors and/or

engine types) and restrictions of access (restricted areas and/or time windows)

»  Alternative fuel vehicles (electric, hybrid, natural gas, and fuel cell vehicles): Study the needs and investments (infrastructure and/or fleets)

»  Absence of statistical analysis in order to validate the reviewed simulations

31

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank

Pr. A. Comi�Pr. P. Cortés�Pr. J. W. Joubert�Dr. M. Marinov�Dr. L. K. de Oliveira�Dr. G. Iacobellis Pr. J. Gonzalez-Feliu�Pr. G. Gentile�Dr. L. Delaître For their constructive feedback

32

THANKS FOR �YOUR ATTENTION Any questions? You can find me at

•  [email protected] •  www.chairelogistiqueurbaine.fr

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