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Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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7/17/2019 Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/simultaneous-faults-on-thre-phase-systems 1/21 Simultaneous Faults on Three-Phase Systems BY EDITH CLARKE* Associate, A. I. E. E. Synopsis.-The method of symmetrical components now so taneous faults and the lines upon which they occur, when the lines extensively used to determine short-circuit currents and stability are unloaded feeders radiating from a common point or lines of limits during transient conditions for three-phase transmission equal impedances bussed at both ends. systems when a fault involving one or more of the three conductors The methods and formulas given in this paper were developed in occurs at any one point of the system, has been extended to apply to answer to such questions as the following: three-phase systems during simultaneous faults at two or more 1. lVhich is a more severe shock to a system, a double line-to- points of the system. ground fault on one circuit or two single line-to-ground faults A general equivalent circuit is developed to replace, in the positive occurring simultaneously on two separate circuits? phase diagram, two simultaneous faults involving any combination of 2. Do simultaneous double line-to-ground faults which involve the six conductors. An approximate equivalent circuit to be used the same phases, a and b, on two circuits, result in more or less with the d-c. calculating table when resistance is neglected is also ground current than.faults which involve phases a and b on one cir- given. cuit and phases b and c on the other? Special equivalent circuits are employed to rep,lace t wo simul- * * * * * W EN double circuit towers carry two three-phase circuit becomes grounded, the voltages to ground on circuits, disturbances may involve one or more the three conductors and the currents in the three lines conductors of each circuit. From published are no longerbalanced. If the three unbalanced volt- records' of the number of flashovers on double circuit ages to ground, Va, Vb and Vc, at the point of fault, towers which have tripped out both circuits, and from and three line currents flowing into the fault, Ia, Ib and opinions expressed by operating engineers of various I,, are resolved into their symmetrical components, power companies who have been consulted, it seems it will be found that there are enough relations existing reasonable to conclude that in the neighborhood of between these six components to allow the positive 20 per cent of the faults on double circuit towers involve component of voltage at the fault, Val, to be expressed conductors of both circuits. In addition there are in terms of the positive component of current in the instances where faults in substations have involved fault, Ial, and the zero and negative phase impedances, conductors of circuits not on the same towers. Z0 and Z2 respectively, viewed from the fault. To do It seems worth while therefore, to have in convenient this requires five equations. form, methods for calculating short-circuit currents, Since there is no generated zero nor negative phase and of determining the stability limit of a system when sequence voltage, and the positive direction for all faults occur simultaneously at two separate and distinct component currents is taken towards the fault, points of the system. The general case will cover 0 - VaO = IaoZo (1) simultaneous faults at any two points of the system, 0 - = Ia2 Z2 (2) involving one, two or three conductors at each point, At a point of fault there are certain relations be- while short circuits on parallel circuits on the same tower tween the positive, negative, and zero components of will be a special case in which the two points of fault are current which flow into the fault, and also between the symmetricalwith respect to the system, although they p n will not be symmetrical with respect to ground unless thef Tese an s be t h omponents the faults are o the same phase r phases in bot the fault. These relations between the components therfaults. are on the same phase or phases in both of current and voltage, depending upon the type of circuits. Mr. C. L. Fortescue has shown2 that any system of fault, provide additional equations connecting the three vectors may be replaced by three setsof balanced unknowns. For all types of fault there will be three components. The fundamental equations expressing independent equations connecting the components of actual currents and voltages in terms of their symmet- current and voltage at the point of fault. These rical components, and expressing the symmetrical equations are tabulated in Table I, and the manner of components of current and voltage in terms of the their derivation shown in Appendix B. From five equations with SiX unknowns, the four actual currents and voltages respectively are given ukow .ve Va,i and it may bek limnate and in Appendix A. ~~~~~~unknowns VaZo, Va2t Ia>o and Ia2 may be eliminated, and in Appendix A. 17 Vai expressed in terms of Ial thus: SINGLE FAULT Vai K Iai (3) When one or more of the conductors of a three-phase where K is a function of ZO and Z2 depending upon the *Central Station Engg. Dept. General Electric Company,tp ffut o ietogon alsK=Z 2 Sceetd, N. Y' for line-to-line faults K = Z2, and for double- line-to- I. For references see Bibliography.Zo9 Presented at the Middle Eastern District Meeting of the A. I. E. E., ground fai'lts K - z 2 Pittsburgh, Pa., March 11j-13, 1931j. 919 31-60
Transcript
Page 1: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

7/17/2019 Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/simultaneous-faults-on-thre-phase-systems 1/21

S i m u l t a n e o u s

F a u l t s

o n

T h r e e - P h a s e

S y s t e m s

BY

EDITH

CLARKE*

A s s o c i a t e ,

A .

I . E . E .

S y n o p s i s . - T h e m e t h o d

o f s y m m e t r i c a l

c o m p o n e n t s now s o t a n e o u s f a u l t s a n d t h e l i n e s

u p o n

w h i c h t h e y

o c c u r ,

w h e n

t h e l i n e s

e x t e n s i v e l y

u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t s

a n d s t a b i l i t y a r e

u n l o a d e d

f e e d e r s

r a d i a t i n g

f r o m

a

common

p o i n t

o r l i n e s

o f

l i m i t s

d u r i n g

t r a n s i e n t c o n d i t i o n s f or

t h r e e - p h a s e t r a n s m i s s i o n

e q u a l

i m p e d a n c e s

b u s s e d a t

b o t h

e n d s .

s y s t e m s w h e n

a

f a ul t i n v o l v i n g o n e

o r

m o r e o f t h e t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s T h e m e t h o d s

a n d f o r m u l a s g i v e n

i n t h i s

p a p e r w e r e d e v e l o p e d i n

o c c u r s

a t

a n y

o n e p o i n t

o f

t h e

s y s t e m ,

h a s b e e n e x t e n d e d

t o

a p p l y t o

a n s w e r

t o

s u c h

q u e s t i o n s

a s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m s

d u r i n g

s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s

a t t w o o r m o r e

1 .

l V h i c h i s a m o r e s e v e r e s h o c k t o a s y s t e m ,

a d o u b l e l i n e - t o -

p o i n t s o f t h e s y s t e m . g r o u n d

f a u l t

o n o n e

c i r c u i t o r t w o s i n g l e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d f a u l t s

A

g e n e r a l e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t

i s d e v e l o p e d

t o r e p l a c e , i n t h e

p o s i t i v e o c c u r r i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

o n

t w o s e p a r a t e

c i r c u i t s ?

p h a s e d i a g r a m , t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s

i n v o l v i n g

a n y

c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

2 .

Do s i m u l t a n e o u s

d o u b l e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d f a u l t s w h i c h

i n v o l v e

t h e s i x c o n d u c t o r s . An a p p r o x i m a t e

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t t o

b e

u s e d

t h e s a m e p h a s e s ,

a

a n d

b , o n

t w o c i r c u i t s , r e s u l t i n m o r e

o r

l e s s

w i t h t h e d - c .

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e

w h e n

r e s i s t a n c e i s

n e g l e c t e d

i s

a l s o

g r o u n d

c u r r e n t t h a n . f a u l t s

w h i c h

i n v o l v e p h a s e s a a n d b o n o n e c i r -

g i v e n .

c u i t a n d

p h a s e s b

a n d c o n t h e o t h e r ?

S p e c i a l

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t s a r e e m p l o y e d t o

r e p , l a c e

t w o s i m u l -

*

* *

*

*

W

EN d o u b l e

c i r c u i t t o w e r s

c a r r y

t w o

t h r e e - p h a s e

c i r c u i t

b e c o m e s g r o u n d e d , t h e v o l t a g e s t o g r o u n d

o n

c i r c u i t s , d i s t u r b a n c e s may i n v o l v e o n e o r m o r e t h e t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s a n d t h e

c u r r e n t s i n t h e

t h r e e

l i n e s

c o n d u c t o r s o f e a c h

c i r c u i t .

F r o m p u b l i s h e d a r e n o l o n g e r b a l a n c e d . I f t h e t h r e e

u n b a l a n c e d

v o l t -

r e c o r d s '

o f

t h e

n u m b e r

o f f l a s h o v e r s

o n

d o u b l e

c i r c u i t

a g e s

t o

g r o u n d ,

V a ,

V b a n d

V c ,

a t

t h e

p o i n t

o f

f a u l t ,

t o w e r s

w h i c h h a v e t r i p p e d

o u t

b o t h c i r c u i t s , a n d f r o m a n d

t h r e e

l i n e c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g

i n t o

t h e

f a u l t ,

I a ,

I b

a n d

o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d b y

o p e r a t i n g

e n g i n e e r s o f v a r i o u s

I , ,

a r e r e s o l v e d

i n t o

t h e i r s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s ,

p o w e r c o m p a n i e s

w h o h a v e b e e n c o n s u l t e d ,

i t

s e e m s i t w i l l

b e

f o u n d t h a t t h e r e a r e e n o u g h r e l a t i o n s e x i s t i n g

r e a s o n a b l e

t o c o n c l u d e

t h a t i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f b e t w e e n t h e s e s i x c o m p o n e n t s t o

a l l o w t h e

p o s i t i v e

2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e f a u l t s

o n

d o u b l e c i r c u i t t o w e r s i n v o l v e c o m p o n e n t o f

v o l t a g e a t

t h e f a u l t ,

V a l ,

t o b e e x p r e s s e d

c o n d u c t o r s o f b o t h

c i r c u i t s . I n

a d d i t i o n t h e r e

a r e i n t e r m s o f

t h e

p o s i t i v e

c o m p o n e n t o f c u r r e n t i n t h e

i n s t a n c e s w h e r e

f a u l t s

i n

s u b s t a t i o n s

h a v e i n v o l v e d f a u l t , I a l , a n d t h e z e r o a n d n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e s ,

c o n d u c t o r s

o f c i r c u i t s n o t

o n t h e

s a m e t o w e r s .

Z 0

a n d

Z 2

r e s p e c t i v e l y , v i e w e d

f r o m

t h e f a u l t .

T o

d o

I t

s e e m s

w o r t h

w h i l e t h e r e f o r e ,

t o

h a v e i n c o n v e n i e n t t h i s r e q u i r e s f i v e e q u a t i o n s .

f o r m , m e t h o d s f o r c a l c u l a t i n g s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t s ,

S i n c e t h e r e i s n o

g e n e r a t e d

z e r o n o r n e g a t i v e p h a s e

a n d

o f

d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e

s t a b i l i t y l i m i t

o f

a

s y s t e m w h e n

s e q u e n c e

v o l t a g e ,

a n d t h e

p o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n

f o r

a l l

f a u l t s

o c c u r

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

a t

t w o

s e p a r a t e

a n d

d i s t i n c t

c o m p o n e n t

c u r r e n t s i s

t a k e n

t o w a r d s

t h e

f a u l t ,

p o i n t s o f t h e

s y s t e m . T h e g e n e r a l c a s e

w i l l

c o v e r

0

-

V a O

=

I a o Z o

( 1 )

s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s a t

a n y t w o

p o i n t s o f

t h e s y s t e m ,

0 -

=

I a 2

Z 2

( 2 )

i n v o l v i n g

o n e ,

t w o o r t h r e e

c o n d u c t o r s

a t e a c h p o i n t ,

A t a

p o i n t

o f

f a u l t

t h e r e

a r e c e r t a i n r e l a t i o n s

b e -

w h i l e

s h o r t

c i r c u i t s

o n

p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s

o n

t h e

s a m e t o w e r

t w e e n

t h e

p o s i t i v e ,

n e g a t i v e ,

a n d

z e r o

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

w i l l b e a

s p e c i a l

c a s e

i n

w h i c h

t h e

t w o p o i n t s o f

f a u l t

a r e

c u r r e n t

w h i c h f l o w

i n t o

t h e

f a u l t ,

a n d

a l s o b e t w e e n t h e

s y m m e t r i c a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s y s t e m , a l t h o u g h t h e y

p n

w i l l

n o t

b e s y m m e t r i c a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o

g r o u n d u n l e s s

t h e f T e s e

an

s b e t h

o m p o n e n t s

t h e

f a u l t s are o t h e same p h a s e

r

p h a s e s i n b o t

t h e

f a u l t .

T h e s e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e

c o m p o n e n t s

t h e r f a u l t s .

a r e o n t h e same

p h a s e

o r p h a s e s i n

b o t h

o f

c u r r e n t a n d

v o l t a g e ,

d e p e n d i n g

upon t h e

t y p e o f

c i r c u i t s .

M r .

C . L .

F o r t e s c u e h a s

s h o w n 2

t h a t

a n y

s y s t e m

o f

f a u l t , p r o v i d e

a d d i t i o n a l

e q u a t i o n s c o n n e c t i n g

t h e

t h r e e

v e c t o r s

may b e r e p l a c e d

b y

t h r e e s e t s o f b a l a n c e d

u n k n o w n s . F o r a l l

t y p e s

o f

f a u l t

t h e r e w i l l b e

t h r e e

c o m p o n e n t s .

T h e

f u n d a m e n t a l e q u a t i o n s

e x p r e s s i n g

i n d e p e n d e n t

e q u a t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

a c t u a l

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s

i n

t e r m s

o f

t h e i r

s y m m e t -

c u r r e n t

a n d

v o l t a g e

a t

t h e

p o i n t

o f f a u l t .

T h e s e

r i c a l

c o m p o n e n t s ,

a n d

e x p r e s s i n g

t h e

s y m m e t r i c a l

e q u a t i o n s

are

t a b u l a t e d

i n

T a b l e

I ,

a n d t h e m a n n e r o f

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r r e n t a n d

v o l t a g e

i n t e r m s

o f

t h e

t h e i r

d e r i v a t i o n

s h o w n

i n

A p p e n d i x

B .

From f i v e e q u a t i o n s

w i t h

S i X

u n k n o w n s , t h e f o u r

a c t u a l c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s r e s p e c t i v e l y

a r e

g i v e n

u k o w

. v e

V a , i a n d

i t

may

b e k

l i m n a t e

a n d

i n A pp e n d i x A .

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u n k n o w n s

V a Z o ,

V a 2 t I a > o

a n d

I a 2

ma y

b e

e l i m i n a t e d ,

a n d

i n

A p p e n d i x

A .

1 7

V a ie x p r e s s e d

in

t e r m s o f I a l

t h u s :

S I N G L E FAULT V a i K

I a i

( 3 )

When o n e

o r

m o r e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s o f a

t h r e e - p h a s e

w h e r e

K

i s

a

f u n c t i o n

o f

Z O

a n d

Z 2

d e p e n d i n g u p o n

t h e

* C e n t r a l S t a t i o n E n g g . D e pt . G e n e r a l

E l e c t r i c

Company,tp

ffut o ietogon

alsK=Z

2

S c e e t d ,

N . Y ' f o r l i n e - t o - l i n e

f a u l t s

K

= Z 2 , a n d f o r d o u b l e -

l i n e - t o -

I . F o r r e f e r e n c e s

s e e

B i b l i o g r a p h y . Z o 9

P r e s e n t e d a t t h e M i d d l e E a s t e r n

D i s t r i c t

M e e t i n g

o f t h e

A .

I . E .

E . ,

ground f a i ' l t s K

-

z

2

P i t t s b u r g h ,

P a . ,

March

1 1 j - 1 3 , 1 9 3 1 j .

9 1 9

3 1 - 6 0

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9 2 0

CLARKE:

SIJULTANEOUS

FAULTS

ON

THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS T r a n s a c t i o n s A . I .

E .

E .

E q u a t i o n

( 3 )

w i l l b e

s a t i s f i e d ,

a n d t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e

m e a s u r e d

a s d e s c r i b e d

b e l o w w o u l d

h a v e t o b e i n v e c t o r

c u r r e n t

a n d

v o l t a g e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

may

b e

d e t e r m i n e d

f o r m , r e q u i r i n g t h e

u s e o f

a w a t t - m e t e r

a s

w e l l

a s a n

i f

t h e f a u l t

i n

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e d i a g r a m

i s r e p l a c e d 3

a m m e t e r

a n d v o l t m e t e r .

F o r many p u r p o s e s

t h e

b y

t h e s h u n t i m p e d a n c e K ,

t h e v a l u e o f K

b e i n g

d e -

r e s i s t a n c e i n

t h e

n e t w o r k s c a n

b e n e g l e c t e d a n d

t h e

t e r m i n e d

b y

Z o ,

Z 2

a n d t h e

t y p e

o f

f a u l t .

i m p e d a n c e s c o n s i d e r e d

t o

c o n s i s t o f r e a c t a n c e

a l o n e .

I n t h i s l a t t e r

c a s e t h e

d - c . c a l c u l a t i n g t a b l e may

b e

Tw o

S I M U L T A N E O U S

F A U L T S

u s e d .

T h e g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e

i n e i t h e r c a s e

i s

a s

T h e m e t h o d

o f

p r o c e d u r e

o u t l i n e d

a b o v e

f o r

d e -

f o l l o w s :

t e r m i n i n g

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t a n d v o l t a g e

( a )

S e t u p t h e z e r o p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e n e t w o r k o n

t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n w h e n a f a u l t i n v o l v e s

o n e o r m o r e o f

t h e

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e .

A p p l y

a v o l t a g e t o g r o u n d ,

V c ,

a t

t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s

a t

a

s i n g l e p o i n t , may

b e f o l l o w e d f o r

p o i n t

C

w i t h

p o i n t

D u n g r o u n d e d , b u t

a l l z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s a t

t w o d i s t i n c t p o i n t s .

p o i n t s , S , g r o u n d e d .

M e a s u r e t h e t o t a l g r o u n d

c u r r e n t ,

I f

t h e t w o

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t

a r e

C

a n d

D

a n d t h e c o n -

I s .

C u r r e n t

I ,

a t

C

i s

t h e

s a m e

a s

t h e t o t a l g r o u n d

d u c t o r s a t

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a r e

a ,

b

a n d

c

a n d t h o s e

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a ,

f 3

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c u r r e n t

I ,

a t S .

( a

a n d

a

b e i n g c o n d u c t o r s

o f

t h e

s a m e

p h a s e ,

a s

a r e

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A p p l y

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a t C w i t h p o i n t

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b a n d

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c

a n d

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t h e

s i x

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

v o l t a g e g r o u n d e d

b u t a l l z e r o p o t e n t i a l

p o i n t s ,

S , u n g r o u n d e d .

a n d c u r r e n t

a t

C w i l l b e V a 0 ,

V a l ,

V a 2 ,

I a O ,

I a l

a n d

I a 2

M e a s u r e

t h e

c u r r e n t I d a t

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a n d

t h o s e

a t

D

w i l l

b e

V a o ,

V a l l

V a 2 ,

I a O y

I a c

a n d

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V d ,

a t p o i n t

D w i t h

I t w i l l

b e s h o w n t h a t

t h e r e a r e

t e n i n d e p e n d e n t e q u a -

p o i n t

C u n g r o u n d e d ,

b u t

a l l

z e r o p o t e n t i a l p o i n t s ,

S ,

t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e s e

t w e l v e

u n k n o w n s . I t

i s

p r o -

g r o u n d e d

a n d m e a s u r e

t h e c u r r e n t

I , .

p o s e d

t o e l i m i n a t e

t h e

e i g h t

u n k n o w n s

V a O ,

V a O ,

V a 2 ,

V a 2 ,

I a O 7

I a , 0

I a 2

a n d

I a 2

a n d

t o r e d u c e t h e

n u m b e r

o f

s

e q u a t i o n s

t o

t w o ,

e x p r e s s i n g

t h e

p o s i t i v e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

v o l t a g e ,

V a i a n d V a i ,

i n

t e r m s

o f

t h e

p o s i t i v e c o m -

I a o + I c o o

S o

p o n e n t s

o f c u r r e n t ,

I L I

a n d

I a . ,

a n d

t h e

k n o w n

z e r o

a n d

1 8 0 .

IP

n e g a t i v e i m p e d a n c e s .

v

0

 

Z e r o

P h a s e

S y s t e m .

W i t h

a

s i n g l e

f a u l t ,

t h e z e r o

D

p h a s e c u r r e n t

i n

t h e

f a u l t v a r i e s

d i r e c t l y

a s t h e

z e r o

F I G .

1 - - E Q U I V A L E N T

Y F O R Z E R O P H A S E

S E Q U E N C E

N E T W O R K

p h a s e

v o l t a g e

t o

g r o u n d

a t

t h e

f a u l t .

When

t h e r e

a r e

t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s ,

t h e z e r o

p h a s e

c u r r e n t

i n

e i t h e r I f

t h e

b r a n c h e s o f

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

Y a r e

C O ,

D o y

a n d

S O ,

f a u l t

d e p e n d s u p o n

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e v o l t a g e s

a t

b o t h

t h e n

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t .

I n

o r d e r

t o

r e a d i l y

e x p r e s s

t h e

t w o

v .

z e r o

p h a s e

v o l t a g e s

i n

t e r m s

o f

t h e

t w o

z e r o

p h a s e

C O + S O

( a )

c u r r e n t s , t h e

z e r o

p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m 4

w i l l

b e

+

s i m p l i f i e d ,

r e m e m b e r i n g

t h a t

a l l

p o i n t s

o f z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

V

f o r

z e r o

p h a s e

v o l t a g e

may

b e

c o n s i d e r e d

b u s s e d

a t

t h e

C O

+ D o

( b )

s a m e

p o i n t ,

S .

E q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t s

t o

r e p l a c e

t w o

+

p a r a l l e l

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e s

w i t h

m u t u a l

i m p e d a n c e

b e -

V d

t w e e n t h e m

i n

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e

s y s t e m

a r e

g i v e n

i n

A p -

D o + S O

( c )

p e n d i x

C .

When

t h e r e

a r e m o r e t h a n

t w o

p a r a l l e l ]

l i n e s

i t

may

n o t

b e

p o s s i b l e

t o

a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t

From

e q u a t i o n s ( a ) ,

( b )

a n d

( c )

t h e b r a n c h e s

o f t h e

Y

t h e m b y

a

s i m p l e e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

i n

t h e z e r o

p h a s e

a r e d e t e r m i n e d .

s y s t e m

b u t

a n

a p p r o x i m a t e

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

may

F i g .

1

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

Y

f o r

t h e z e r o

p h a s e

u s u a l l y

b e o b t a i n e d .

When

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e s y s t e m

n e t w o r k

c o n n e c t i n g

C ,

D

a n d

S

w i t h

i t s b r a n c h

i m -

c a n

b e

r e p r e s e n t e d

b y

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

i m p e d a n c e

p e d a n c e s ,

C O ,

D o

a n d

S O .

L e t t h e

p o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n

d i a g r a m ,

i t

i s

a l w a y s p o s s i b l e

t o r e d u c e

i t

t o

a n

f o r

z e r o

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

b e

t a k e n

t o w a r d s

t h e

f a u l t s C

e q u i v a l e n t

Y ,

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e t w o

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t ,

a n d

D . T h e n

s i n c e

t h e r e

i s n o

g e n e r a t e d

z e r o

p h a s e

C

a n d

D ,

a n d t h e z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

p o i n t ,

S .

I n s o m e

v o l t a g e ,

b y s u p e r p o s i n g

t h e

v o l t a g e s

d u e

t o

t h e t w o

s y s t e m s

t h i s

may b e

d o n e

b y

A

- Y

o r

Y -

A t r a n s -

c o m p o n e n t

c u r r e n t s ,

t h e

f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s

a r e

f o r m a t i o n s , 5

b u t

i n

c o m p l i c a t e d s y s t e m s i t

may b e

o b t a i n e d :

n e c e s s a r y

t o u s e a n

a - c .

o r d - c . c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e

t o

0- V a 0 =-

V a O

=

I a O ( C O

+

S O )

+

I a O

S O

( 5 )

d e t e r m i n e t h e

b r a n c h e s o f t h e

e q u i v r a l e n t

Y

o r A

c o n -

a

a c

n e c t i n g

t h e

p o i n t s

C , D ,

a n d

S . 0-Va0 = - V a 0 = l a ( O

S o

+ l a o

( D o

±

S ° )

( 6 )

D e t e r m i n a t i o n

o f

E q u i v a l e n t Y f o r t h e Z e r o P h a s e

E q u a t i o n s

( 5 ) a n d ( 6 )

e x p r e s s

t h e

z e r o c o m p o n e n t s

o f

I m p e d a n c e N e t w o r k

b y M e a n s o f t h e

C a l c u l a t i n g

T a b l e . v o l t a g e

a t t h e t w o p o i n t s o f

f a u l t

i n t e r m s

o f t h e

t w o

F o r

a n

e x a c t

d e t e r m i n a t i o n , t h e

u s e o f

a n a - c . c a l c u - z e r o

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n t o

t h e

f a u l t s

a n d

t h e

l a t i n g

t a b l e

s u c h

a s

t h e

M .

I .

T .

N e t w o r k

A n a l y z e r 6

i s

b r a n c h i m p e d a n c e s

o f

t h e e q u i v a l e n t

Y .

n e c e s s a r y , i n

w h i c h c a s e

t h e

c u r r e n t s a n d

v o l t a g e s

R e w r i t i n g

e q u a t i o n s

( 5 ) a n d

( 6 )

t o , e x p r e s s t h e

c u r -

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

F A U L T S

ON THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

9 2 1

r e n t s

L o

a n d

I a O

i n

t e r m s o f

V a o

a n d

V a 0 o ,

o r f r o m

F i g .

1

E q u a t i o n s

( 1 2 )

a n d

( 1 3 )

a r e

n o t

i n d e p e n d e n t

o f

e q u a -

d i r e c t l y :

t i o n s

( 1 0 )

a n d

( 1 1 ) .

T h e r e

a r e f o u r u n k n o w n s

V a 2 ,

D o

+ S 0

5 0

V a 2 , 1 a 2

a n d I a 2

i n t h e

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e s y s t e m ,

a n d

t w o

I a O

V a O

z O O

+ V a O

z o o

( 7 ) i n d e p e n d e n t

e q u a t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e m .

R e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

C o m p o n e n t s

o f C u r r e n t

a n d o f

S O

C O +

s O

V o l t a g e

a t

T w o P o i n t s

o f

F a u l t .

A t

e a c h

p o i n t

o f

f a u l t ,

I a O

=

V a O

z

-

V a o

( 8 )

t h e

r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

t h e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r r e n t

f l o w i n g

Z O O

° ° i n t o

t h e

f a u l t ,

a n d

b e t w e e n

t h e c o m p o n e n t s

o f

v o l t a g e

w h e r e

Z O O

=

C O D o

+

C O S O

+

D o

S O

( 9 )

t o

g r o u n d

a t

t h e f a u l t

a r e

i n d e p e n d e n t

o f

t h e r e s t

o f

E q u a t i o n s

( 7 )

a n d ( 8 )

a r e n o t

i n d e p e n d e n t

o f

e q u a t i o n s

t h e s y s t e m .

T a b l e I

g i v e s

t h r e e

e q u a t i o n s c o n n e c t i n g

( 5 )

a n d

( 6 ) .

T h e r e

a r e f o u r u n k n o w n s ,

V a O ,

V a O ,

I a O

t h e c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r r e n t

o r

o f

v o l t a g e

a t

a p o i n t

o f

a n d

l a o i n

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e

s y s t e m

a n d t w o

i n d e p e n d e n t

f a u l t

f o r

v a r i o u s

t y p e s

o f f a u l t .

When

t h e r e a r e t w o

e q u a t i o n s c o n n e c t i n g

t h e m .

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t , t h e r e w i l l

b e t h r e e

e q u a t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g

N e g a t i v e

P h a s e

S y s t e m .

I n t h e n e g a t i v e

p h a s e s y s -

c o m p o n e n t s

o f c u r r e n t

o r v o l t a g e

a t

e a c h

p o i n t .

By

t e n , j u s t

a s

i n

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e

s y s t e m ,

t h e r e i s

n o

g e n e -

r e p l a c i n g a ,

b a n d c

i n T a b l e

I

b y

a ,   a n d y

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

r a t e d v o l t a g e ,

a n d

t h e

p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n

f o r n e g a t i v e

t h e

t h r e e

e q u a t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r r e n t

p h a s e c u r r e n t s

i s t a k e n

f r o m t h e

n e u t r a l s o f

t h e m a -

o r v o l t a g e

a t

t h e

s e c o n d

p o i n t

o f f a u l t ,

D , a r e

o b t a i n e d .

c h i n e s

t o w a r d s t h e

f a u l t s .

T h e n e u t r a l s

o f

g e n e r a t o r s

S i m u l t a n e o u s

E q u a t i o n s .

T h r e e e q u a t i o n s

e x p r e s s i n g

a n d

l o a d s a r e p o i n t s

o f

z e r o p o t e n t i a l

f o r

t h e

n e g a t i v e

r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

t h e c o m p o n e n t s

o f c u r r e n t

o r v o l t a g e

p h a s e s y s t e m .

T h e

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e n e t w o r k 4

o f

a

s y s -

a t

e a c h

o f

t h e

t w o

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t ,

t w o

e q u a t i o n s

c o n -

t e m may b e

r e d u c e d

t o a n e q u i v a l e n t

Y

o r

A

c o n n e c t i n g

n e c t i n g

z e r o p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

a n d v o l t a g e s

a n d t w o c o n -

t h e p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t C

a n d

D

a n d

t h e p o i n t s

o f

z e r o p o -

n e c t i n g

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s a n d

v o l t a g e s

g i v e t h e

t e n t i a l ,

w h i c h

may

b e

c o n s i d e r e d b u s s e d

a t a

common

t e n e q u a t i o n s

n e e d e d

t o e l i m i n a t e

t h e e i g h t

u n k n o w n s

p o i n t ,

S .

I t i s

i m p o r t a n t

t o n o t e

t h a t S , t h e p o i n t

o f

V a O ,

V a O , I l a O I a O ,

V a 2 , V a 2 , I a 2

a n d I a 2

s o t h a t

t h e

p o s i t i v e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

v o l t a g e

V a l

a n d

V a i

m a y

b e

s

e x p r e s s e d

i n t e r m s

o f

t h e

p o s i t i v e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f cur-

r e n t ,

I a l

a n d I

a l ,

a n d

t h e

k n o w n z e r o

a n d

n e g a t i v e

I a 2

+

i a S 2 s

p h a s e i m p e d a n c e s

o f t h e s y s t e m .

S i n c e t h e

t e n e q u a -

1 3 2

t i o n s

are

l i n e a r

t h e

t w o

r e s u l t i n g e q u a t i o n s

c a n

b e

p u t

V a z

1 2

?

~in

h e

f o r m :

C

D

V a i

=

k

I a l

 

m I a l

( 1 5 )

F I G .

2-EQuIVALENT

Y

FOR

NEGATIVE

PHASE SEQUENCE

V a l

= n

I a l

+

1

I a l

(16)

NETWORK

w h e r e k , 1 ,

m

a n d

n

d e p e n d u p o n

t h e b r a n c h

i m p e d a n c e s

z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

f o r z e r o

p ' i a s e v o l t a g e

i s

n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y

o f

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

Y ' s

r e p l a c i n g t h e n e g a t i v e

a n d

z e r o

t h e

s a m e p o i n t

o f

t h e

a c t u a l

s y s t e m a s S ,

t h e p o i n t

o f

p h a s e

n e t w o r k s ,

a n d t h e

p a r t i c u l a r

c o m b i n a t i o n o f

c o n -

z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

f o r

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

v o l t a g e . N e i t h e r

a r e d u c t o r s

i n v o l v e d

i n t h e

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s . I t

s h o u l d

t h e t w o

P

p o i n t s

i d e n t i c a l .

T h e s a m e

l e t t e r s

a r e u s e d ,

b e n o t e d t h a t

k , 1 ,

m

a n d

n

d o

n o t i n v o l v e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

h o w e v e r ,

t o o b t a i n

s y m m e t r y

i n f o r m f o r t h e

z e r o a n d

i m p e d a n c e s .

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t

a n d

v o l t a g e

e q u a t i o n s .

E q u a t i o n s g i v i n g

k , 1 ,

m a n d n

f o r f a u l t s

w h i c h

F r o m

F i g .

2

w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e e q u i v a l e n t

Y f o r t h e

i n v o l v e

v a r i o u s

c o m b i n a t i o n s

o f t h e s i x c o n d u c t o r s

a r e

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e n e t w o r k

c o n n e c t i n g

C ,

D a n d

S ,

t h e

d e r i v e d

i n A p p e n d i x

D a n d t a b u l a t e d

i n T a b l e

I I .

t w o n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

v o l t a g e s

may b e e x p r e s s e d

i n

t e r m s

P o s i t i v e

P h a s e S y s t e m .

T h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

s y s t e m

o f

t h e

t w o n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s a n d t h e

i m p e d a n c e s

d i f f e r s f r o m

t h e n e g a t i v e

a n d z e r o

p h a s e s y s t e m s

b e -

o f

t h e

Y , t h u s :

c a u s e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e s e q u e n c e

v o l t a g e s

a r e

g e n e r a t e d

-

V a 2

=

I a 2

( C 2

+ S 2 )

+

I a 2 S 2

( 1 0 )

a t v a r i o u s

p o i n t s o f

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e s y s t e m .

I n

g e n e r a l t h e r e

w i l l

b e

a s

many s e p a r a t e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

- Va2 = 1 a 2

S 2

±

1 a 2 ( D 2 +

S 2 ) ( 1 1 )

g e n e r a t e d

v o l t a g e s a s

t h e r e a r e s e pa r a t e g e n e r a t o r s

o r

R e w r i t i n g e q u a t i o n s ( 1 0 )

a n d

( 1 1 )

t o e x p r e s s t h e

s y n c h r o n o u s

m o t o r s

o n t h e s y s t e m .

When t h e

o p e r a t -

c u r r e n t s 1 a 2 a n d

I a 2 i n t e r m s

o f

V a 2

a n d

V

a 2 ,

o r

f r o m i n g

c o n d i t i o n s

j u s t

p r e v i o u s

t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e

o f

t h e

F i g .

2 d i r e c t l y :

f a u l t s a r e k n o w n ,

t h e s e g e n e r a t e d

v o l t a g e s a r e

d e -

D

2+ s 2

5 2

t e r m i n e d

i n m a g n i t u d e

a n d i n p h a s e .

F o r s t e a d y

s t a t e

I a 2

=Va2

± V

a o 2

( 1 2 ) c a l c u l a t i o n s ,

t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e

o r

v o l t a g e

b e h i n d

22

2 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s y n c h r o n o u s

r e a c t a n c e

i s r e q u i r e d ,

w h i l e f o r

t r a n s i e n t

S 2

C 2

+ S 2

- c a l c u l a t i o n s ,

t h e

v o l t a g e b e h i n d t r a n s i e n t

r e a c t a n c e

I a

a 2

-

-a2

( 1 3 ) s h o u l d b e k n o w n .

H o w e v e r ,

i n

e i t h e r

c a s e

t h e

i n t e r n a l

2 2 2

g e n e r a t e d

v o l t a g e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m

t h e

g i v e n

w h e r e

Z 2 2

=

C 2

D 2

+

C 2

S 2

±

D 2

5 2

( 1 4 )

o p e r a t i n g

c o n d i t i o n s .

Page 4: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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9 2 2

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

F A U L T S ON

THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

T r a n s a c t i o n s A .

I . E .

E .

TABLE

I

R e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n

t h e

s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r r e n t

i n

t h e f a u l t a n d b e t w e e n

t h e

c o m p o n e n t s o f v o l t a g e

t o

g r o u n d

a t t h e

f a u l t

f o r

v a r i o u s t y p e s

o f f a u l t .

T h e

o pe r a t o r s a

a n d a 2 h a v e

b e e n d e f i n e d

i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 3 a )

a n d

( 1 4 a ) .

P h a s e s

C a s e Type o f

f a u l t

i n v o l v e d

C u r r e n t r e l a t i o n s

V o l t a g e r e l a t i o n s

A.

( a )

L i n e t o

g r o u n d

..................

a . . . . . . . .

I a O

=

I a l ,

I a 2

=

I a l

V a l

= -

( V a o

+

V a 2 )

b . 0

Io

=

a 2

I a i ; I a l

=

a

I a o

(b) Line to ground

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

. . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V

I a 2

=

a

I a l ;

I a l = a 2

I a 2

I a o

=

a

I a l ;

I a l

= a 2

I a O

( e )

L i n e t o

g r o u n d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c

.......

V a l

=

( a 2

V a 0

+

a

V a 2 )

I

a 2

=

a 2

I a l ;

I a l

=

a

I a 2

B.

( a )

L i n e

t o

l i n e

b

c . . . . . . .

b ,

C

.........

I a o

=

0 ,

' a I = -

I a l

a 2

V a l

be

a o

=

0

(b) L i n e to line

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,

c

.....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V a 2

I

a 2

=

- a

I a l ;

I a l = -

a 2

I a 2

F I a l =

0

  e )

L i n e

t o

l i n e n V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,

b

. . . . .

V a 2

a 2

V a l ; V a l

V a 2

( I a 2

= -

a 2

I a l ;

I a l

=

- a

I a 2

C.

( a )

D o u b l e

l i n e t o

g r o u n d . b ,

c

. . . . . . . . .

I a l

=

-

( I a o +

I a 2 ) V a o

=

V a l ,

V a 2

=

V a l

. . V a O

a V a l ; V a l

=

V a O

( b ) D o u b l e

l i n e t o

g r o u n d

. . . . . . . .

. . .

a ,

c

 

l

= -

( a

a O +

a 2

I a 2 )

l

V a 2

a

V a l V a l

=

V a 2

( c )

D o u b l e l i n e

t o

g r o u n d

. . . . . . . . . . . .

a ,

b.

I a l

=

-

( a 2

I a o

+

a

I a 2 )

...

V a o

=

a

V a t ;

V a l

=

a 2

V a O

l V a 2

=

a 2

V a l ;

V a l

=

a

V a 2

D

 

a )

T h r e e - p h a s e ........... a , b ,

C

 

..

a o

=

0

V a l

=

0 ,

V a 2

=

0

V

o

( b )

T h r e e - p h a s e

t o

g r o u n d

...

b ,

c.........

V a l

=

0 ,

V a o

=

0

A t p o i n t

C

t h e r e

i s a p o s i t i v e p h a s e

v o l t a g e ,

V a l ,

t o

T h e r e l a t i o n s

e x p r e s s e d

i n

( 1 9 )

a n d

( 2 0 ) a r e

s a t i s f i e d

n e u t r a l

a n d a

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t ,

I a

1

f l o w i n g

i n t o

b y

s u b s t i t u t i n g

f o r t h e

f a u l t s a

Y

n e t w o r k

h a v i n g

t h e

t h e f a u l t .

A t

p o i n t D

t h e r e

i s a

p o s i t i v e p h a s e v o l t a g e ,

b r a n c h

i m p e d a n c e s

( k

-

m ) ,

  1

-

m)

a n d m

c o n n e c t i n g

V , 1 2 ,

t o n e u t r a l a n d

a

p o s i t i v e

c u r r e n t ,

I , ,

f l o w i n g

i n t o t h e

p o i n t s

C ,

D

a n d

g r o u n d

a s

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

3 . I n

t h e

f a u l t ,

t h e

r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

v o l t a g e s

a n d

c u r r e n t s

t h i s

c a s e

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

v o l t a g e s

a n d

c u r r e n t s

o f

b e i n g g i v e n

i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 5 )

a n d

( 1 6 ) .

t h e

s y s t e m

may

b e

d e t e r m i n e d

a s

i n

a n y

o t h e r

b a l a n c e d

l o a d

d i s t r i b u t i o n

p r o b l e m :

t h a t

i s , b y

c a l c u l a t i o n ,

o r

E Q U I V A L E N T

C I R C U I T S

R E P L A C I N G TW O

S I M U L T A N E O U S

by me an s o f a c a l c u l a t i n g t a b l e ,

t h e e q u i v a l e n t

Y

r e -

F A U L T S

I N P O S I T I V E

P H A S E

S Y S T E M

p l a c i n g t h e t w o

f a u l t s i n t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

n e t w o r k .

E q u a t i o n s

( 1 5 )

a n d

( 1 6 ) may

b e w r i t t e n

C

D

Vai=

kfl)Iai+ r n m - +

n

(a+

i ) V a l

k - r I - r V a x i

. ,

=

( k

-

i t )

I , , +

2

( I a l

+

Il

E>

 - a

rn-n

I a i

+ I a i 4

+

2

( I

a l -

I a l )

( 1 7 )

F I G .

3 - E Q U I V A L E N T

Y

REPLACING

T w o

FAULTS

IN

P O S I T I V E

V

= ( I

-

m )

I , ,

+

2

( I a l +

I

a )

PHASE

S E Q U E N C E

NETWORK FOR S P E C I A L

CASE OF

m

=

n

C a s e

I I .

r m

a n d n

u n e q u a l .

+

2

( I a 1

-Ia) ( 1 8 ) When

m

a n d

n

a r e

n o t e q u a l ,

t h e

p o s i t i v e

d i s t r i b u -

t i o n

o f c u r r e n t s

a n d v o l t a g e d u e t o

t h e

f a u l t s

c a n

n o t

T h e

l a s t t e r m o f ( 1 7 )

a n d o f ( 1 8 ) may

a l s o b e w r i t t e n

b e o b t a i n e d b y i n s e r t i n g a n

e q u i v a l e n t

Y

o r

l \

b e t w e e n

n-rn

t h e p o i n t s ,

C ,

D a n d

g r o u n d .

2

( I a i - I a ; i )

A . G e n e r a l E q u i v a l e n t C i r c u i t .

F i g . 4

s h o w s

a n

-

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

w h i c h

may r e p l a c e

t h e

t w o f a u l t s

i n

C a s e

I .

r n a n de q u a l .

~ t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h - a s e

s y s t e m .

T h e

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

c o n s i s t s o f

a Y h a v i n g b r a n c h i m p e d a n c e s

k -n ,

I - m r

When

r n

a n d

n

a r e e q u a l ( 1 7 )

a n d

( 1 8 )

b e c o m e

V a i

=

( k

- m r )

I a l

+

r n

( I a 1

+

I c r i )

( 1 9 )

a n d

2 c o n n e c t e d

b e t w e e n

p o i n t s

C , D

a n d

F ,

V 1 2 1 =

( l o - r n ) 1 1 2 2 ± + r m ( 1 1 2 + 1 1 2 1 )

 20)2

Page 5: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

FAULTS

ON

THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

9 2 3

TABLE

I I

V a l u e s o f

k , 1 ,

m a n d n

t o

b e

s u b s t i t u t e d i n

e q u a t i o n s ( 1 5 )

a n d

( 1 6 )

f o r s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s a t

t w o

p o i n t s

o f

t h e

s y s t e m .

The

o p e r a t o r s a a n d

a 2

h a v e b e e n

d e f i n e d

i n

e q u a t i o n s ( 1 3 a ) a n d

( 1 4 a ) ,

a n d Z o o

a n d

Z 2 2

i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 9 )

a n d

( 1 4 ) .

F o r t h e

s a k e o f

b r e v i t y l e t ,

Z c o

-

C O

+ S O

+

C 2

+

S 2

Z d ,

=

D o +So +D2

+S2

Z c d s

=

( C O

+ C 2 ) ( D 0 +

D 2 )

+

( C O

±

C 2 ) ( S o +

S 2 ) +

( D 0

+

D 2 ) ( S 0

+

S 2 )

C a s e E . S i n g l e L i n e - t o - G r o u n d

F a u l t s a t Tw o P o i n t s .

( a ) P h a s e s

a

a n d

a .

k

=

Z c s m

=

S O +

S 2

n

=

S O

+

S 2

1

=

Z d s

( b ) P h a s e s

b a n d

a .

k

=

Z c s

m = a

S O

+

a 2

S 2

n

= a 2

So

+

a

S 2 1

=

Z d s

( G )

P h a s e s

c

a n d

a .

k

=

Zs

m

=

a 2

So +

a

S 2

n

= a

S O

+

a 2

S 2

1

=

Z d . S

C a s e

F . L i n e - t o - Li n e F a u l t s

a t

Tw o P o i n t s .

( a )

P h a s e s

b ,

c a n d

3 ,

- y . *

k

= C 2

+

S 2

m

= S 2

n

= S 2

1

=

D 2 + 5 2

( b )

P h a s e s

a ,

c

a n d

y ,

.

k

= C 2

+

S 2 m

=

a 2 S 2

n =

a S 2

1

=

D 2 + S 2

( e )

P h a s e s

a ,

b a n d

3 ,

y .

k

=

C 2

+

S 2

i n

=

a

S 2

n

=

a 2

S 2

1

=

D 2 +

S 2

C a s e

G . D o u b l e L i n e - t o - G r o u n d

F a u l t s

a t

Tw o P o i n t s .

( a )

P h a s e s

b ,

c

a n d

, B ,

y .

*

Z 2 2 ( C O  

S 0 )

 

Z 0 0

( C 2

+

S 2 ) Z 2 2

S O

+

Z O O S 2

k

=

=

Z e d s

Z c d s

Z 2 2

S o +

Z o o

S 2

Z 2 2 ( D 0

+

S o )

+

Z o o

( D 2

+

S 2 )

n

=

I

=

Z e d s

Z c d s

( b )

P h a s e s

a ,

c a n d

/ ,

- y .

Z 2 2

(C o

+

S o )

+ Z o o

(C 2

+

S 2 )

a

S O Z 2 2

+

a 2

S 2

Z o o

k

=

Z c d s + 3 S O

S 2

Z c d ,

+ 3 S O

S 2

a 2

S o Z 2 2 +

a

S 2

Z O O Z 2 2

( D o + S o )

+

Z o o

( D 2 +

S 2 )

Z c d s + 3

S o

8 2

Z c d ,

 

3

S o

S 2

( c )

P h a s e s

a ,

b a n d

3 ,

- .

Z 2 2

( C o + S o )

+

Z o o

( C 2

+

S 2 )

a 2

S o Z 2 2

+

a

S2

Z O O

k

=

m =

Z c d s

+ 3

S O

S 2

Z c d s +

3

S O

S 2

a

S o

Z 2 2 +

a 2

S o

Z o o

Z 2 2

( D 0

+ S o ) +

Z o o

( D 2

+

S 2 )

Z c d s

+

3

S O

S 2

Z c d s +

3

S o

S 2

C a s e H . T h r e e - P h a s e F a u l t s

a t

Tw o

P o i n t s .

k

=0

m =0

n

=0

1

=0

C a s e I . L i n e - t o - L i n e F a u l t a t

C

a n d S i n g l e L i n e - t o - G r o u n d F a u l t

a t

D .

( a )

P h a s e s

b , c a n d a .

k c

=

C 2

+ 8 S 2

m

-

-82

n =

- 8 S 2

1

= Z d o

( b )

P h a s e s

a ,

c a n d a .

k =

C 2

+ 8 S 2

m

=

- a 2 8 2

n =

-a

S2 1

=

Z d s

( a )

P h a s e s a ,

b a n d

a z .

k c

= C 2

+ 8 S 2

m = -a

8 2

n

=

- a2 8 2

1

= Z d o

* S e e

  E q u i v a l e n t

Y

v s . E q u i v a l e n t

A

p a g e

9 2 7 .

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9 2 4

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS FAULTS ON

THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

T r a n s a c t i o n s A .

I .

E .

E .

T A B L E

I I - C o n t i n u e d

C a s e

J .

D o u b l e

L i n e - t o - G r o u n d

F a u l t

a t C a n d

S i n g l e

L i n e - t o G r o u n d

F a u l t s a t D .

( a ) P h a s e s

b ,

c a n d

a .

k

( C O +

S O ) ( C 2 +

S 2 )

S O

( C 2

+

S 2 )

+

S 2

( C o

+

S O )

Z c s

Z s

n= -SO

( C 2

+

S 2 )

+

S 2

( C O

+

S O )

1

Zd

 SO-

S2)2

Z c s

Z C S

( b )

P h a s e s

a ,

c

a n d

a .

(Co

+

So) ( C2

+

S2 )

a

S o

(C 2

+

S2 )

+ 2 S2

( C o

+

SO )

c z s z c s

n

a 2

S o

( C 2

+S2)

+aS2(CO + S O )

1

Z

-

S o 2

+SO

S 2

+ S 2 2

n

= -

Z C 8

1 = Z

d s -

Z c S

( e )

P h a s e s

a ,

b

a n d

a .

k c

=

( C o

+

S o ) (C 2

+

S2 )

a 2 So

(C 2

+

S2 )

+

a S2

(C o

+

SO)

a

S o

( C 2

+

S 2 )  

a 2

S 2

( C o

+

S o )

S 0 2

 

S O

S 2

 

S 2 2

n=

-

1

=

Z d s

-

z

C l a s s K .

T h r e e - p h a s e

F a u l t

a t

C

a n d

S i n g l e

L i n e - t o - G r o u n d

F a u l t

a t D .

( a )

T h r e e - p h a s e

f a u l t

n o t

i n v o l v i n g g r o u n d .

k

=0

m

=0

C 2 S 2

n

=0

1

Do+SoD

C

+

S

( b )

T h r e e - p h a s e

f a u l t

i n v o l v i n g g r o u n d .

k

=0

m

=0

n

=0

1

D o

+

C

+

D 2

 

C

S

C O +

So

C 2

+

S 2

m

-

n

u n t i l t h e

c u r r e n t

t h r o u g h

i t t o

g r o u n d

i s

d o u b l e

I a l

t h e

a n d b e t w e e n F

a n d g r o u n d a n

i m p e d a n c e ,

2

o r

c u r r e n t

e n t e r i n g t h e f a u l t a t

C , t h e n

t h e

c u r r e n t

n

-

m

( I o , 1

-

I a l )

w i l l

f l o w

i n

t h e m i m p e d a n c e

-

I f t h e

m ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~n

X p a r a l l e l e d b y a n a d j u s t a b l e

v o l t a g e ,

V , , .

E q u a -

 ~-Ii i l f o

nteipdne

2

I

h

t i o n s

( 1 7 )

a n d

( 1 8 )

w i l l b e

s a t i s f i e d

i f

c u r r e n t

( I a l

- I a l )

i m p e d a n c e

-

i s

u s e d ,

V

m u s t

b e

a d j u s t e d

u n t i l

2

v C

k - n

D - r n

D t h e

c u r r e n t

t h r o u g h

i t i s d o u b l e

I a l ,

t h e

c u r r e n t

e n t e r i n g

z 1 1 ,

t h e f a u l t a t

D .

i m + n

B .

A p p r o x i m a t e E q u i v a l e n t

C i r c u i t

f o r

U s e

o n

t h e

I a l + 6 I o

2

D - C .

C a l c u l a t i n g

T a b l e . I n s h o r t - c i r c u i t s t u d i e s

i t

i s

F }

I

c u s t o m a r y

t o

n e g l e c t

c a p a c i t a n c e

a n d

r e s i s t a n c e ,

a n d

t o

I I - l a l 1

M n

2 I , ,

V s

c o n s i d e r

a l l

g e n e r a t o r s o p e r a t i n g

w i t h

no l o a d

e x c i t a -

2

I

t i o n s .

The

s y s t e m can t h e n

be

r e p r e s e n t e d

on

a

d - c .

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e .

F I G .

4-EXACT GENERAL

EQUIVALENT C I R C U I T R E P L A C I N G

TWO

A

study o f

Table

I I sh ows

t h a t with r e s i s t a n c e

and

F A U L T S

I N P O S I T I V E

P H A S E S E Q U E N C E

N E T W O R K

c a p a c i t a n c e

n e g l e c t e d , k

a n d

I

h a v e n o

r e a l

c o m p o n e n t s ,

b u t a r e

p o s i t i v e r e a c t i v e i m p e d a n c e s l a r g e r

i n

m a g n i t u d e

m

- n t h a n m

a n d n .

When

m

a n d

n

a r e e q u a l , t h e y

a l s o

h a v e

i s

made t o f l o w t h r o u g h

t h e

i m p e d a n c e

2

.o r

i f n o r e a l

c o m po n e n t s a n d a r e p o s i t i v e

r e a c t i v e i m -

p e d a n c e s ;

b u t

w h e n

m a n d n

a r e u n e q u a l

t h e y

h a v e

n -m r e a l

c o m p o n e n t s w h i c h a r e

e q u a l a n d o p p o s i t e ,

w h i l e

c u r r e n t

( I a l

- I a i )

f l o w s

t h r o u g h

t h e i m p e d a n c e

2

. t h e i r

r e a c t i v e

c o m p o n e n t s

a r e

e q u a l

i n

m a g n i t u d e

a n d

2

o f

t h e

s a m e s i g n .

I f

t h e

v o l t a g e , V , , i s

a d j u s t e d i n

p h a s e

a n d

m a g n i t u d e

T h e

e r r o r

m a d e

b y n e g l e c t i n g

t h e r e a l

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE: SIMULTANEOUS

F A U L T S

ON

THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

9 2 5

m a n d

n

w i l l o r d i n a r i l y b e

l e s s t h a n t h e e r r o r made

b y

o b t a i n e d o n

t h e

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e .

T h e n

t h e

d i v i s i o n

n e g l e c t i n g l i n e

r e s i s t a n c e s .

When t h e r e a l c o m p o n e n t s

o f

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

b e t w e e n

t h e

f a u l t e d

l i n e s ,

m -

n

a n d

t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e

v o l t a g e s

a t t h e p o i n t s

o f f a u l t

o f

m a n d n

a r e

n e g l e c t e d ,

2

- 0 ,

a n d t h e

g e n e r a l

may

b e d e t e r m i n e d

b y c a l c u l a t i o n .

( 1 )

E q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s o n u n l o a d e d

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t i n F i g . 4 b e c o m e s a

Y c o n n e c t i n g

f e e d e r s

r a d i a t i n g f r o m a c o m m o n

p o i n t

C ,

D ,

a n d

G ,

w i t h

b r a n c h

i m p e d a n c e s

( k

- n ) ,

( I

-m)fedrraitnfomacmnpit

e t

t h e

f a u l t

p o i n t s

C

a n d

D

b e

o n

u n l o a d e d

f e e d e r s

m i - n

F i

5

T h e

b r a n c h e s

k

-

n ,

a n d

r a d i a t i n g f r o m a common

p o i n t

H ,

t h e n

r e f e r r i n g t o

a n d

F i g .

6 A ,

l e t

C

D

V h = p o s i t i v e p h a s e v o l t a g e

a t

H .

Va n k - n I - r n V a l i

V a l

=

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

v o l t a g e

a t

C .

M a

V a i

=

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e v o l t a g e

a t D .

Z C h =

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e b e t w e e n H

a n d C .

I a i

+

I 4 l ; m 2

n

Z d h = p o s i t i v e p h a s e i m p e d a n c e b e t w e e n H a n d D .

2

I h

=

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e c u r r e n t

a t H .

G

I a l

=

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t

a t

C .

F I G .

5-APPROXIMATE

EQUIVALENT C I R C U I T R E P L A C I N G

Tw o

I a l

= p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t

a t

D .

FAULTS

I N

P O S I T I V E PHASE

SEQUENCE

NETWORK

Then

I h

=

I a l

+

I a 1

( 2 1 )

( 1

-

m )

w i l l b e

p o s i t i v e r e a c t i v e i m p e d a n c e s a n d t h e r e -

V h

-

V a 1

=

I , l

Z , h

( 2 2 )

f o r e

c a n b e

r e p r e s e n t e d

o n

t h e d - c .

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e ,

V h

-

V a l

=

I a l

Z d h

( 2 3 )

w h i l e

m

may b e

e i t h e r

p o s i t i v e

o r

n e g a t i v e .

I f

s u b t r a c t i n g ( 2 3 )

f r o m

( 2 2 )

2

- V a l +

V a l

=

I a i Z . h

-

1 .a Z d h ( 2 4 )

p o s i t i v e

i t c a n

a l s o

b e

r e p r e s e n t e d o n t h e d - c . t a b l e .

s u b t r a c t i n g

( 1 6 )

f r o m

( 1 5 )

I t

w i l l b e r e m e m b e r e d

t h a t t h e b r a n c h

i m p e d a n c e

V a l

- ( V a l

f r o m

( k 1 -

)

I , ,

-

( 1 - m )

I . ,

( 2 5 )

2

i s

c o n n e c t e d

t o

g r o u n d

as are t h e

n e u t r a l s

o f

t h e

a d d i n g ( 1 5 )

t o ( 2 2 ) a n d

( 2 4 )

t o ( 2 5 )

V ,

=

( Z , h

+ k ) I a l + m

I a , ( 2 6 )

g e n e r a t o r s

i n

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e d i a g r a m .

T h i s

i m -

0

=

( Z C h

+ k - n ) I a l - ( Z d h

+

1

- m )

I a ,

( 2 7 )

p e d a n c e

i s

t h e r e f o r e

i n

s e r i e s w i t h t h e

g e n e r a t o r r e a c -

t a n c e

w h e n

t h e r e i s

a

s i n g l e

g e n e r a t i n g

s o u r c e

a n d

may

b e

c o m b i n e d w i t h i t .

When 2

i s

n e g a t i v e a n d i t

l a 8

2

c

i s

n o t

p o s s i b l e

t o

c o m b i n e

i t w i t h

a n y

o t h e r r e a c t a n c e ,

H

t h i s

b r a n c h

o f

t h e

Y

b e t w e e n

P

a n d

G may b e

s e t

t o

A

z e r o

a n d t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f

c u r r e n t s o b t a i n e d , t h e s e

d h

l4ai+I i

c u r r e n t s

t o

b e

i n c r e a s e d

b y t h e r a t i o P

v p

m

+

n

2

F I G . 6A-UNLOADED

FEEDERS WITH

FAULTS

AT C AND D

w h e r e

X ,

i s t h e

e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n g e n e -

r a t o r

n e u t r a l s

a n d

P ,

a n d

i s

f o u n d

b y

d i v i d i n g

g e n e -

H

_

r a t o r

v o l t a g e b y t o t a l g r o u n d c u r r e n t w h e n

P

i s

1 h = I a i +

g r o u n d e d .

C .

S p e c i a l

E q u i v a l e n t

C i r c u i t s . L i n e s

u p o n w h i c h

G

t h e f a u l t s

o c c u r , t o g e t h e r

w i t h

t h e f a u l t s may b e

r e p r e - F I G .

6 B - E Q U I V A L E N T

I MP ED A NC E R EP LA C I NG T HE

T w o

s e n t e d b y

a p a r t i c u l a r e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t w h e n t h e

F A U LT S A N D F EE D E R S O F F I G .

6 A

f a u l t s o c c u r ; ( 1 )

o n

u n l o a d e d

f e e d e r s r a d i a t i n g f r o m

a

common

p o i n t a n d

( 2 ) o n

l i n e s

o f

e q u a l

i m p e d a n c e s S o l v i n g

e q u a t i o n s ( 2 6 ) a n d ( 2 7 ) f o r

  a l a n d l a l :

b u s s e d a t b o t h e n d s .

Z d

+1-in

When t h e

e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

l i n e s u p o n l a l = V h ( Z

d h

i - 8

w h i c h

t h e f a u l t s o c c u r

a s w e l l

a s

t h e f a u l t s , t h e s u m o f

i - k

 

( Z d h

i -

1)-mn

( 2 8

t h e c u r r e n t s i n t h e f a u l t e d

l i n e s , t h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d

c u r -

c+k-

r e n t , a n d

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e c u r r e n t a n d v o l t a g e

l a r l

= V h

Z ( 2 i 9 k )

d i s t r i b u t i o n

f o r

t h e

r e s t

o f

t h e

s y s t e m

may

r e a d i l y

b e

( Z c h

i -

k )

( Z d h

i - +

) - m

n

(9

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9 2 6 CLARKE: SIMULTANEOUS F A U L T S

ON

THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

T r a n s a c t i o n s

A . I . E .

E .

a d d i n g ( 2 8 ) a n d

( 2 9 )

a n d r e p l a c i n g I a l

+ I a l

b y

I h

L e t I a l

=

I x +

I 4

a n d I

,

=

I r

+ I t

-

I x

-

I 4 .

Z , h +

k

+

Z d h +

1 -

( m + n )

L e t

Z c r = a ,

Z c t = b ,

Z d r = C ,

Z d t = d

a n d

a+b+c+d=S.

I h

=

V h

( Z c h

+ k )

( Z d h

+ 1 )

-m ( 3 0 )

T h e n

S u b s t i t u t i n g

V h f r o m ( 3 0 ) i n ( 2 8 )

a n d

( 2 9 )

V a l

= Vr

a I b ( 3 4 )

1k ~ ~ Z d h

+ i-rn

Vai=Vtbc

I

y 6

I a l

=

Z c h

+ k +

Z d h

+

i -

( m

+

n )

( 3 1 )

a l V r c ( I r I x )

a i , , V t d ( I t

- I y )

(7

Z , h

+

k-

n S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e a b o v e

v a l u e s f o r I a l a n d

I , , i n

( 1 5 )

I a l

=

I h

Z c h +

k

+

Z d h +

1-(m

+

n )

( 3 2 )

a n d

( 1 6 )

F r o m

e q u a t i o n

( 3 0 )

V a l

=

( k - r m )

( I x

+

I v )

+

m

  I r

+

I t ) ( 3 8 )

F r o m

q u a t i o n ( 3 0 )

Z d h -mn

V , l l

= ( n - I ) ( I x

+

±

)

+

I

( I , + I t )

( 3 9 )

V h

_ ( Z c h

±

k ) ( Z d h

+

- ) -

( 3 3 ) F r o m

t h e

s i x

s i m u l t a n e o u s

e q u a t i o n s ( 3 4 ) - ( 3 9 ) t h e

I h

Z c h  

k

+

Z d h

+

i

-

( m

+

n )

f o u r u n k n o w n s

V a l ,

V , , a ,

I ,

a n d

I ,

w i l l

b e

e l i m i n a t e d

V h a n d

V ,

a n d

V t

e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s

o f

I r

a n d

I t .

b u t

h= Z h

=

i m pe d a n c e b e t w e e n p o i n t

H

a n d

I h

I X

g r o u n d ,

w h i c h i s

t h e e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t s o u g h t .

c r

T h e r e f o r e ,

t w o

u n l o a d e d

f e e d e r s

r a d i a t i n g

f r o m

H

w i t h

t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s may

b e

r e p l a c e d b y a O R

T

s i n g l e l u m p e d i m p e d a n c e ,

Z h k ,

w h o s e

v a l u e

i s g i v e n b y I a l a l

e q u a t i o n ( 3 3 ) . T h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d c u r r e n t a n d t h e

Z d r

Z d t

p o s i t i v e p h a s e c u r r e n t a n d

v o l t a g e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

f o r t h e  

s y s t e m e x c l u s i v e o f

t h e f e e d e r s

t h e m s e l v e s

may t h e n

y

b e

o b t a i n e d .

K n o w i n g

I h

a n d V h ,

t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e

F I G .

7ASTWOI N E S

B U S S E D A T

B O T H

E N D S

STH

TWO

c u r r e n t s

i n

t h e f e e d e r s , I a l a n d

I

x , may b e o b t a i n e d

f r o m

e q u a t i o n s ( 3 1 ) a n d ( 3 2 ) , a n d t h e v o l t a g e s a t

t h e

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t ,

V a l

a n d

V , , a ,

f r o m e q u a t i o n s ( 2 2 )

a n d

( 2 3 ) .

I t

( 2 )

E q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

f o r

t w o

l i n e s w h i c h

h a v e t w o

p o i n t s

2

i n

c o m m o n o r a r e

b u s s e d

a t b o t h

e n d s

a n d

t w o

2 I r

s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s

T h i s c a s e w i l l i n c l u d e s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s

o n

a n y

t w o

M - N

- I r

V s

l i n e s w h i c h ,

o n

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e d i a g r a m , h a v e t h e i r

e n d s

t e r m i n a t i n g

a t common

p o i n t s .

Two f e e d e r s

r a d i a t i n g

f r o m a

common

p o i n t w i t h i m p e d a n c e

l o a d s

G

r e p l a c e d b y s h u n t i m p e d a n c e s t o g r o u n d ,

h a v e

t h e

F I G .

7 B - E X A C T

E Q U I V A L E N T C I R C U I T

R E P L A C I N G THE

T w o

g r o u n d

a s

a common t e r m i n a l

p o i n t .

E v e n

w h e n t h e

F A U L T E D

L I N E S

O F

F I G .

7 A

l i n e s

u p o n

w h i c h t h e f a u l t s o c c u r

d o n o t

h a v e

t w o

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 3 8 )

a n d

( 3 9 )

i n

( 3 4 )

a n d

( 3 7 )

r e s p e c -

p o i n t s

i n

common

b y a p p r o p r i a t e

A

-

Y o r

Y-A

te

a n t r a n s p o s n g :

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s

i t i s

o f t e n p o s s i b l e

t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e m

IrMI  

k-

, :

b y

t w o

e q u i v a l e n t

l i n e s

w h i c h

d o

h a v e

t w o

p o i n t s

i n

V ,

= m I r +

m

I t

+ ( a +

k - m )

I z

+ (k-r)

4

( 4 0 )

c o m m o n .

V t

=

l

I r

+

( d

+

I )

I t

+ ( n - 1 )

I x

 

(n-I-d)

Iv

( 4 1 )

F i g .

7 A

r e p r e s e n t s

t w o l i n e s

b u s s e d a t

R

a n d

T

w i t h

S u b t r a c t i n g

t h e s u m o f

e q u a t i o n s

( 3 5 )

a n d ( 3 6 ) f r o m

t h e

f a u l t s

a t

C a n d D ,

i n w h i c h

Z c r ,

Z c t , Z d r

a n d

Z d t

r e p r e -

s u m o f ( 3 4 ) a n d ( 3 7 ) ; a n d t h e s u m o f ( 3 4 ) a n d

( 3 9 )

s e n t

p o s i t i v e p h a s e i m p e d a n c e s

b e t w e e n

C

a n d

R ,

f r o m t h e s u m o f

( 3 6 ) a n d ( 3 8 ) :

C a n d

T ,

D

a n d

R ,

a n d

D

a n d

T

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

a n d

0

=

c l

r -

d

t-(a

+

c )

±

( b

+

d ) r T

( 4 2 )

V r , V t ,

V a i

a n d V a i t h e v o l t a g e a t

R ,

T , C

a n d

D.O

I)I+(

) I

I r a n d

I t

r e p r e s e n t

t h e

c u r r e n t s a t

F a n d T

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

0r

m-c-1

) I

p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n b e i n g

t o w a r d s t h e f a u l t s a n d I a l

±

( a + c I + k - I + l - m - n ) I z ±

( k ± i 1 - m - n ) 4 v

( 4 3 )

a n d I a i

t h e

c u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n t o

t h e

f a u l t s f r o m C E x p r e s s i n g

I x

a n d

4 v

f r o m ( 4 2 ) a n d ( 4 3 ) i n

t e r m s

o f

a n d D .

- I r

a n d

I t ,

a n d

r e p l a c i n g

a

+

b +

c

+ d b y

S .

F r o m

F i g .

7Agrudcret[b++

(im+ b±+

n]j

I r

+

I t

=

I , a l

+

I , a l = 4 I , =

t o t a l

Frudcret[+[ Im

kn]I

L e t

I r

d i v i d e

i n t o

I z

a n d

I r

-

I z

a n d

I t

d i v i d e

i n t o I r =

S(

+

[ b

(1

)

- d (k

n ) ]

I b

d

(4

I v

a n d

I t -

4

k+

-nn

( ) ( )

(4

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S e p t e m b e r 1 9 3 1 CLARKE: SIMULTANEOUS

F A U L T S ON THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

9 2 7

F [ a ( l - r m ) -

c ( k - n ) ]

I r 1

a b ( k + A + m + n )

+ 2 ( a + A b ) ( k l - m n )

(

_

L + [ ( a

+

c

+

d ) ( l - r m ) + d ( a A + c

+

k - n ) ] I J

+

4ab +2 ( a

+ b )

( k +

-m-

n )

Ir+I)]

-

S(k+l-nm-n)+

(a+c)(b+d)

5())

S u b s t i t u t i n g

( 4 4 )

a n d

( 4 5 ) i n ( 4 0 )

a n d ( 4 1 ) b

[S(kI-rmn)-ac(m+n)

+Ac(a+bA+d)kJ

Vt =

2

i

L

+a(b

+c

+d)1+

ac

( b

+d)

J

V r

S

( k +

I -

m-n)

+

( a +

c ) ( b +

d )

I r

a b ( k

+ l r + m

+ n ) + 2 ( a + b )

( k l - m n )

±

4

a

b

+2

( a

+ b )

( k

+ 1 - r m - n )

(

r +

t )

S

(kl-rn)

+

bcn+

- a d n

A c d

( 5 1 )

+ S ( k +

1

-

m

- n ) + ( a + c ) ( b

+ d )

I t

(

E q u a t i o n s ( 5 0 ) a n d ( 5 1 ) w i l l b e

s a t i s f i e d

i f

t h e

t w o

l i n e s a n d t h e

t w o

s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s a r e r e p l a c e d b y

a

V t

S

( k l -

n )

+ a d r n A - b c n A - c d k

+ a b l I

Y b e t w e e n

t h e

p o i n t s R , T a n d G , F i g .

8 B ,

t h e b r a n c h

S ( k +

1 - m - n ) +

( a

+

c ) ( b

+

d )

a

b

i m p e d a n c e s o f t h e Y b e i n g

2 2

a n d

E S

( k - r m n )

-b

d

( m

+

n )

+

d

( a A + b + i c )

k l

+

(

A - b

( a

-

c A

+ d )

( +

bd

( a

+ c )

I

a

b

( k

 

+m

+

n )

+2

( a

 

b )

( k

I - r m n )

 

k +1-rn-n)

A-

( a + A - c )

( b A -d)

4a b

+ 2 ( a A + b )

( k

+ I - m - - n )

( 4 7 )

I n

p r o b l e m s

w h e r e t h e

d i v i s i o n o f

c u r r e n t s

b e t w e e n

( a )

G e n e r a l

C a s e .

A

c o m p a r i s o n

o f

t h e c o e f f i c i e n t

o f

t h e t w o

l i n e s a n d

t h e

v o l t a g e s a t t h e

p o i n t s o f

f a u l t

a r e

I t

i n

( 4 6 )

w i t h

t h a t

o f

I r

i n

( 4 7 )

s h o w s

t h a t

t h e y a r e

n o t

r e q u i r e d

t h e y may b e d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i o n s f r o m

i d e n t i c a l , a n d

t h e r e f o r e a s i m p l e i m p e d a n c e

Y

o r

A

t h e

v o l t a g e s a n d

c u r r e n t s a t t h e e n d s

o f

t h e l i n e s . I f

c a n n o t

r e p l a c e t h e l i n e s

w i t h

t h e

t w o

s i m u l t a n e o u s

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t a n d v o l t a g e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

h a s

f a u l t s

i n

t h e

g e n e r a l c a s e w h e r e m

a n d

n

a r e

u n e q u a l

b e e n

d e t e r m i n e d

w i t h t h e e q u i v a l e n t Y r e p l a c i n g

t h e

a n d

t h e r e

i s n o

f i x e d

r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n

t h e

i m p e d a n c e s

Z c r ,

Z , d ,

Z c t

and Z d

t .

R

Z r p

p

Z p t

2

T

T h e g e n e r a l

e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t

o r t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e

Z c r a

Z r t = b

-

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t may

b e u s e d t o

r e p l a c e

t h e

t w o

C

I r

g

l i n e s w i t h

t h e

tw o s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s , r a t h e r

than

-

p g

4

a b + 2

( a + b ) ( k I t - r n - n )

j u s t

t o

r e p l a c e

t h e t w o

f a u l t s ,

i f

i t i s f o u n d

a d v a n t a g e o u s

D

t o

d o s o .

T o

o b t a i n

t h i s c i r c u i t ,

e q u a t i o n s

( 4 6 )

a n d

Z d r = a

Z d t = b

( 4 7 )

m a y b e w r i t t e n :

A

B

,

 

It

(48)

F I G .

8 A - S P E C I A L

CASE OF F I G .

7 A WHEN L I N E S

HAVE

E Q U A L

V = I+M()

IMPEDANCE

AND

F A U LT POINTS ARE EQUIDISTANT FROM

ONE

END

v t

=

N

I r +

L

I t

( 4 9 ) F I G .

8B-EXACT

EQUIVALENT C I R C U I T F O R

F I G .

8 A

I f

k , 1 , m a n d

n i n

F i g s .

4

a n d 5 a r e

r e p l a c e d

b y

K , L ,

M

a n d

N

a s d e f i n e d

i n

e q u a t i o n s ( 4 6 ) - ( 4 9 ) a n d

l i n e s

a n d t h e t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s ,

t h e n

V r , V I ,

I ,

a n d

I a l

a n d

I a 1

b y

I r

a n d

I t

t h e

d e s i r e d

c i r c u i t s a r e

a n d

I t

w i l l b e

k n o w n . I . a n d

I ,

m ay

b e

o b t a i n e d

b y

o b t a i n e d .

T h e g e n e r a l e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t

i s

s h o w n

i n s u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e v a l u e s

o f

I r a n d

I ,

i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 4 4 )

F i g .

7 B .

a n d

( 4 5 ) ;

V a 1

m ay

b e

o b t a i n e d f r o m

e q u a t i o n s ( 3 4 )

o r

( b ) S p e c i a l

C a s e . T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f

I t

a n d

I r

i n

( 3 5 ) ; a n d

V a 1

f r o m ( 3 6 ) o r

( 3 7 ) .

e q u a t i o n s ( 4 6 )

a n d

( 4 7 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y

w i l l

b e i d e n t i c a l

E q u i v a l e n t Y v s . E q u i v a l e n t

A . I n

t h e

z e r o

a n d

i f

b

c

m

+

a d

n

=

a d

m

+

b

c

n ,

t h a t

i s

i f

m

=

n

o r

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

s y s t e m s ,

e q u i v a l e n t

Y ' s

w e r e

u s e d

t o

a d

=

b c .

I f e i t h e r

o f

t h e s e

c o n d i t i o n s i s s a t i s f i e d t h e

r e p l a c e t h e n e t w o r k

c o n n e c t e d b e t w e e n

t h e t w o

f a u l t

t w o l i n e s w i t h t h e t w o

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s

may

b e

p o i n t s

a n d

t h e p o i n t s

o f z e r o p o t e n t i a l , a s s u m e d

b u s s e d

r e p l a c e d b y

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

Y

h a v i n g t h e b r a n c h

i m -

a t S .

E q u i v a l e n t

A ' s m i g h t h a v e

b e e n u s e d

t h r o u g h

p e d a n c e s

K

-

M ,

L

-

M

a n d M.

t h i s p a p e r . T h e c h o i c e

o f e q u i v a l e n t Y s a n d

i m p e -

d a n c e s

h a s

g i v e n ,

i n

t h e m a j o r i t y

o f c a s e s , e q u a t i o n s

o f

E q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r

t w o

t r a n s r n i s s i o n

l i n e s

o f

e q u a l

s i m p l e r f o r m f o r

t h e c o n s t a n t s k , 1 ,

r n

a n d n t h a n

w o u l d

i r n p e d a n c e s b u s s e d

a t b o t h e n d s a n d t w o h a v e

b e e n o b t a i n e d w i t h e q u i v a l e n t A ' s

a n d

a d m i t -

s i r n u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s t a n c e s . I n t h e

c a s e o f d o u b l e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s ,

S i n c e

Z d . =

Z c r

=

a a n d Z d t =

Z c

= b ,

c

a n d d i n h o w e v e r ,

t h e

s o l u t i o n

w i t h

e q u i v a l e n t

A ' s

a n d

a d m i t -

e q u a t i o n s ( 4 6 )

a n d

( 4 7 )

may

b e

r e p l a c e d

b y a a n d b t a n c e s

i s

a

s i m p l e o n e a n d

t h e

f o r m o f

t h e

r e s u l t i n g

r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d t h e e q u a t i o n s r e w r i t t e n

t h u s e q u a t i o n s o f s p e c i a l

i n t e r e s t

w h e n t h e

f a u l t s

a r e

o n

t h e

a

s a m e p h a s e s . L e t

t h e a d m i t t a n c e s o f t h e

A \

r e p l a c i n g

Vr=[2

I r

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

Y

f o r

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e s y s t e m b e

Y O c d ,

Y 0 c .

a n d Y o d ,

a n d

t h o s e

f o r t h e n e g a t i v e s y s t e m

b e

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9 2 8

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

F A U L T S ON THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

T r a n s a c t i o n s

A .

I . E .

E .

Y 2 c d , Y 2 c 8

a n d

Y 2 d , ,

t h e f i r s t

s u b s c r i p t

i n d i c a t i n g

t h e

P o s i t i v e

P h a s e

S e q u e n c e E q u a t i o n s * E x p r e s s i n g

P o s i t i v e

s e q u e n c e

a n d t h e

s e c o n d a n d

t h i r d

t h e t e r m i n a l p o i n t s . V o l t a g e s

i n T e r m s o f P o s i t i v e

C u r r e n t s

a n d

I m p e d a n c e s

R e p l a c i n g 5

t h e i m p e d a n c e s

o f t h e Y ' s b y t h e a d m i t -

E

= I I

Q 1 1 + I 2

Q 1 2 + .

± I n

+ I , ± I a l

Q i c + I a i

Q l d

t a n c e s

o f t h e A ' s i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 3 d ) a n d

( 1 4 d )

o f

A p -

E 2

= I l

Q 2 1 + I 2

Q 2 2

.

I n Q 2 n + I a l

Q 2 c + I , a

l

Q 2 d

p e n d i x

D :

I a l

=

V a l

( Y o c s

+

Y 2 c s

+

Y O c d

+

Y 2 c d ) E n

= I 1

Q n l + I 2

Q n 2 +

. . . . . . .

+ I n Q n n + I a l

Q n c + I a l

Q n d

-

V a l

( Y O c d

+

Y 2 c d )

V a l = I l Q c l + I 2 Q c 2

. ± . . . . . .

+ I n

Q c n + I a l

Q c c + I a l

Q c d

I a l

=

 

V a l (Ocd

+

Y 2 c d )

Val

=Il Q d l + I 2

Qd2+

. . . . . .

+In

Q d n + I a l

Q d c + I a l

Q d d

+

V a l

( Y o d ,

+

Y 2 d s +

Y O c d

+

Y 2 , d )

w h e r e

E 1 ,

E2 .

E n

are k n o w n

i n t e r n a l

v o l t a g e s

on

m a c h i n e s

1 , 2 a n d n , a n d

I , ,

I 2

a n d I n a r e t h e

c o r r e -

T h e s e e q u a t i o n s a r e s a t i s f i e d

i f t h e z e r o

a n d n e g a t i v e s p o n d i n g

c u r r e n t s .

V a l

a n d V a i f 1 a r e t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

p h a s e n e t w o r k s

a r e

c o n n e c t e d i n p a r a l l e l

b e t w e e n t h e v o l t a g e s

a t t h e

p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t

C a n d

D

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

p o i n t s

C ,

D

a n d

G

o f t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e s y s t e m , p o i n t s

a n d

I a l

a n d

I , ,

a r e t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g

C

i n

t h e t h r e e s y s t e m s b e i n g

c o n n e c t e d , a l s o p o i n t s

D , i n t o t h e f a u l t s .

P o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n f o r m a c h i n e

c u r r e n t s

a n d t h e

p o i n t s o f z e r o

p o t e n t i a l o f

a l l t h r e e s y s t e m s .

i s t a k e n f r o m t h e g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l s .

P o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n

W i t h

t h e s e

c o n n e c t i o n s

o n

t h e c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e ,

t h e

f o r f a u l t s

c u r r e n t ,

l a ,

a n d

I a l y

i s t a k e n f r o m t h e

s y s t e m

z e r o a n d n e g a t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t s f o r

p h a s e a a s w e l l a s

i n t o

t h e

f a u l t s .

t h e p o s i t i v e , may

b e r e a d

d i r e c t l y f o r a l l p a r t s o f

t h e

A l s o

s y s t e m .

V

A N A L Y T I C A L

S O L U T I O N

O F P O S I T I V E

P H A S E

NETWORK

=

I I

w h e r e

V 1

i s t h e i n t e r n a l

v o l t a g e

o f

When

a

c a l c u l a t i n g t a b l e

i s

n o t a v a i l a b l e , o r w h e n

m a c h i n e I , w h e n n o

f a u l t c u r r e n t s a n d

n o

m a c h i n e

c u r -

g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y i s

r e q u i r e d t h a n c a n

b e s e c u r e d f r o m

r e n t s

a r e f l o w i n g e x c e p t

I 1 .

e i t h e r t h e

d - c .

t a b l e o r t h e

a - c .

n e t w o r k

a n a l y z e r , t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t s a n d

v o l t a g e s may

Q

In

w h e n no f a u l t n o r

m a c h i n e c u r r e n t s

b e

d e t e r m i n e d

b y

c a l c u l a t i o n .

I n

E q u a t i o n s may b e w r i t t e n

b y K i r c h o f f ' s

l a w e x p r e s s - a r e f l o w i n g

e x c e p t

I , .

i n g

t h e

i n t e r n a l

v o l t a g e s o f

t h e v a r i o u s m a c h i n e s

a n d

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

v o l t a g e s ,

V a 1

a n d

V a 1 ,

a t

p o i n t s

C

V a l

a n d D

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

i n

t e r m s o f t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e i m -

Q c d

I

1

w h e n

n o

m a c h i n e c u r r e n t s

a r e

f l o w i n g

p e d a n c e s

o f

t h e s y s t e m s a n d t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t s .

a n d

no

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

e x c e p t

I f

t h e r e

a r e

n

m a c h i n e s ,

t h e r e

w i l l

b e

a

m i n i m u m

o f

( n

 

2 )

u n k n o w n

c u r r e n t s , i . e . ,

t h e

n m a c h i n e s

c u r r e n t s

V

a n d t h e t w o

f a u l t c u r r e n t s ;

a n d

a

m i n i m u m

o f

( n

+

2 )

=

I n

w h e n

V n i s

t h e

i n t e r n a l

v o l t a g e

o f

v o l t a g e

e q u a t i o n s ,

i .

e . ,

t h e

n m a c h i n e i n t e r n a l v o l t a g e

e q u a t i o n s

a n d

t h e

t w o

f a u l t v o l t a g e e q u a t i o n s .

E a c h

m a c h i n e ,

o r

w h e n n o

f a u l t

c u r r e n t s

a n d n o

m a c h i n e

l o o p

i n

t h e

s y s t e m

i n t r o d u c e s

a n

a d d i t i o n a l

u n k n o w n

c u r r e n t s

a r e

f l o w i n g

e x c e p t

I n .

c u r r e n t , b u t

a l s o

a n

a d d i t i o n a l

e q u a t i o n ,

t h e v o l t a g e

T h e

Q ' s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

I a i

a n d

j c d

i n t h e a b o v e e q u a -

d r o p

a r o u n d t h e l o o p b e i n g

z e r o .

I n

t h e s e ( n + 2 )

t i o n s

w i l l b e

n e g a t i v e ,

d u e t o t h e a r b i t r a r y

a s s u m p t i o n s

e q u a t i o n s

t h e

n m a c h i n e s

i n t e r n a l

v o l t a g e s

a r e

k n o w n ,

f o r p o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n

o f

c u r r e n t f l o w .

t h e

( n

+

2 )

c u r r e n t s a n d

t h e

t w o f a u l t

v o l t a g e sr e k o

When

t h e r e i s a p o i n t

o f

z e r o

p o t e n t i a l o n t h e

p o s i -

u n k n o w n .

W i t h

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 5 )

a n d

( 1 6 ) ,

( w h i c h

a r e

t i v e p h a s e

s y s t e m

a t

w h i c h

n o v o l t a g e i s

g e n e r a t e d ,

s u c h

i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e s e q u e n c e i m p e d a n c e s

a s

t h e n e u t r a l o f

a s h u n t i m p e d a n c e

l o a d , t h e r e

w i l l

b e

a n d

t h e

i n t e r n a l

v o l t a g e s

o f

t h e

m a c h i n e ,

b u t

d e p e n d

a

r e t u r n

p a t h

f o r

t h e

c u r r e n t s

w h e n

o n e

c u r r e n t

o n l y

i s

u p o n

t h e t e s

o l t a n d

t h e

z e r o a n d

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

f l o w i n g , a n d t h e

Q ' s may

r e a d i l y b e o b t a i n e d o n

t h e

i m p e d a n c e s ) t h e r e w i l l b e ( n + 4 ) e q u a t i o n s

a n d

( n

±

4 )

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e . When t h e r e

i s

n o

s u c h

p o i n t i t

w i l l

u n k n o w n s . I t i s p o s s i b l e , t h e r e f o r e ,

t o s o l v e

f o r

t h e

b e n e c e s s a r y

t o

g r o u n d

o n e

m a c h i n e , N o . 2 ,

t o

p r o v i d e

p o s i t i v e c u r r e n t s i n t e r m s o f

t h e

i n t e r n a l g e n e r a t e d

a r e t u r n p a t h f o r

t h e c u r r e n t s

w h e n t h e

o n l y

c u r r e n t

v o l t a g e s a n d

t h e p o s i t i v e ,

n e g a t i v e ,

a n d

z e r o

p h a s e

f l o w i n g

i s t h e

o n e

u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e

v o l t a g e

i m p e d a n c e s

o f t h e s y s t e m . K n o w i n g

t h e

p o s i t i v e e q u a t i o n

E 2

=

1 1 Q a i

+±.

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c u r r e n t s , t h e p o s i t i v e v o l t a g e s

f o r

t h e

s y s t e m may b e

c o m e

i n d e t e r m i n a t e b u t

may b e r e p l a c e d

b y

t h e c u r r e n t

o b t a i n e d .

e q u a t i o n Ia

12.

+ I n =

I a i

+ a i n .

T h e

c u r -

r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l f i r s t

b e d e t e r m i n e d

w i t h m a -

S O L U T I O N A T P O S I T I V E

PHASE

NETWORK B Y c h i n e N O . 2

g r o u n d e d

( E 2

=

0 ) ,

a n d

t h e n w i t h

a l l

S U P E R P O S I T I O N m a c h i n e s e x c e p t

N O .

2

g r o u n d e d . By s u p e r p o s i n g

t h e

To

a v o i d

t h e

a d d i t i o n a l e q u a t i o n s a n d u n k n o w n s

d u e

t w o

s e t s o f c u r r e n t s

t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f p o s i t i v e p h a s e

t o

l o o p s

i n

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

s y s t e m , t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c u r r e n t s

w i l l

b e

d e t e r m i n e d .

e q u a t i o n s m a y

b e

u s e d :

* T h e s e e q u a t i o n s w e r e s u g g e s t e d b y

M r . R . H .

P a . r k .

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS F A U L T S ON THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

9 2 9

S O L U T I O N O F N E G A T I V E A N D

Z E R O

P H A S E

NETWORKS i n d e p e n d e n t

e q u a t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r -

When t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e v o l t a g e s a t t h e

p o i n t s o f

r e n t o r o f

v o l t a g e .

f a u l t a n d t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e c u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n t o t h e N i n e

e q u a t i o n s e x p r e s s i n g

r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n t h e

f a u l t s h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d ,

f o u r o f

t h e e i g h t

u n k n o w n s c o m p o n e n t s

o f c u r r e n t

o r

v o l t a g e

a t t h e t h r e e f a u l t

V a O ,

V a 0 ,

V a 2 ,

V a 2 ,

I a O ,

I a O ,

I a 2 ,

a n d

1 a 2 may r e a d i l y

b e

p o i n t s ,

t h r e e

e q u a t i o n s

c o n n e c t i n g

z e r o

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

o b t a i n e d

f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s

g i v e n

i n

T a b l e I . T h e

a n d

v o l t a g e s ,

a n d t h r e e -

c o n n e c t i n g n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

f o u r

r e m a i n i n g u n k n o w n s ,

t w o

o f

w h i c h

w i l l

b e

i n

t h e

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s ,

p r o v i d e

f i f t e e n

e q u a t i o n s .

T h e

z e r o

p h a s e a n d

t w o

i n t h e

n e g a t i v e p h a s e s y s t e m ,

ma y

u n k n o w n

z e r o

a n d

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s

b e

o b t a i n e d f r o m

e q u a t i o n s

( 5 ) , ( 6 ) ,

( 1 0 )

a n d ( 1 1 ) , o r

may

b e e l i m i n a t e d

f r o m

t h e s e e q u a t i o n s , t h e n u m b e r

f r o m ( 7 ) ,

( 8 ) , ( 1 2 )

a n d ( 1 3 ) .

b e i n g

r e d u c e d t o

t h r e e ,

a n d t h e

t h r e e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

I n g e n e r a l ,

t h e v o l t a g e s a t t h e t w o p o i n t s o f

f a u l t o f

v o l t a g e s

t o

g r o u n d

a t

t h e f a u l t p o i n t s e x p r e s s e d i n

e i t h e r

s y s t e m

w i l l n o t

b e i n

p h a s e

w i t h e a c h o t h e r n o r

t e r m s

o f t h e t h r e e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g

i n t o

w i t h t h e r e f e r e n c e v o l t a g e

o f

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e s y s t e m .

t h e

f a u l t s a n d t h e

n e g a t i v e

a n d z e r o p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e s

T h e c u r r e n t s

i n t h e n e t w o r k

o f e i t h e r

s y s t e m may b e

o f

t h e

s y s t e m .

d e t e r m i n e d

b y s u p e r p o s i t i o n , i . e . , b y a d d i n g

v e c t o r i a l l y

I n t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e s y s t e m

t h e r e

w i l l b e o n e

m o r e

t h e c u r r e n t s d u e t o t h e

f a u l t

v o l t a g e

a t C w i t h p o i n t D u n k n o w n v o l t a g e

a n d o n e m o r e u n k n o w n c u r r e n t

t h a n

g r o u n d e d , a n d t h e c u r r e n t s

d u e t o

t h e f a u l t v o l t a g e

a t w i t h t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s , b u t t h e r e w i l l b e

t w o

D

w i t h C g r o u n d e d .

a d d i t i o n a l v o l t a g e

e q u a t i o n s ,

o n e i n v o l v i n g p o s i t i v e

When

a n

a - c .

c a l c u l a t i n g

t a b l e

i s

a v a i l a b l e

t h e

c u r -

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g

i n t o

t h e

f a u l t s

a n d

n e g a t i v e

a n d

r e n t a n d v o l t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e

z e r o p h a s e

s y s t e m z e r o p h a s e i m p e d a n c e s , a n d t h e o t h e r

i n v o l v i n g

p o s i t i v e

may b e

o b t a i n e d

b y a p p l y i n g

v o l t a g e s t o

g r o u n d ,

V a o

p h a s e

l i n e c u r r e n t s a n d

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e i m p e d a n c e s . A

a n d

V a o ,

a t

p o i n t s C a n d

D

r e s p e c t i v e l y

o f

t h e

z e r o c o m p l e t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s ,

p h a s e n e t w o r k ; a n d i n a s i m i l a r

m a n n e r t h e n e g a t i v e t h e r e f o r e ,

i s p o s s i b l e , a n d f r o m t h e s e , t h e

c u r r e n t s

a n d

p h a s e

c u r r e n t

a n d v o l t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l b e d e t e r -

v o l t a g e s o v e r t h e

e n t i r e

s y s t e m

may b e o b t a i n e d .

m i n e d

b y a p p l y i n g v o l t a g e s

V a 2

a n d

V a 2

a t

p o i n t

C

G e n e r a l i z i n g

f r o m t h e

a b o v e , i t

may b e

s e e n t h a t

n

a n d

D o f

t h e n e g a t i v e

p h a s e s y s t e m . s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s w o u l d

b e s o l v e d i n

a

s i m i l a r

m a n n e r .

S Y S T E M C U R R E N T S

AND V O L T A G E S

S I N G L E - P O L E S W I T C H I N G

By u s e

o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t

e q u a t i o n s g i v e n

i n

A p p e n d i x

A , t h e p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e ,

a n d z e r o

c o m p o n e n t s

o f c u r r e n t s a n d v o l t a g e s may

b e

a d v i s a b i l i t y

o f s w i t c h i n g o u t

o n e p h a s e

a n d r e t a i n i n g

c o m b i n e d

t o

g i v e

a c t u a l

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s

o v e r

t h e

t h e

t w o

g o o d

p h a s e s

w h e n

a

g r o u n d

o c c u r s

o n

o n e p h a s e

e n t i r e

s y s t e m .

o n l y o f a t h r e e - ph a s e s y s t 2 m . When g r o u n d s

o c c u r

a t

t w o

s e p a r a t e

a n d d i s t i n c t

p o i n t s

o f

t h e s y s t e m b u t e a c h

T H R E E

S I M U L T A N E O U S

F A U L T S i n v o l v e s o n e c o n d u c t o r

o n l y ,

i t

may

b e d e s i r a b l e

t o

T h e m e t h o d u s e d

f o r

d e t e r m i n i n g c u r r e n t s

a n d v o l t -

i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y

o f s i m u l t a n e o u s s i n g l e - p o l e

a g e s w h e n

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s

o c c u r a t t w o s e p a r a t e s w i t c h i n g .

a n d d i s t i n c t

p o i n t s

o f

t h e

s y s t e m may b e e x t e n d e d t o

When

a

c o n d u c t o r i s

d i s c o n n e c t e d

f r o m

t h e

s y s t e m

a p p l y

t o t h r e e

o r m o r e

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s .

b y o p e n i n g

t h e b r e a k e r s

a t

i t s

t e r m i n a l s , t h e

c u r r e n t

W i t h

t h r e e

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s

o n

t h e s y s t e m , t h r e e

i n i t

a n d

i n t h e o t h e r t w o c o n d u c t o r s

a n d t h e

t h r e e

i n d e p e n d e n t

e q u a t i o n s

may b e w r i t t e n e x p r e s s i n g t h e

v o l t a g e s

t o

g r o u n d

a t t h e

t e r m i n a l s o f

t h e l i n e a r e

t h e

t h r e e

z e r o

p h a s e

v o l t a g e s

a t

t h e p o i n t s

o f f a u l t i n t e r m s

same

a s

t h e y

w o u l d

b e i f

t h e

c o n d u c t o r

w e r e

o p e n

a t

o f

t h e

t h r e e

z e r o p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g i n t o t h e

f a u l t s .

o n e

p o i n t

o n l y , p r o v i d e d

t h e r e

i s

n o

g r o u n d

o n

t h e

T h e

e q u a t i o n s

g i v e n a b o v e f o r

u s e

i n

d e t e r m i n i n g

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

c a p a c i t a n c e

i s

n e g l i g i b l e .

F o r

c o n v e -

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

may b e

u s e d

t o

a d -

n i e n c e ,

w h e n

a

c o n d u c t o r

i s

o p e n

a t

b o t h

e n d s

i t

w i l l

b e

v a n t a g e

i n

t h i s c o n n e c t i o n ;

o r i f

t h r e e

e q u i v a l e n t Y ' s

c o n s i d e r e d

o p e n

a t

o n e

p o i n t

o n l y ,

t h e

p o i n t h a v i n g

f o r

t h e

z e r o p h a s e s y s t e m a r e d r a w n , e a c h p r e s e r v i n g a n y

c o n v e n i e n t l o c a t i o n

a l o n g

t h e l i n e .

T h i s

w i l l

n o t

t h e

i d e n t i t y

o f

t h e

p o i n t s

o f

z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

c o n s i d e r e d

c h a n g e

t h e

c u r r e n t s

i n t h e c o n d u c t o r s n o r t h e

v o l t a g e s

b u s s e d a t a c om m on

p o i n t ,

S , a n d

t w o

o f

t h e

t h r e e

f a u l t

a t t h e e n d s o f t h e

s e c t i o n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

T h e

p o i n t s ,

t h e

t h r e e e q u a t i o n s

e a c h

e x p r e s s i n g o n e z e r o v o l t a g e t o g r o u n d

o f

t h e o p e n c o n d u c t o r ,

h o w e v e r ,

p h a s e f a u l t

v o l t a g e

i n t e r m s o f t h e t h r e e z e r o

p h a s e w i l l

d e p e n d

u p o n

t h e l o c a t i o n

o f

t h e

o p e n i n g .

c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g i n t o t h e

f a u l t s may b e

w r i t t e n b y When o n e c o n d u c t o r

o f

a t h r e e - p h a s e

t r a n s m i s s i o n

i n s p e c t i o n .

l i n e i s

o p e n t h e

v o l t a g e s

t o g r o u n d

o n t h e t w o

s i d e s o f

I n l i k e m a n n e r t h e

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e s y s t e m

w i l l

p r o v i d e

t h e o p e n i n g

i n

g e n e r a l

w i l l b e

d i f f e r e n t ,

a n d

a

v o l t a g e

t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t e q u a t i o n s c o n n e c t i n g n e g a t i v e p h a s e

w i l l

e x i s t

a c r o s s t h e o pe n i n g . F i g . 9

r e p r e s e n t s

t h r e e

f a u l t v o l t a g e s a n d currents. conductorsa , b , a n d c

w i t h

c o n d u c t o r

a

o p e n

a t p o i n t C .

A t

e a c h

o f

t h e

t h r e e p o i n t s

o f

f a u l t

t h e r e

w i l l

b e

t h r e e

L e t

e a ,

e b ,

e C

b e

t h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

v o l t a g e

o n

t h e

t w o

s i d e s

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9 3 0

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

FAULTS

ON THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS T r a n s a c t i o n s

A . I . E . E .

o f t h e o p e n i n g f o r

c o n d u c t o r s a , b ,

a n d c r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n g

i n

p a r a l l e l

a c r o s s t h e

o p e n i n g

i n t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

a n d

i a ,

b a n d i c t h e l i n e

c u r r e n t s

a t

p o i n t

C . i m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m ;

a n d i f t w o

c o n d u c t o r s

a r e o p e n e d ,

( a ) c o n d u c t o r

a

o p e n .

b y

i n s e r t i n g

t h e

z e r o a n d n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

s e r i e s

F a u l t c o n d i t i o n s : e b

=

e ,

=

0 , a n d i a

=

o i m p e d a n c e c i r c u i t s

i n

s e r i e s .

T h i s

i s

s e e n

b y

a d d i n g

F r o m

( l a ) , ( 1 0 a ) - ( 1 2 a )

( 5 8 )

a n d

( 5 9 )

a n d

s u b s t i t u t i n g

( 5 2 )

a n d

( 5 3 )

i n

t h e

s u m ,

t h e n t r a n s p o s i n g :

i a l

= -

( i a O +

i a 2 )

(52)

e a l

=

e a O

=

e a 2

( 5 3 )

e a i

=

Z 2

a l

( 6 0 )

l

z o + z 2

a

c

a n d w h e n

t w o

c o n d u c t o r s

a r e

o p e n ,

b y a n a l o g y

f r o m

a

a

l v e a x l

l a

s i n g l e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t , i t f o l l o w s

t h a t

  . e b l

i b

e a i

=

( Z O

+

Z 2 )

i a l

( 6 1 )

b

(

c

- e c

i c

S i n g l e - P o l e

S w i t c h i n g

o n T w o

C i r c u i t s

S i m u l t a n e o u s l y .

T h e r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

t h e c o m p o n e n t s

o f l i n e c u r r e n t

F I G .

9 - T H R E E - P H A S E L I N E

W I T H O N E

C O N D U C T O R

O P E N a n d t h e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f s e r i e s v o l t a g e s

a t

a

p o i n t

w h e r e

S H O W I N G

S E R I E S

V O L T A G E S U S E D

I N

A N A L Y S I S

a c o n d u c t o r i s o p e n

a r e

i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e

r e s t o f

t h e

s y s t e m .

T h e s e

r e l a t i o n s a r e

g i v e n

i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 5 2 ) -

( b )

c o n d u c t o r

b

o p e n .

( 5 7 ) f o r c o n d u c t o r s

a ,

b , a n d c . By s u b s t i t u t i n g

a ,

F a u l t

c o n d i t i o n s :

e a = -

e ,

=

0 ,

a n d

i b = 0

3

a n d

y

f o r

a ,

b ,

a n d

c

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

t h e

r e l a t i o n s

e x i s t -

F r o m ( 2 a )

a n d ( l 0 a ) - ( 1 2 a )

i n g

a t a

s e c o n d

p o i n t

o f

o p e n i n g

a r e

o b t a i n e d .

i a l

=

-

( a

i a O

+

a 2

i a 2 ) ( 5 4 )

I n b o t h t h e

z e r o a n d

n e g a t i v e p h a s e

n e t w o r k s

t h e r e

w i l l

b e

t w o s e r i e s

v o l t a g e s i n t r o d u c e d

b y t h e

o p e n i n g .

e a l

=

a

e a O

=

a 2 e a 2

( 5 5 )

I f t h e

z e r o

a n d

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e n e t w o r k s a r e

r e d u c e d t o

( c )

c o n d u c t o r

c o p e n .

t h e i r

s i m p l e s t

f o r m

c o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e

b r a n c h e s

e a c h ,

By a n a l o g y

f r o m ( b )

a s

s h o w n

i n

F i g s .

1 O A

a n d

1 O B ,

t h e

i d e n t i t y

o f

t h e

i a l

= -

( a 2

i a O

+

a

i a 2 )

( 5 6 )

l i n e s i n

w h i c h t h e

c o n d u c t o r s

a r e

o p e n

b e i n g

p r e s e r v e d ,

e a i = a 2

e a o = a

e a 2

( 5 7 )

e q u a t i o n s c o n n e c t i n g

c o m p o n e n t s o f c u r r e n t

a n d

v o l t a g e

may

b e

w r i t t e n

t h u s

I t

i s

o f i n t e r e s t t o n o t e t h a t e q u a t i o n s ( 5 2 ) - ( 5 7 )

a r e

i d e n t i c a l

i n

f o r m w i t h

t h e e q u a t i o n s

g i v e n

i n

T a b l e

I ,

-

e a o

= i a O

( C o

+

S o )

+

i a O

S o

( 6 2 )

C

f o r

d o u b l e

l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s .

I n

a s i m i l a r

m a n n e r

- e a o =

i a O

s o

+

i a O

( d o

+

s o )

( 6 3 )

i t

may b e

s h o w n

t h a t

w h e n

t w o

c o n d u c t o r s

a r e

o p e n e d - e a 2

=

i a 2

( C 2

+

S 2 )

+

i a 2

e 2

( 6 4 )

t h e

r e s u l t i n g

e q u a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

s e r i e s

-

e a 2

=

i a 2

S 2

+

i a O

( d 2

+

S 2 )

( 6 5 )

v o l t a g e s

a n d

b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s

o f

l i n e

c u r r e n t s w i l l

b e

i d e n t i c a l

i n

f o r m w i t h

t h o s e g i v e n

i n

T a b l e I ,

A

f o r

a s

  5 ) ,

( 6 ) , ( 1 0 ) ,

a n d

( 1 1 ) ,

a n d s i n c e

e q u a t i o n s

5 2 ) s

s i n g l e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s .

( 5 )

( 6 ) ,

( 1 )

and

( o 1 )

a s i n e e q u a t i o n s

( 5 2 ) -

S e r i e s V o l t a g e s

a n d S e r i e s I m p e d a n c e s .

I t s h o u l d b e

( 5 7 )

h a v e

t h e same

f o r m a s t h e

e q u a t i o n s

o f T a b l e

I ,

n o t e d t h a t e a ,

e a o ,

e a i

a n d e a 2 a r e

s e r i e s

v o l t a g e s .

Du e

C O e a o

c 2

e a a

t o

t h e o p e n i n g ,

a s e r i e s

v o l t a g e , e a c ,

a p p e a r s

i n

t h e

z e r o

2

a

p h a s e

n e t w o r k a t p o i n t

C

a n d

a l i n e

c u r r e n t ,

i a O ,

w h i c h

m e e t s a

s e r i e s

i m p e d a n c e

z o .

L i k e w i s e t h e

s e r i e s

v o l t -

d o

e

/

d 2

e 2

A

a g e ,

e a 2 ,

a p p e a r s

i n

t h e

n e g a t i v e p h a s e

n e t w o r k a t

C

a n d

a l i n e c u r r e n t ,

i a 2 ,

w h i c h

m e e t s

t h e s e r i e s

i m p e d a n c e

Z 2 .

S

2 1 I

E x p r e s s e d

i n

e q u a t i o n s :

A

B

- i a

e ao

( 5 8 )

F I G .

1 O A - Z E R O PHASE

SEQUENCE

S E R I E S

E Q U I V A L E N T

C I R -

Z °

C U I T

F O R

TWO L I N E S

W I T H

CONDUCTORS

OPEN A T TWO P O I N T S

F I G . 1OB-NEGATIVE

PHASE

SEQUENCE

S E R I E S

EQUIVALENT

-

=ea2

= 59) C I R C U J I T

FOR TWO LINES WITH

CONDUCTORS

OPEN

A T

Tw o

POINTS

z2

w h e r e ~ ~

~0n - 2 a e t e s r e meacsfrtezr

C

f o r

d o u b l e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s , i t

f o l l o w s

b y

a n a l o g y

a n d

neat v

p h a s n e w o k

r e p c i e y viwe f r o

f r o m

t h e w o r k o n

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s t h a t

t h e

p o s i t i v e

t h e p o i n t C .

s e r i e s v o l t a g e s

e a i a n d

e a o

a t p o i n t s

C a n d

D

r e s p e c -

S i n g l e - P o l e S w i t c h i n g

o n O n e C i r c u i t .

I t h a s

b e e n

t i v e l y ,

w h e n

o n e

c o n d u c t o r

i s o p e n

a t e a c h p o i n t

may

shown8~~

~

h t t e e f c ntepoiiepaecret

b e e x p r e s s e d i n

t e r m s

o f t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e

l i n e

c u r r e n t s

a n d v o l t a g e s o f

t h e

s y s t e m o f o p e n i n g a s i n g l e

c o n d u c t o r

7 t a O

a n d

t

a l t h u s :

may

b e

r e p r e s e n t e d

b y

i n s e r t i n g

t h e z e r o

a n d

n e g a t i v e

e a i

= k

a l

±m'

i Q

( 6 6 )

p h a s e s e r i e s

i m p e d a n c e

c i r c u i t s v i e w e d

f r o m

t h e

o p e n -

e a o = n '

z i a

+

1

t c g I

( 6 7 )

Page 13: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS F A U L TS ON THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS 9 3 1

w h e r e k ,

1 ,

m

a n d n ' a r e

f u n c t i o n s o f

c o , d o ,

s o y

c 2 , d 2

V r - V t

a n d

S 2 ,

t h e

b r a n c h e s o f t h e

s i m p l i f i e d

c i r c u i t s r e p r e s e n t -

Z r t

=

=

e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e s ( 6 9 )

i n g

t h e

z e r o

a n d n e g a t i v e

p h a s e n e t w o r k s ,

a n d

a r e

I a l

+

t a l

g i v e n i n

T a b l e

I I ,

G i f k , 1 , m

a n d n '

a r e s u b s t i t u t e d

V r

-

V t

=

Z c

i a l

+

e a l

( 7 0 )

f o r

k ,

1 ,

m , n

a n d

c o ,

d o ,

s o y

C 2 ,

d 2 a n d

S 2

f o r

C O ,

D o ,

S O ,

V r y - V =

Z d

t a l

± e a i

( 7 1 )

C 2 ,

D 2

a n d

S 2

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

?

Vt=Z

al+e,71

0 2 , u D i v a l n d t S

C i r e s p e c u i t i v R e p l y . n g O p e n n g s i n T w o S u b s t i t u t i n g

( 6 6 ) a n d

( 6 7 ) i n

( 7 0 ) a n d ( 7 1 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

E q u i v a l e n t

C i r c u i t s

R e p l a c i n g

O > p e m t n g s

i n

T w o V

V-(Z+k) *72

T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e s i n

P o s i t i v e P h a s e

S y s t e m . T h e

Vr-

V t

( Z c

+

k )

a l

+

m i , l

( 7 2 )

e f f e c t

o f

a n o pe n i n g

i n

a c o n d u c t o r

i n

t h e p o s i t i v e p h a s e

V r - V t

= n '

i a l

+

( Z d

+

1 ) i

( 7 3 )

s y s t e m

i s t o

i n t r o d u c e

a s e r i e s v o l t a g e o p p o s i n g

t h e S o l v i n g ( 7 2 ) a n d ( 7 3 ) f o r

i a l

a n d

i

f l o w

o f

l i n e

c u r r e n t .

When

t h e r e a r e

t w o

o p e n i n g s ,

t w o

Z d

+

. I

m

s e r i e s

v o l t a g e s

w i l l

b e

i n t r o d u c e d ,

o n e a t

e a c h o p e n i n g ,

i a l

( Z c

+

k l ) ( Z d +

1 )

-

ml

n /

  V r

-

V t )

( 7 4 )

t h e r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n t h e s e s e r i e s

v o l t a g e s

a n d t h e l i n e

c u r r e n t s

b e i n g g i v e n

b y e q u a t i o n s

( 6 6 ) a n d

( 6 7 ) .

. ±

k ' -n

E q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t s may

r e p l a c e t h e

t w o o p e n i n g s

j u s t

( Z c + k ' )

( Z d

+

1 )

-

mn

n

( V r

-

V)

( 7 5 )

a s

t h e y

may

r e p l a c e t h e

t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s , b u t

s i n c e t h e s e

e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t s

a r e

t o b e

i n s e r t e d i n

A d d i n g ( 7 4 ) a n d

( 7 5 ) a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g

i n ( 6 9 )

s e r i e s w i t h

t h e

l i n e s

i n w h i c h

t h e

c o n d u c t o r s

a r e

o p e n

( Z

±

k ' ) ( Z d

+ 1 )

-

m n

t h e y

w i l l d e p e n d u p o n t h e

e n d c o n n e c t i o n s

o f t h e

l i n e s .

Z

_

( 7 6 )

When

t h e

l i n e s

a r e

b u s s e d

a t

o n e

e n d ,

a n d m a n d

n '

r t

Z c

+

Z d

+

k '

+

l ' -

m'-

-

)

a r e

e q u a l ,

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

Y h a v i n g

t h e b r a n c h

E q u a t i o n ( 7 6 )

g i v e s

t h e e q u i v a l e n t

i m p e d a n c e ,

Z r t ,

i m p e d a n c e s k '

-

m ,

1

-

m a n d m may

b e i n s e r t e d b y w h i c h

r e p l a c e s

t h e

t w o l i n e s b u s s e d a t b o t h

e n d s

e a c h

o p e n i n g

t h e l i n e s

a t t h e common

p o i n t

a n d

c o n n e c t i n g

h a v i n g

o n e c o n du c t o r

o p e n .

F i g .

1 1 B .

t h e b r a n c h k '

-

m

t o

t h e

l i n e i n

w h i c h t h e

o p e n i n g

o c c u r s a t C , t h e

b r a n c h

1 -

m t o t h e l i n e w i t h

t h e

z c

c

o p e n i n g

a t D

a n d

t h e

b r a n c h

m t o t h e common point.t

When m

a n d

n '

a r e

n o t e q u a l t h e

g e n e r a l

e q u i v a l e n t

R

i a i

e . ,

T

c i r c u i t

o r

t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t may b e

1 , 4 I 7 5 -

Z d

D

  I R = a 1 I 1

R

ZrtaT

i n s e r t e d

i n

t h e

same

m a n n e r . T h e s e

c i r c u i t s

may

b e

e c , -

o b t a i n e d

f r o m

F i g s . 4

a n d

5 i f k ,

1 ,

m , n ,

I a l

a n d

I ,

a r e

ra

r e p l a c e d b y

k ' ,

1 ,

i n , n ' ,

i a l

a n d

i a l i

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

*

.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F I G .

1 A

AND F I G .

1 1 B - P O S I T I V E

PHASE

SEQUENCE

When

t h e

l i n e s

a r e

- n o t b u s s e d

a t e i t h e r

e n d

t h e

FI.1A

ND

IGIBPOTVE

HSE

EQNC

p o s i t i v e n c u r e n t s m a y r b e d e t e r m i n e d

a n a l y t i c a l y

n t

E Q U I V A L E N T

C I R C U I T S R E P L A C I N G Tw o

L I N E S B U S S E D

AT

BOTH

p o s i t i v e

c u r r e n t s may b e

d e t e r m i n e d a n a l y t i c a l l y

a s

E N D S , E A C H

H A V I N ( l

O N E C O N D U C T O R

O P E N

u n d e r t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s f a u l t s ,

r e m e m b e r i n g t h a t

t h e

v o l t a g e s a t C

a n d D

a r e s e r i e s

v o l t a g e s

a n d t h e c l u r r e n t s

S H O R T - C I R C U I T

A N D

S T A B I L I T Y

P R O B L E M S

a r e

l i n e

c u r r e n t s .

I n

t h e s p e c i a l

c a s e

w h e r e

m

a n d

n ' .

. .

a r e

e q u a l

t h e o p e n i n g s

i n

t h e t w o c o n d u c t o r s

may

b e

M e t h o d s h a v e

b e e n g i v e n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e c u r -

r e p l a c e d

b y

a

f o u r

t e r m i n a l m e s h

n e t w o r k

s i m i l a r

t o

r e n t s a n d v o l t a g e s

i n a l l p a r t s o f

t h e

s y s t e m d u r i n g

t h a t

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

1 7 B ,

A p p e n d i x

C . I f t e r m i n a l s

1 s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s

w h e n t h e r e a r e

a n y n u m b e r o f

a n d

2

a r e c o n n e c t e d a c r o s s t h e

o p e n i n g a t p o i n t C a n d

3

c o n n e c t e d m a c h i n e s .

F o r

p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s

i t

i s n o t

a n d

4

a c r o s s t h e o p e n i n g a t p o i n t

D ,

t h e

i m p e d a n c e s

o f

o r d i n a r i l y

r e q u i r e d

t o k n o w t h e e x a c t

c u r r e n t s

a n d

t h e s i x

b r a n c h e s

may

b e

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m

e q u a t i o n s

( i c ) v o l t a g e s

i n a l l

p a r t s

o f

t h e

s y s t e m

Z a ,

Z b

a n d

Z a b

b e i n g r e p l a c e d

b y

k ,

1 ,

a n d

m

F o r

s h o r t - c i r c u i t s t u d i e s w h e n a h i g h

d e g r e e o f p r e -

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

c i s i o n

i s

n o t

r e q u i r e d , r e s i s t a n c e

a n d

c a p a c i t a n c e

a r e

W h e n t h e l i n e s

a r e b u s s e d

a t b o t h

e n d s

a

s i n g l e

n e g l e c t e d ,

a n d a l l

g e n e r a t e d

v o l t a g e s

a r e a s s u m e d

e q u a l

i m p e d a n c e

may

r e p l a c e

t h e l i n e s

w i t h t h e o p e n i n g s

i n

a n d i n

p h a s e .

t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e s y s t e m ,

F i g

1 1 .

I n

s t a b i l i t y

s t u d i e s

o n e

e q u i v a l e n t

m a c h i n e i s o f t e n

Equivalen

c

u s e d t o

r e p l a c e

s e v e r a l m a c h i n e s or

groups

o f m a c h i n e s ,

E q u i v a l e n t

c t r c u i t

r e p l a c i n g

i n

t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

s y s t e m

41 .-41 ni n

I ri-nr

k

ani

s o

t h a t

t h e

n u m b e r o f

m a c h i n e s

i n v o l v e d

i n

t h e c a l c u -

t w p o

l i n e s

b u l s s e d

a t

b o t h

e n d s e a c h h a v i n g o n e c o n d u c t o r

o p e n .

L e t t h e

l i n e s

w i t h

t h e o p e n i n g s a t

C

a n d D , h a y -

lain

i s s m l l

I t i e e s r oko

h

eeae

i n

p o i t v

phs

i m e a c s b t e n t r i a s .

v o l t a g e s

o n a l l

m a c h i n e s

o r

e q u i v a l e n t m a c h i n e s i n

a n d Z d , r e s e c t v e l ,

b

b u s e d a t o i n s FandT. e t o r d e r

t o

c a l c u l a t e

t h e p o w e r

w h i c h

e a c h s e n ds

o u t o r

t h e

s u m o f

t h e

c u r r e n t s e n t e r i n g

t h e l i n e s a t

R a n d l

reevs

b u t i

o

eurdtoko

h

u r n s i

l e a v i n g t h m

a t

T b e r ,

a n d

l e t V r

a n d

V ~

e

t h e v o l t

p o w e r

i S

c a l c u l a t e d

f r o m v o l t a g e s , a n g u l a r

d i s p l a c e -

e a i n g t h e

a t T

b

I,an

l e V

n d

t

b

t h

V O t - m e n t s , a n d

i m p e d a n c e s .

I n

o r d e r t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

a g e s a t

R ?

a n d

T , r e s p e c t i v e l y , F i g .

1 1 A ,

s t a b i l i t y 7 8

o f

a

s y s t e m d u r i n g t r a n s i e n t c o n d i t i o n s t h e

T h e n

t r a n s f e r 8

i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n

t h e v a r i o u s

m a c h i n e s

I r

= i a

+

i a

( 6 8 )

b e f o r e ,

d u r i n g ,

a n d a f t e r t h e

d i s t u r b a n c e m u s t b e k n o w n ,

Page 14: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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9 3 2

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS F A U L TS

ON

THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

T r a n s a c t i o n s

A . I . E . E .

a n d a l s o t h e

d r i v i n g p o i n t 8

i m p e d a n c e

o f e a c h m a c h i n e

E a ,

1 . 0 0

w h e n r e s i s t a n c e

i s t a k e n

i n t o a c c o u n t .

I h

=

I a l

+ I a l

=

E

0 + . 3 0

T h e way

i n w h i c h t h e a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s

d e v e l o p e d

j

0 . 3 4

+

j

0 . 7 2 7

j

1 . 0 6 7

i n

t h e p r e c e d i n g

p a r t o f

t h e p a p e r

may b e

a p p l i e d

t o V h

=

E a , - ( j

0 . 3 4 )

X

( - j

0 . 9 3 7 )

=

1 .

-

0 . 3 1 8 6

=

0 . 6 8 1

a c t u a l

p r o b l e m s i s s h o w n

i n

t h e t w o

e x a m p l e s g i v e n From

( 3 1 ) a n d ( 3 2 )

b e l o w .

P r o b l e m

I .

S h o r t - C i r c u i t

S t u d y .

S i m u l t a n e o u s

d o u b l e

I a l

=-

0 . 9 3 7

j

0 . 7 5

+

1

0 . 6 6

-

( 0 . 0 7 3 2

-

j

0 . 0 4 2 3 )

l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s o c c u r

o n t w o

c i r c u i t s ;

p h a s e s

j

3 . 0 9 8

a

a n d c

a r e

i n v o l v e d

a t p o i n t

C , a n d

p h a s e s

b

0 . 0 2 2 - j

0 . 4 3 9

a n d

c

( d

a n d

- y )

a t p o i n t

D .

F i n d

t h e

c u r r e n t s

i n

t h e

0 . 0 2

-

i

0 . 4 3 9

s i x

c o n d u c t o r s

i n

  p e r u n i t ' n e g l e c t i n g

r e s i s t a n c e

a n d

I0_

0 . 9 3 7

j l . 0 6

± j 0 . 5 4 3 - ( - 0 . 0 7 3 2 - j 0 . 0 4 2 3 )

a s s u m i n g

n o - l o a d e x c i t a t i o n s

o n a l l s y n c h r o n o u s

j

3 . 0 9 8

m a c h i n e s .

=

-

0 . 0 2 2

-

j

0 . 4 9 8

F i g .

1 2 A

g i v e s t h e

s i m p l i f i e d p o s i t i v e

p h a s e d i a g r a m

o f

t h e s y s t e m .

S i n c e

t h e c u r r e n t s

i n

t h e

f a u l t e d

l i n e s

a r e

From e q u a t i o n s

( 2 2 )

a n d

( 2 3 )

t h e

o n l y

o n e s

r e q u i r e d ,

t h e

r e s t o f

t h e s y s t e m

h a s b e e n

V a i

=

0 . 6 8 1

-

( 0 . 0 2 2 1

-

j

0 . 4 3 9 )

( j

1 . 0 6 )

r e d u c e d

t o

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

g e n e r a t o r v i e w e d

f r o m H ,

= 0 . 2 1 6

-

j

0 . 0 2 3

w i t h t r a n s i e n t

r e a c t a n c e

X d '

=

0 . 3 4

a n d

e x c i t a t i o n

V

=

6 8 1

 

0 . 0 2 2 1

j

0 . 4 9 8 )

( j

0 . 7 5 )

E a l

=

1 . 0 0 . N e g a t i v e

p h a s e i m p e d a n c e s

a r e

t a k e n

a 0 . 0 2

 

. 4

(0

e q u a l

t o

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e s ,

F i g .

1 2 c .

T h e

=

0 . 3 0 8

+

j

0 . 0 1 6

z e r o

p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n C a n d t h e

z e r o

p o t e n t i a l

From

T a b l e I , C ( b )

a n d C ( a )

p o i n t ,

S ,

i s

0 . 9 0 4 a n d b e t w e e n

D

a n d

S i s

1 . 8 0 , a n d

t h e r e

V a o

= a 2 V a i

- 0 . 1 2 8

- j

0 . 1 7 5 5

i s

n o

m u t u a l b e t w e e n

t h e

t w o c i r c u i t s , F i g .

1 2 B .

V a 2

=

a

V a l

0 . 0 8 8

+

j

0 . 1 9 8 5

S i n c e t h e

z e r o

a n d

n e g a t i v e p h a s e

d i a g r a m s

a r e

V a O

=

V a 2

=

0 . 0 8

+ j

1 9

a l r e a d y

i n

s i m p l e s t

f o r m t h e

i m p e d a n c e s

o f

t h e

b r a n c h e s

V a 0 = V a 2

= V a i = 0 . 3 0 8

+j

. 0 1 6

o f

t h e

Y ' s may b e

t a b u l a t e d :

S O

=

0

C O

=

0 . 9 0 4

D o

= 1 . 8 0

E a

S

S 2

=

i

0 . 3 4

C 2

= 1 j . 0 6

D 2

=

j 0 . 7 5

1 0 . 3 4

1 0 . 3 4

S u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e s e

b r a n c h

i m p e d a n c e s

i n

T a b l e I I

H

G

( b ) ,

k ,

1 ,

man d

n w i l l be

c a l c u l a t e d .

16

0.75 Co=

jO904

D

= 8 D 2 = 1

2

0 . 7 5

Z 2 2

=

j

1 . 0 6

X

j

0 . 3 4

 

j

1 . 0 6

X

j

0 . 7 5

A B

C

+

j

0 . 3 4

X

j

0 . 7 5

= -

1 . 4 1 0

Z o o

=

j

0 . 9 0 4

X

j

1 . 8 0

=

- 1 . 6 2 7

F I G .

1 2

Z c d s

=

j

1 . 9 6 4

X

j

2 . 5 5

+

j

1 . 9 6 4

X

j

0 . 3 4

A-POSITIVE

PHASE

S E Q U E N C E

DIAGRAM

F OR

PROBLEM

I

+

j

2 . 5 5

x

j

0 . 3 4

= -

6 . 5 4

B-EQUIVALENT

Y FOR ZERO

PHASE

S E Q U E N C E

DIAGRAM

3

SO S2

=

0

C-EQUIVALENT

Y F OR NEGATIVE

PHASE

SEQUENCE

D I A G R A M

-

1 . 4 1 0

x

j

0 . 9 0 4

-

1 . 6 2 7 x

j

1 . 4 0

k

=

-

6 . 5 4

=

1

0 . 5 4 3

From

F i g .

1 2 B a n d

e q u a t i o n s

( 5 )

a n d

( 6 )

-

1 . 4 1 0

x

j

1 . 8 0

- 1 . 6 2 7

x

j

1 . 0 9

=

 

. 6 6 0

= -

1

V0 = 0 . 1 9 4 - 1

0 . 1 4 2

6.540.4

a 2

X

j

0 . 3 4

X

( - 1 . 6 2 7 )

a

0 1 8 0 =

009+j0.171

M65=

. 0 7 3 2

- 1 j 0 . 0 4 2 3 1 . 8

- 6 . 5 4

From

F i g .

1 2 c

a n d

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 2 )

a n d

( 1 3 )

n=

a

X

j

0 . 3 X 5 4 *

)=

-

0 . 0 7 3 2

-

j

0 . 0 4 2 3

I a 2

=-(-0.088

+

j

0 . 1 9 8 5 )

-

1 . 4 1 0

I n t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e d i a g r a m t h e e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

1

0

3 4

f o r t w o

u n l o a d e d

f e e d e r s

r a d i a t i n g

f r o m t h e s a m e p o i n t

+ ( 0 . 3 0 8

+

1

0 . 0 1 6 )

-

1 4 1 0

=

-

0 . 1 5 0 - j 1

0 . 1 4 2

H ,

may b e u s e d

a n d

Z h g

c a l c u l a t e d

f r o m

e q u a t i o n

( 3 3 ) .

( j

1 . 0 6

+

1

0 . 5 4 3 )

( j

0 . 7 5

+

1

0 . 6 6 0 )

±

0 . 0 0 7

1

. 3 4 0 0 8

j01 95

Z h

j 1 . 0 6

+

1

0 . 5 4 3

+

1

0 . 7 5

+

1

0 . 6 6 0

+

1

0 . 8 4 6

I

.8 018 -

1 . 4 1 0

1

3 . S 0 9 8

=

j

0 . 7 2 7

- ( 0 . 3 0 8 +

j

0 . 0 1 6 )

- 1 . 4 1 0

= 0 . 0 3 2 +

1

0 . 3 2 7

Page 15: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

FAULTS

ON

THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

9 3 3

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e

c o m p o n e n t

c u r r e n t s

i n

e q u a t i o n s

( l a )

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e v a l u e s i n T a b l e I I , E ( b ) .

- ( 3 a ) , t h e l i n e

c u r r e n t s

a r e

d e t e r m i n e d .

k

= j 0 . 4 7 1 6

I a

=

0 . 0 6 6

-

j 0 . 7 2 3

1

=

j

0 . 4 7 1 6

I b

=

0

m

=

-0.1067-j

0 . 0 6 8 3

I C

=

0 . 5 1 5

+

j

0 . 2 9 8

n

=

0 . 1 0 6 7

-

j

0 . 0 6 8 3

I a

=

0

1 I

=-0 . 7 2 9

+ j

0 . 3 0 3

G e n e r a t o r

I , y

=

0 . 7 0 1

+ j 0 . 2 1 0

=

0 . 3 0

I f

t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t , F i g . 5 , i s u s e d

2 = 0 . 4 0

i n

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

d i a g r a m ,

F i g . 1 3

w o u l d r e s u l t .

A

A

s

s

j O . 2 0

i

0 . 2 0

j 0 . 2 0

j

0 . 2 0

E a = 1 . 0 0

T

l0D,

4 h 4 t 0 . 3 1

O S t050 :^

t j O . 2 0

0 j . 2 0

  h i

0 O . 3 4

i

0 . 5 0

i

0 . 5 0

j 0 . 6 0

~~

j . 6 0

j

1 0 6

0 .

7 5 1

1 1

1

C

l o c

I

 

j O 0 . 2 0

j

0 . 2 0

j 0 0 O 0 . 2 0 j l . 4 0

j l . 4 0

i

O . O 4 3

IiIo

1j

0 4 2 3

+

1 a

I

I = x

_ 2 = 0 . 0 5

F I G .

13-APPROXIMATE

POSITIVE

PHASE

SEQUENCE

DIAGRAM

FOR

PROBLEM I

M o t o r

A

B

F r o m

F i g .

1 3 ,

I h

= -

0 . 9 3 5 ,

I a l

-

j

0 . 4 3 8 ,

s

E

I Y

= -

j

0 . 4 9 7 .

T h e s e v a l u e s c h e c k t h o s e

o b t a i n e d

b y t h e

e x a c t m e t h o d

v e r y

c l o s e l y ,

a n d

t h e l i n e

c u r r e n t s

s 0

O 0 - 0 0 6 6

c a l c u l a t e d

b y u s i n g

t h e a p p r o x i m a t e

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

0 . 3 0

w o u l d

d i f f e r

v e r y

l i t t l e f r o m

t h o s e

g i v e n

a b o v e .

0175

0 . 1 7 5

'

P r o b l e m I I .

T r a n s f e r

I m p e d a n c e s ( f o r

S t a b i l i t y

c

C O

o

D

1 0 . 1 0

S t u d y ) .

F i n d

t h e

t r a n s f e r

i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n

t h e

c

j O . 1 9 5

g e n e r a t o r G .

a n d t h e

e q u i v a l e n t m o t o r ,

M ,

i n

F i g . 1 4 A

w i t h

s i m u l t a n e o u s l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s

a t

p o i n t s

C

a n d

1 0 . 4 0

G

D ,

c o n d u c t o r b

b e i n g

g r o u n d e d

a t

C

a n d a

a t

D . F i n d

a l s o

t h e t r a n s f e r

i m p e d a n c e w h e n

c o n d u c t o r s b a n d

a

s

0 . 5

. 0 4

a r e

o p e n .

R e a c t a n c e s

a r e

g i v e n

i n

p e r

u n i t

o n

t h e

g e n e r a t o r

b a s e . T r a n s f o r m e r s

a r e

A - Y , s o l i d l y

g r o u n d e d

2

j 0 . 1 3

0 . 0 6

o n

t h e

h i g h

s i d e s . T h e

f o u r t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e s

a r e

o n

P

d o u b l e - c i r c u i t

t o w e r s , w h i c h

a r e

n o t

o n

t h e s a m e

r i g h t -

0

0 . 1 6

o f - w a y ,

a n d h a v e

l i g h t

s t e e l

g r o u n d w i r e s . P o w e r

i s

D

E

d e l i v e r e d

a t

t w o

p o i n t s ,

B

a n d

E ,

t o a

s y s t e m

w h i c h h a s

b e e n

r e p l a c e d b y

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

m o t o r ,

M ,

a n d t w o F o G . 1 4

i m p e d a n c e s .

A-SIMPLIFIED

S Y S T E M

DIAGRAM

F O R

PROBLEM

I I A

T h e

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

r e a c t a n c e s

o f

t h e

s y s t e m

h a v e

b e e n

i n d i c a t e d

o n

F i g .

1 4 A

w h e n

t h e y

d i f f e r

f r o m

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

v a l u e s .

T h e z e r o

p h a s e

d i a g r a m

h a s

C - E Q U I V A L E N T

Y F O R

Z E R O

P H A S E S E Q U E N C E

D I A G R A M

b e e n

c o n s t r u c t e d ,

F i g .

1 4 B ,

u s i n g

t h e

a v e r a g e

z e r o D - E Q U I V A L E N T Y F O R N E G A T I V E P H A S E

S E Q U E N C E

p h a s e

l i n e

a n d m u t u a l r e a c t a n c e s

g i v e n i n A p p e n d i x C .

D I A G R A M

( a )

T r a n s f e r impedance

b e t w e e n G an d M w i t h

E EQUIVALENT P O S I T I V E P H A S E

S E Q U E N C E

DIAGRAM

W I T H

f a u l t o n . T h e n e g a t i v e a n d z e r o

d i a g r a m s

r e d l u c e d

toLIEANFUTSRPCDBYQIVETY

e q u i v a l e n t

Y ' s a r e

s h o w n

i n

F i g s . 1 4 c

a n d

1 4 D , r e s p e c -

Th t w

f als w t

h ie

pnwihte

c u

t i v e l y . m a b e r p a e b y a e q i a e t Y F i . 8 , h v n

T a b u l a t i n g

t h e b r a n c h i m p e d a n c e s o f

t h e s e equiva-maberpcdbyneqilntYFg.8,hvg

l e n t

Y ' s :

t h e

b r a n c h i m p e d a n c e s

C0

= j O 0 . 1 7 5

D o

= j 0 . 1 7 5

S 0

= 5 j 0 . 0 0 6 6

Z r p

=

2

= j

0 . 1 0

C 2

= j O 0 . 1 6

D 2

= j O 0 . 1 6 5 2

=

j O 0 . 1 3

Page 16: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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9 3 4 CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

F A U LTS

ON THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS T r a n s a c t i o n s

A .

I . E .

E .

b

l i n e s

w i t h t h e

t w o

o p e n

c o n d u c t o r s

may

b e

o b t a i n e d .

Z t , =

2

=

j

0 . 4 0

Z ,

a n d

Z d

a r e

t h e p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

r e a c t a n c e s

o f t h e t w o

2~~~~~~~~

l i n e s .

-

. 1 6

X j . 8 0 6 6

+ 2

X

j

1 . 0 0

X

( - 0 . 2 0 6 3 )

Zc=

=

Z d

1 . 0 0

z p

=

 ~

= j O . 1 9 5

S p g

-

0 . 6 4 + 2

x

j

1 . 0 0

x

j

1 . 0 8 0

j j 0 9

j

1 . 7 9 9

x

j

1 . 7 9 9

+

0 . 0 1 1 9

I n s e r t i n g

t h i s

e q u i v a l e n t

Y

i n

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

Z r t

=

j

3 . 5 9 8

+

j

0 . 2 1 7

0 . 8 4 0

d i a g r a m ,

F i g .

1 4 E i s o b t a i n e d ,

f r o m w h i c h t h e t r a n s f e r

I f t h e

i m p e d a n c e

Z .

i s i n s e r t e d

i n

t h e

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

i m p e d a n c e ,

Z 1 2 , b e t w e e n

E 1 a n d

E 2 i s r e a d i l y d e t e r m i n e d

d i a g r a m

t o

r e p l a c e

t h e t w o l i n e s w i t h

t w o c o n d u c t o r s

Z 1 2

=

j 1 . 0 5 2

o p e n ,

F i g .

1 5 c

i s

o b t a i n e d ,

f r o m w h i c h t h e t r a n s f e r

( b )

T r a n s f e r

i m p e d a n c e

b e r w e e n

G a n d M

w i t h

t w o

i m p e d a n c e ,

Z 1 2 ,

b e t w e e n

E 1

a n d

E2may

b e

c a l c u l a t e d .

c o n d u c t o r s

o p e n .

F i g s .

1 5 A a n d

B s h o w

t h e z e r o

a n d

Z 1 2

=

0 . 7 9 8

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

n e t w o r k s

r e s p e c t i v e l y

r e d u c e d t o t h e i r

s i m p l e s t

s e r i e s

i m p e d a n c e

d i a g r a m s , t h e

i d e n t i t y o f

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

t h e l i n e s

w i t h

t h e

o p e n c o n d u c t o r s

b e i n g

p r e s e r v e d .

T h e a u t h o r

w i s h e s

t o

e x p r e s s

h e r a p p r e c i a t i o n

o f t h e

I f

C o 2 ,

D o , S O ,

C 2 ,

D 2

a n d

S 2

a r e

r e p l a c e d

b y

c o ,

d o ,

s o ,

a s s i s t a n c e

g i v e n

b y M r . H .

W .

B i b b e r i n

c h e c k i n g

t h e

c 2 ,

d 2

a n d

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

k , 1 ,

m

a n d

n '

ma y

b e c a l c u -

t h e o r y

a n d

m a t h e m a t i c s

o f t h e

p a p e r

a n d

f o r

h i s m a n y

l a t e d f r o m T a b l e I I ,

G ( b ) .

h e l p f u l

s u g g e s t i o n s

i n

r e g a r d

t o

t h e

a r r a n g e m e n t

o f

e a ,

  ,

m a t e r i a l .

j l . 6 0

1 6 0

A p p e n d i x

A

s o

D o

E

F u n d a m e n t a l

S y m m e t r i c a l

C o m p o n e n t

E q u a t i o n s : 2

1

. 9 0

1 0 . 3 0

I a

=

l a O

+

I a l +

I j 2

( l a )

A

A

I b

=

I a O

 

a 2

I a l +

a

I 2

( 2 a )

e 2 2

U 2

j O . 8 4

I c

=

I a O

+

a

I a l

 

a 2

I a 2

( 3 a )

.B

V a =

V a O

+

V a l +

V a 2

( 4 a )

e , x 2

D

2

/055

0 . 4

Vb

=

VaO

+ a 2

Val

+a

Va2

(5a)

0

. 0 6

S 2 j l . O O

V C

V a O

+ a

V a l

+ a 2

V a 2

( 6 a )

i U . 2 8 7 5

E

2

B

FG

I a O

=

3

( I a + I b

+

I c )

( 7 a )

F I G .

1 5 3

A- ZERO

PHASE

SEQUENCE

S E R I E S

DIAGRAM

F O R PROBLEM

I l b

1

B-NEGATIVE PHASE

SEQUENCE

S E R I E S

DIAGRAM

F OR

I a l

= 3

( I a

+

a I l

+

a 2

I C )

( 8 a )

PROBLEM I l b

C-POSITIVE

PHASE

SEQUENCE

DIAGRAM

WITH L I N E S

1

C O N T A I N I N G

OPEN

C O N D U C T O R S

REPLACED

BY

SINGLE

I a 2

=

3

( I a

+

a 2

I b +

a

I c )

( 9 a )

IMPEDANCE

c O

=

j

1 . 6 0

d o

=

j

1 . 6 0

S O

=

j

0 . 9 0

Va0=

( l O a )

C 2

=

j

1 . 0 0

d 2

=

j

1 . 0 0 S 2

=

j

0 . 2 8 7 5

Z o o

=

c o

d o

+

c o

s o

 

d o

s o

=

- 5 . 4 4 1

Z 2 2

=

C 2

d 2

+ C2S2+

d 2 s 2

= - 1 . 5 7 5

V a 1

3

(Va+aV6±a2VC)

( l a )

Z c d ,

=

j

2 . 6 0

X

j

2 . 6 0

+

j

2 . 6 0 x

j

1 . 1 8 7 5

+

j

2 . 6 0

X

i

1 . 1 8 7 5

= - 1 2 .9 3 5

V a 2 =

3

( V a + a 2 V b

+

a

V c )

( 1 2 a )

3 s 0

S 2 =

3

X 1 j 0 . 9 0

X j O 0 . 2 8 7 5

= - 0 . 7 7 6

Z e d ,

+ 3

S0 S2 = - 1 3 . 7 1

W h e r e

k ' = j O . 7 9 9

a1

.0/10

1a

1

= 1 j

0 . 7 9 9

2 + j

2

=

l . o

/ 1 2 0 °

( 1 2 a )

A =

0 . 0 0 9 3 A - A

0 . 1 0 8 6

n l

= 0 . 0 0 9 3 - 1 0 . 1 0 8 6

a2=-

1

-

_ _-/1 . 0 0

/ 2 4 0 °

=

1 . 0 0

/-120°

S u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e s e v a l u e s

o f k ' ,

l ,

i n , n ' i n e q u a t i o n

2

-

( 7 6 )

t h e v a l u e

o f

t h e

i m p e d a n c e ,

Z r ,

t o

r e p l a c e

t h e

t w o

( 1 4 a )

Page 17: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS FAULTS

ON THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

9 3 5

N O T A T I O N

F r o m ( 7 a ) , ( 8 a ) a n d

( 9 a ) :

I a ,

I b a n d

I ,

a r e t h e

t h r e e l i n e

c u r r e n t s

a t a n y

p o i n t

I b

a

I b

a 2 I b

o f

t h e

s y s t e m .

I a o

=

3

,

I a l =

3

,

I a 2

=

3

V a ,

V b

a n d

V ,

a r e t h e t h r e e

v o l t a g e s t o g r o u n d

a t a n y

. I a O

=

a 2

I a l

o r

a

I a o

I a l

p o i n t

o f t h e

s y s t e m .

a n d I a 2

=

a l a a

o r a 2

I a 2

I a l

I a l

I b l

a n d

I , ,

a r e

t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t s

i n

t h e

t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s .

By

d e f i n i -

B .

i n e - t o - L i n e F a u l t s .

t i o n t h e s e c u r r e n t s

a r e

e q u a l

i n

m a g n i -

F a u l t

o n

p h a s e s

a

a n d b ,

F i g .

1 6 B

t u d e a n d

I a l

l e a d s I b l b y

1 2 0 d e g .

a n d

F a u l t

c o n d i t i o n s :

I ,

= 0 , I b = - I a

a n d

V a

= V b .

I , ,

b y

2 4 0

d e g .

F r o m ( 7 a ) :

I a O

=

0

I a 2 I b 2

a n d

I c 2

a r e t h e

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

s e q u e n c e

c u r - I a

( 1

-

a )

r e n t s

i n

t h e t h r e e

c o n d u c t o r s .

By

F r o m

( 8 a ) :

I a l =

3

d e f i n i t i o n t h e s e

c u r r e n t s a r e

e q u a l i n

m a g n i t u d e

a n d

I a 2

l e a d s I h 2

b y

1 2 0

I a ( 1

-

a 2 )

d e g .

a n d I b 2 b y 2 4 0

d e g .

F r o m

( 9 a ) :

3 a 2

=

3

I a o ,

I b O a n d

I , o

a r e

t h e z e r o p h a s e s e q u e n c e

c u r r e n t s i n

* t h e t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s .

B y d e f i n i t i o n

-

1

-

2

I

t h e s e

c u r r e n t s

a r e

e q u a l

i n

m a g n i t u d e

1a 2

1

-

a

a n d

i n

p h a s e .

N o t a t i o n f o r c o m p o n e n t s

o f

v o l t a g e

c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h a t

a

f o r

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

c u r r e n t s .

b

a

A p p e n d i x B

C

R E L A T I O N S

BETWEEN

THE C O M P O N E N T S

OF

C U R R E N T

AND

OF

V O L T A G E

AT A

S I N G L E

F A U L T FOR

V A R I O U S

T Y P E S OF F A U L T

a

L e t

I a ,

I b

a n d

I ,

b e

t h e c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g i n t o

t h e f a u l t

b

  a

f r o m

l i n e s

a ,

b

a n d

c

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

a n d

V a ,

V b a n d V C

t h e

v o l t a g e s

t o

g r o u n d

o f

p h a s e s

a ,

b

a n d c

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

c

b

i >

a l l

a t

p o i n t

o f

f a u l t ,

C .

C '

When a g r o u n d

o c c u r s

o n

a

t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m

t h e

B

c

c o n d u c t o r s

w h i c h

b e c o l n e

g r o u n d e d

h a v e z e r o

v o l t a g e

F I G . 1 6

t o

g r o u n d

a n d

t h e c o n d u c t o r s w h i c h a r e n o t

i n v o l v e d

h a v e

zero c u r r e n t

f l o w i n g

i n t o t h e f a u l t .

When

t h e

A - - C U R R E N T S

F L O W I N G I N T O

S I N G L E

L I N E - T O - G R O U N D FAULT

f a u l t

i s

b e t w e e n

c o n d u c t o r s

a n d

n o t

t o

g r o u n d , v o l t a g e s

B - C U R R E N T S

F L O W I N G I N T O L I N E - T O - L I N E

F A U L T

t o

g r o u n d

o n

t h e

f a u l t e d

c o n d u c t o r s

a r e

e q u a l

a n d

t h e

C - C U R R E N T S

F L O W I N G

I N T O

D O U B L E

L I N E - T O -

G R O U N D

s u m

o f

t h e

c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g

i n t o

t h e

f a u l t i s z e r o . T h u s F A U L T

t h r e e

e q u a t i o n s may

b e

w r i t t e n i n

t e r m s

o f

a c t u a l c u r -

r e n t s

o r

v o l t a g e s ,

w h i c h w h e n

u s e d

w i t h

t h e f u n d a -

F r o m

( 4 a )

a n d

( 5 a ) :

m e n t a l

e q u a t i o n s

( l a ) - ( 1 2 a )

o f

A p p e n d i x

A

p e r m i t

Va-

V b

=

( 1 -

a 2 ) V a l

( 1 -

a )

V a 2

=

0

z e r o

a n d

n e g a t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s

t o b e

1-

a 2

e x p r e s s e d

i n

t e r m s

o f

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t -

* a

V a 2

=-

1a

V a l

=

a 2

V a l

o r

V a l

= a

V a 2

a g e ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I n

t h e s e

f u n d a m e n t a l

e q u a t i o n s p h a s e

a

i s

t a k e n a s

C . D o u b l e L i n e - t o - G r o u n d

F a u l t .

r e f e r e n c e

p h a s e ,

a n d t h e

c u r r e n t s

a n d

v o l t a g e s

o f

p h a s e s

F a u l t o n

p h a s e s a

a n d c , F i g .

1 6 c

b a n d

c

a r e

e x p r e s s e d

i n

t e r m s

o f

t h e

s y m m e t r i c a l

F a u l t c o n d i t i o n s : V a =

V ,

=

0 a n d

l b

=

0 .

c o m p o n e n t s

o f p h a s e a .

F ~ r o m

( 2 a ) l b

= l a o + a 2 I a l

±

a l I a 2

=

0

N e g a t i v e

a n d z e r o p h a s e v o l t a g e s a n d

c u r r e n t s

w i l l

be*I-

I 2 I

e x p r e s s e d

i n t e r m s o f

p o s i t i v e

p h a s e v o l t a g e s a n d

c u r -

. . I a l

= - - ( a l a O

±

a

I a I )

r e n t s

r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t y p i c a l f a u l t c o n d i t i o n s .

F r o m ( l O a ) ,

( l l a ) ,

( 1 2 a ) :

A .

i x n e - t o - g r o u n d

F a u l t . V a O

=

V b

a

bl

a=

b

V 2

F a u l t

o n p h a s e b , F i g . 1 6 A 3 V a

F a u l t

c o n d i t i o n s :

I a

=

I c

=

0

a n d V b

=

0 .

. - .

V a 0

=

a 2

V a i

o r

V a 1

=

a

V a 0

F r o m

( 5 a ) : V a 1 = - (a V a o + a 2 V a 2 )

a n d

V a 2 =

a

V a 1 o r V a 1 =

a 2 V a 2

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9 3 6

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS FAULTS

ON

THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS T r a n s a c t i o n s A . I . E . E .

D . T h r e e - P h a s e

F a u l t .

Z a

Z b - Z a b 2

( a ) C o n d u c t o r s

n o t

g r o u n d e d .

Z 1 3

=

Z 2 4

Z b

= i l m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n

p o i n t s

F a u l t c o n d i t i o n s :

Va=Vb=Vc

a n d

I a + I b + I c = O

1

a n d

3 a n d

b e t w e e n

From

( 7 a ) :

l a O

=

0

p o i n t s 2 a n d

4 .

From

( l l a ) :

V a l

=

0

Z a Z b

-

Z a b 2

From

( 1 2 a ) : V a 2

=

0

Z 1 4 =

Z 2 3

-

Z a b

=

i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n

a b

C o d c o s g o p o i n t s

1

a n d

4

a n d

( b )

C o n d u c t o r s

g r o u n d e d .

b e t w e e n

p o i n t s

2

F a u l t

c o n d i t i o n s : V a

=

V b

=

V c = 0 a n d 3 .

From ( l O a ) : V a 0

=

0

( I c )

From ( I l a ) :

V a l

=

0

E q u a t i o n s ,

( 1 c ) ,

w e r e d e r i v e d b y a n a l o g y f r o m s i m i -

From ( 1 2 a ) : V a 2

=

0

l a r e q u a t i o n s

f o r

t h e e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t o f

a

t w o w i n d i n g

A p p e n d i x

C

t r a n s fo r m e r g i v e n

b y M r . G e o r g e A . C a m p b e l l

i n

  C i s o i d a l O s c i l l a t i o n s , p .

8 9 0 , P r o c . A . I . E .

E . ,

1 9 1 1 .

Z E R O

P H A S E

E Q U I V A L E N T

C I R C U I T S FOR

Tw o

P A R A L L E L ( b )

Tw o

L i n e s

b u s s e d

a t

b o t h e n d s .

I f

t w o

p a r a l l e l

T R A N S M I S S I O N

L I N E S

l i n e s a r e

b u s s e d

a t b o t h

e n d s t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

o f

I t w i l l

b e

a s s u m e d

t h a t t h e

c o n d u c t o r s

o f a l l

c i r c u i t s

F i g .

1 7 B r e d u c e s t o a

s i n g l e i m p e d a n c e

b r a n c h

Z e

w h e r e

a r e

c o m p l e t e l y t r a n s p o s e d ,

s o

t h a t

t h e s a m e

i m p e d a n c e

1

Z a

Z b

- Z a b 2

i s o f f e r e d

t o

z e r o

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s

b y

e a c h

o f

t h e

t h r e e

Z e

=

1

1

1

1

Z a

±

Zb

2

Z a b

c o n d u c t o r s

o f

a n y

c i r c u i t .

+

+

+

Z 1 2

Z 1 4

Z 2 3 Z 3 4

1

L i n e

A 2 ( 2 c )

l a

I f

Z a

=

Z b

L i n e B

3

I b

4

Z a

+Zab

A b

4 Z e

2

( 3 c )

 

2 1 2 2

2

-7,

1 2

a

Neglecting

R e s i s t a n c e

7

14

a

~ ~ 2 1 2

b

i e

X a

+

X a b

( c

z 1 3

_ s

C Z 2 4 J Z

1 3

1 , 3

- , U A -

Z 3 = 1 4

\

7

Z =

b - Z a b

( c )

T w o

L i n e s

b u s s e d

a t o n e

e n d

b u t

n o t a t t h e

o t h e r .

30_

2

4

I f

t h e

l i n e s

a r e

b u s s e d

s o

t h a t

p o i n t s

1 a n d

3

a r e

t o g e t h e r

l b

B

l b

C

4

F i g . 1 7 B

b e c o m e s

a

A

c o n n e c t i n g

p o i n t s 1 , 2 a n d

4 ,

F I G . C 1 7

w h i c h

may

b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o a Y ,

F i g .

1 7 c

h a v i n g

F I G . 1 7

b r a n c h i m p e d a n c e s

Z 1 ,

Z 2

a n d

Z 4

w h e r e

A-PARALLEL

TRANSMISSION

L I N E S

HAVING IMPEDANCE

Z a

Z 1

=

Z a b

AND

Z b

AND

M U T U A L

Z a b

Z 2

=

Z a - Z a b

( 5 C )

B-EQUIVALENT

C I R C U I T

TO

REPLACE

THE Two

PARALLEL

Z 4

= Z b

Z a b (

L I N E S

BETWEEN

TERMINALS

1 ,

2 ,

3

AND 4

CEU

T C I R C U I T

T o

R E P L A C E

Tw o

P A R A L L E L L I N E S

T h i s

c a s e may

b e

e x t e n d e d

t o

i n c l u d e

p a r a l l e l

l i n e s

B U S S E D

A T ONE

E N D

BUT

NOT

A T THE O T H E R

w h i c h a r e b u s s e d t h r o u g h

u n e q u a l

i m p e d a n c e s .

O n

t h e

z e r o

p h a s e

d i a g r a m

o f

a n

a c t u a l

s y s t e m

w h i c h i n c l u d e s

1 .

T w o

P a r a l l e l

T r a n s m i s s i o n

L i n e s .

t w o p a r a l l e l

l i n e s

i t i s u s u a l l y

p o s s i b l e t o

f i n d

a

p o i n t

( a ) G e n e r a l

C a s e .

A n y

t w o

p a r a l l e l

t r a n s m i s s i o n

w h e r e

t h e

p a r a l l e l

l i n e s a r e b u s s e d a t

o n e

e n d

o r

t h e

l i n e s

o r

p o r t i o n s

o f

p a r a l l e l

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e s

h a v i n g

o t h e r

t h r o u g h

i m p e d a n c e s .

S u c h

a

p o i n t

may

b e

t h e

i m p e d a n c e s Z a

a n d

Z b

a n d m u t u a l

r e a c t a n c e ,

Z a b ,

g r o u n d

o r

a n y

b r a n c h

p o i n t

o f

t h e

s y s t e m ,

o r i t

may

b e

b e t w e e n

t h e m

may

b e

r e p l a c e d

a t

t h e i r t e r m i n a l s

b y

o b t a i n e d

b y

A - Y o r

Y - A t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s .

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t

c o n s i s t i n g

o f a

s i x - b r a n c h n e t w o r k

I f t h e

i m p e d a n c e

f r o m t h e b r a n c h

p o i n t

5

t o t h e

t e r m i -

d i r e c t l y

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e

f o u r

t e r m i n a l s .

1

I f 1 a n d 2 n a l s

1

a n d

3 o f

t h e

l i n e s A a n d

B

a r e

Z , 1

a n d

Z B

r e s p e c -

a r e t h e t e r m i n a l s o f l i n e

A ,

a n d

3

a n d

4 t h e t e r m i n a l s t i v e l y , a n e q u i v a l e n t Y may

b e

u s e d

b e t w e e n p o i n t s

5 ,

o f l i n e B , s e e F i g . 1 7 ,

t h e n

t h e

s i x

i m p e d a n c e s

o f t h e

2 a n d 4 , h a v i n g

t h e

b r a n c h i m p e d a n c e s

Z 5 ,

Z 2

a n d

Z 4 ,

e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t a r e :

w h e r e

2 1 2

=

= i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n

pit1

2 2 = Z a +

Z a

- Z

b

and.

Z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4

Z b

+ Z 4 l Z a b

Z 3 4

=

Z a Z b - Z b = i m p e d a n c e b e t w e e n p o i n t s 3 T h e s e a b o v e

r e l a t i o n s

f o l l o w

d i r e c t l y f r o m

( 1 7 c )

Z a

a n d

4 .

i f

Z a

a n d

Z b

a r e

t h e

i m p e d a n c e s

f r o m

t h e

j u n c t i o n

p o i n t

Page 19: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1 CLARKE: SIMULTANEOUS F A U L TS

ON THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

9 3 7

a n d

t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e t h e e x t e r n a l

i m p e d a n c e s Z a

a n d

b y

a 2

a n d

a d d i n g :

a d d i n g e q u a t i o n s

( 6 )

a n d

( 1 1 ) ;

s u b s t i -

Z o .

t u t i n g

f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

A

( b )

a n d A

( a ) :

MUTUAL

R E A C T A N C E

BETWEEN

Tw o

P A R A L L E L

V a l =

( C O

+

S 0

+ C 2

+

S 2 ) I a l

+

( a

S O +

a 2 S 2 )

l a l

T R A N S M I S S I O N

L I N E S

( 3 d )

F r o m ( 4 c )

V a l

=

( a 2

S o

+ a

S 2 )

I a l

+

( D o

+ S O

+

D 2

+

S 2 )

I l c

X a b

=

2X,-

X a ( 6 c )

( 4 d )

E q u a t i o n

( 6 c )

g i v e s

t h e

m u t u a l

r e a c t a n c e

X a b

i n

t e r m s

( e )

P h a s e s

c

a n d

a .

O f X a , t h e r e a c t a n c e o f o n e l i n e

a l o n e , a n d

X e

t h e

M u l t i p l y i n g e q u a t i o n

( 5 )

b y a 2 a n d e q u a t i o n

( 1 0 )

r e a c t a n c e

o f t h e

t w o

l i n e s

i n

p a r a l l e l . X a b may

b e

b y a a n d a d d i n g ;

a d d i n g e q u a t i o n s ( 6 ) a n d

( 1 1 ) ;

s u b -

e x p r e s s e d

i n t e r m s o f

X 1 ,

t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

r e a c t a n c e s t i t u t i n g

f r o m

T a b l e I , A ( c )

a n d

A ( a ) :

o f

o n e

l i n e , b y s u b s t i t u t i n g

f o r

X a

a n d

X e t h e i r v a l u e s

V a t i t

( C o

+

5 0

+ C 2

±

S 2 )

I a l

+

( a 2 S 0 + a

5 2 )

l c d

i n t e r m s

o f

X 1 .

a S d )

F o r

l i n e s w i t h o u t

g r o u n d

w i r e s

o r

w i t h

l i g h t

s t e e l

g r o u n d w i r e s . 7

V a l = ( a

S o

+

a 2 S 2 ) l a l

+

( D o

+

S o

+ D 2

+

S 2 )

l a O

I f

X a

=

3 . 5

X i

a n d

X e

2 . 5

X i

t h e n

( 6 d )

X a b

v 1 . 5

C a s e F .

L i n e - t o - L i n e

F a u l t s

a t

T w o

P o i n t s .

F o r

h e a v y c o p p e r g r o u n d

w i r e s .

( a )

C o r r e s p o n d i n g p h a s e s b ,

c a n d

1 ,

- y .

I f

X a

=

2

X i

a n d

X e

=

1 . 5

X i

t h e n

R e p l a c i n g

n e g a t i v e

p h a s e

c u r r e n t s a n d

v o l t a g e s

i n

I X = 2 1 n

X a b

=

. 5

X i

t h e n

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 0 )

a n d

( 1 1 )

b y

t h e i r

v a l u e s

i n

t e r m s

o f

X a b =

X l

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t s a n d

v o l t a g e s

f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

T h e s e

a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e s f o r

m u t u a l r e a c t a n c e

may

B ( a ) :

b e

u s e d

i n

d e t e r m i n i n g

z e r o

p h a s e e q u i v a l e n t

c i r c u i t s

V a l

= ( C 2

+ S 2 )

I a l

+

S 2

I a l

( 7 d )

f o r t w o p a r a l l e l

t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s

w h e n

e x t r e m e V a i = S 2 l a O

±

( D 2 + S 2 ) l a O ( 8 d )

a c c u r a c y

i s

n o t

r e q u i r e d .

A p p e n d i x

D

( b )

P h a s e s

a ,

c

a n d

1 ,

- y .

S u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

B ( b ) a n d B ( a ) i n e q u a -

R E L A T I O N S

BETWEEN

P O S I T I V E

P H A S E

C O M P O N E N T S

t i o n ( 1 0 )

m u l t i p l i e d

by a 2 , and

i n

e q u a t i o n

( 1 1 ) :

OF

V O L T A G E

AT

TH E F A U L T S AND

P O S I T I V E P H A S E

V a l

= ( C 2

+

S 2 )

I a l

+ a 2

S 2 I a I

( 9 d )

CURRENTs

FLOWING I N T O THE

FAULTS

F OR

V a i = a

S 2

l a l

+ ( D 2 + S 2 )

I a l

( l O d )

Tw o SIMULTANEous

FAULTS

T a b l e

I e x p r e s s e s

n e g a t i v e

a n d

z e r o

p h a s e

v o l t a g e s

( c )

P h a s e s

a ,

b

a n d

1 ,

- y .

a t

t h e

p o i n t

o f

f a u l t ,

a n d c u r r e n t s

f l o w i n g

i n t o

t h e f a u l t

S u b s t i t u t i n g f o r T a b l e

I ,

B

( c )

a n d

B

( a )

i n

e q u a t i o n

i n

t e r m s

o f t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e v o l t a g e

a t t h e

f a u l t

a n d ( 1 0 )

m u l t i p l i e d b y

a ,

a n d

i n

e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 ) :

t h e

p o s i t i v e p h a s e

c u r r e n t

i n t o

t h e

f a u l t

w h e n

g r o u n d s

V a l

=

( C 2

+

S 2 ) I a l

+

a

S 2

l i

( l l d )

o c c u r

o n o n e

o r

m o r e

o f

t h e t h r e e

c o n d u c t o r s

o f

a t h r e e -

V a i

= a 2

5 2

I a l + ( D 2

+

S 2 ) I a l ( 1 2 d )

p h a s e

s y s t e m ,

t a k i n g p h a s e

a

a s

r e f e r e n c e

p h a s e .

h a s s y s e m ,

k i n phae

a

s r e e r e n e

p h s e . C a s e

G .

D o u b l e L i n e - t o - G r o u n d F a u l t s a t

T w o P o i n t s .

S i m i l a r

r e l a t i o n s

f o r

a

s e c o n d

p o i n t

o f

f a u l t

a r e

o b t a i n e d

b y

s u b s t i t u t i n g a , 1 ,

y

f o r

a ,

b ,

a n d

c i n

T a b l e

I . T h e s e

( a )

C o r r e s p o n d i n g

p h a s e s b , c a n d 1 3 ,

- y .

t w o

s e t s o f r e l a t i o n s f r o m T a b l e

I

s u b s t i t u t e d

i n

c o m b i -

A d d i n g e q u a t i o n s

( 7 )

a n d

( 1 2 ) ,

a n d

( 8 )

a n d

( 1 3 ) ,

n a t i o n s

o f

e q u a t i o n s

( 5 ) - ( 1 4 )

a l l o w

V a l

a n d

V a l

t o

a n d

s u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

C

( a ) .

b e

e x p r e s s e d

i n

t e r m s

o f

I a l

a n d

I a i .

D o

+

S o

D 2

 

S 2

S o

S 2

C a s e

E .

S i n g l e

L i n e - t o - G r o u n d

F a u l t s

a t T w o P o i n t s .

I a i

V a l I Z O

+

Z 2 2

Z V a O

Z o o +

Z 2 2

)

( a )

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p h a s e s

a

a n d a .

( 1 3 d )

A d d i n g

e q u a t i o n s

( 5 )

a n d

( 1 0 )

a n d

( 6 )

a n d

( 1 1 )

a n d

s O

S 2

C O

+ S o C 2 +

S 2

s u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

A

( a ) :

I a 1

= - V a l (

± v a o (

Co o +

C2±S

V a l

=

( C O

 

S O

+

C 2

 

S 2 )

I a l

+

( S O

+

S 2 )

I a l

( 1 d )

2 2

V a i

=

( S o

+ S 2 ) I a l +

( D o

+

±

+

D2 +

S 2 )

I a T ( 2 d )

  1 4 d )

( b ) P h a s e sb

n d

a . ~ ~ ~ E x p r e s s i n g V a i

a n d

V a 0

i n t e r m s o f

l a O

a n d

I a i

b y

s o l v i n g e q u a t i o n s

( 1 3 d )

a n d ( 1 4 d ) a n d m a k i n g u s e o f

M u l t i p l y i n g e q u a t i o n s ( 5 )

b y a

a n d e q u a t i o n ( 1 0 )

e q u a t i o n s ( 9 ) a n d

( 1 4 ) :

[ Z 2 2

( C O

+

S 0 )

±

Z O O

( C 2 + S 2 ) ] I a i + [ Z 2 2 So +

Z O O

S 2 ]

I a i

V a i

( C o

  C 2 )

( D o

±

D 2 ) + ( C 0   C 2 )

( S o

+ S 2 ) +

( D o

±

D 2 )

( S o

±

S 2 ) ( 1 5 d )

V

-

~ [ Z 2 2

S o

±

Z o o

S 2 ]

l a O ±

[ Z 2 2

( D o

±

S o )

±

Z o o

( D 2

+

S 2 ) ]

I , a i ( 6 d

V a l

( C 0 n

+

C 2 )

( D 0

+

D 2 )

+

( C n

+

C 2 )

  S n

+

S o )

+

( D n

+

D 2 )

  S n

+

S 2

( 6 d

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9 3 8

CLARKE: SIMULTANEOUS

F A U L TS ON

THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

T r a n s a e t i o n s

A .

I .

E . E .

( b )

P h a s e s a ,

c

a n d

3 ,

y .

T r a n s p o s i n g

a n d s i m p l i f y i n g

e q u a t i o n s ( 8 )

a n d ( 1 3 )

M u l t i p l y i n g

( 7 )

b y

a

a n d ( 1 2 )

b y a 2 a n d a d d i n g :

t o e x p r e s s

V a o

i n

t e r m s o f V a o a n d I , , o

a n d

V a 2

i n

t e r m s

a d d i n g

( 8 ) a n d ( 1 3 ) : s u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m T a b l e

I , C ( b )

o f V a 2

a n d

I a 2 :

t h e n

r e p l a c i n g

V a o

a n d

V a 2 b y

V

a n d

C ( a ) :

f r o m

T a b l e I , C ( a )

a n d I a o a n d

I , 2 b y I a l f r o m

A

( a ) :

{ D o +So

D2

+S2i

a

S O

a 2

S 2 \

I a l = V a i (

D + S ± D Z o o

Z 2 2

V . , ( Z O O

A

S Z 2 2

V a o

=

V a

-

I a l

Z O O

( 2 8 d )

c o

+

s o

c o

+

s o

( 1 7 d )

  a l V a i ( a 2

S o

a S 2 )

V

co

AS

+o

C 2 +S2)

2___

0 0 O

Z 2 2

ZaO

Z 2 2

V a 2

=

V a l

C +

S

I a ,

C 2

+

S ( 2 9 d )

( 1 8 d )

S o l v i n g

( 1 7 d )

a n d

( 1 8 d )

f o r

V a l

a n d

V a , ,

r e m e m b e r i n g S u b s t i t u t i n g

( 2 8 d )

a n d ( 2 9 d )

i n

( 2 7 d ) , a n d

r e p l a c i n g

t h a t a

X

a 2 =

1

a n d a

+

a 2

=

-

1 :

Z 0 o

a n d

Z 2 2

b y

t h e i r

v a l u e s

g i v e n

i n

( 9 )

a n d

( 1 4 ) :

V a i

(C0

[ Z 2 2

( C 0

+

O )

+O O

( C 2

+

2 )

I a l

+

( a

S O

Z 2 2

+

a 2

S 2

Z O O )

I a l

( C o

+ C 2 )

( D o

+

D 2 )

+ ( C O + C 2 )

( S O

+

S 2 )

+ ( D o

+

D 2 )

( S O

+

S 2 )

+

3

S O

S 2

( a 2

S O

Z 2 2

+

a

S 2

Z 0 O )

I a l

+

[ Z 2 2

( D o

+

S o )

+

Z o o

( D 2

+

S 2 ) ]

I a l

V . ,

( C O +

C 2 )

( D o

+ D 2 )

+

( C O

+

C 2 )

( S O

+

S 2 )

+

( D o

+

D 2 )

( S O

+

S 2 )

+

3

S O

S 2

( 2 0 d )

( c )

P h a s e s

a , b ,

a n d

O 3 ,

y .

1

T h i s

case

m a y

b e

s o l v e d

b y a n a l o g y

f r o m

( b ) ,

a

cas

V a i

(

+

S

C-S 2

)

r e p l a c i n g

a 2 , a n d

a 2

r e p l a c i n g

a i n

e q u a t i o n s

( 1 9 d )

a n d ( 2 0 d ) .

a

S0

SA

C a s e

H .

T h r e e - P h a s e

F a u l t s

a t

Tw o

P o i n t s .

+

a l

c o

+ S O

+

C 2 +

S 2

( 3 0 d )

F r o m T a b l e I ,

D .

Vai0

( 2 1 d )

~ T r a n s p o s i n g

( 3 0 d )

V a l =

( 2 1 d )

V a , =O ( 2 2 d )

V

_

( C 0

+

S 0 )

( C 2

+

S 2 )

C a s e

I .

L i n e - t o - L i n e

F a u l t

a t

C

a n d

S i n g l e

L i n e - t o -

C 0 A - 5 0 A - C 2 A - 5 2 2

a l

G r o u n d

F a u l t

a t D .

S O

( C 2

 

S 2 )

 

S 2

( C o

 

S O )

( a )

P h a s e s b ,

c a n d a .

( C

A

S O )

C A

S(

IA

( 3 1 d )

S u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m T a b l e

I ,

B

( a )

a n d

A

( a )

i n

e q u a -

C

A S

A- 2 A

2

t i o n s

( 1 0 )

a n d i n

( 6 )

p l u s

( 1 1 )

A d d i n g

e q u a t i o n s ( 2 8 d )

a n d

( 2 9 d ) , a n d r e p l a c i n g

V a = l

C A S ) - S

2 3 d )

( V a 0

 

V a 2 )

b y -

V a i

f r o m

T a b l e I ,

A

  a )

a n d V a l

a l

- I a l

( C 2

+

S 2 ) I -( D l

A2

(Sd

b y

i t s

v a l u e f r o m

( 3 1 d )

( b ) P h a s e s

a ,

c

a n d

a e .

V a i = _

S O

( C 2

  S 2 )

 

S 2

( C 0

+

S O )

S u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m T a b l e I ,

B

( b ) a n d

A

( a )

i n

e q u a -

C0A-50A-C2A-52

t i o n

( 1 0 )

m u l t i p l i e d

b y

a 2 ,

a n d

i n

e q u a t i o n ( 6 )

p l u s

( 1 1 ) :

V a l

=

I a l

( C 2

+

S 2 ) - I a .

a 2

S 2 ( 2 5 d )

+

D o

+

D 2

+

S O

+

S2 -

C

+

S )

I

V a .

=

-a

S 2

I a l

+ I a 1

( D o

+

S o

+

D 2

+

S 2 )

( 2 6 d )

( c )

P h a s e s

a , b ,

a n d

a .

( 3 2 d )

( b )

P h a s e s

a ,

c

a n d

a .

By a n a l o g y

f r o m

( b ) r e p l a c i n g

a

b y

a 2 ,

a n d

a 2

b y

a .

M u l t i p l y i n g

e q u a t i o n ( 7 )

b y

a , e q u a t i o n

( 1 2 )

b y

a

2 ;

C a s e

J . D o u b l e

L i n e - t o - G r o u , n d

F a u l t

a t C , S i n g l e L i n e -

a d d i n g a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m T a b l e I , C

( b ) :

t o - G r o u n d

F a u l l t

a t D .

/D0

A - S O

D 2 A - 5 S 2

  \

( a ) P h a s e s

b , c a n d

a .

l a O

= V a i

( \

z

A -

z 2 2

J

A d d i n g e q u a t i o n s

( 7 ) a n d

( 1 2 ) a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m

f T a b l e

J , C

( a ) : S 0

S 2

, D 0 - 5 D2-2

S

-a C V a 0

- a 2

V a 2

( 3 3 d )

I a i V i ~ j

Z O O

A

Z22 VaOZ

Z 2 2

F r o m e q u a t i o n s

( 8 ) a n d ( 1 3 ) a n d

T a b l e I ,

C

( b )

a n d

( 2 7 d )

A

( a )

Page 21: Simultaneous Faults on Thre Phase Systems

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S e p t e m b e r

1 9 3 1

CLARKE:

SIMULTANEOUS

FAULTS ON

THREE-PHASE

SYSTEMS

9 3 9

-0

Z o o

0 ~ ( 3 4 d ) A d d i n g ( 6 ) a n d

( 1 1 ) ,

r e p l a c i n g

I a o

a n d

I a 2 b y

t h e i r

V a o

=

a 2

V a l

C

±

so

co

S

( 3 4 d )

v a l u e s g i v e n

i n

( 4 4 d )

a n d

( 4 5 d ) , a n d

s u b s t i t u t i n g f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

A ( a ) a n d

s i m p l i f y i n g :

V . 2

=

a

V a l

S 2

I, -

Z2

( D d

c

O ± l S

a

C

+

S-

C

+

S ,

 3

V

= V i

D o +

C

+

S +

D 2

+

C)

S

I a i

( 4 6 d )

S u b s t i t u t i n g

( 3 4 d )

a n d

( 3 5 d )

i n

( 3 3 d )

a n d

t r a n s p o s i n g :

( C O

+

S O ) ( C 2

+

S 2 )

v

a l -

C O

+ S o

+

C 2

+

S 2

a

B i b l i o g r a p h y

1 .

1 9 2 7

L i g h t n i n g

E x p e r i e n c e o n t h e

1 3 2 - K v .

T r a n s m i s s i o n

a

5 0

( C 2 + S 2 )

+

a 2

5 2

( C O

+

S O )

( 3 6 d )

L i n e s

o f

t h e

A m e r i c a n G a s

a n d

E l e c t r i c

C o m p a n y , b y P h i l i p

S p o r n ,

C 0 +

S 0 +

C 2

+ S 2

A . I .

E .

E .

T R A N S . ,

1 9 2 9 .

T h e

P r o b l e m o f

S e r v i c e S e c u r i t y i n

L a r g e

T r a n s m i s s i o n

S y s t e m s ,

A d d i n g

( 3 4 d ) a n d

( 3 5 d ) ,

r e p l a c i n g

( V a 0

+

V a 2 )

b y b y

P . A c k e r m a n , A .

I . E .

E . T R A N S . ,

1 9 3 0 .

-

V a i ,

f r o m

T a b l e

L ,

A

( a )

a n d

V a l

b y

i t s

v a l u e

f r o m

2 .

M e t h o d

o f S y m m e t r i c a l

C o o r d i n a t e s

A p p l i e d t o

t h e

S o l u t i o n

( 3 6 d ) :

o f P o l y p h a s e

N e t w o r k s , b y C . L .

F o r t e s c u e ,

A .

I .

E .

E .

T R A N S . ,

a 2

S O

( C 2

+ S 2 )

+

a

S 2

( C O

+

S O )

1 9 1 8 .

V a C

=

-

I a l

3 .

S t u d i e s

o f

T r a n s m i s s i o n

S t a b i l i t y , b y

R .

D .

E v a n s

a n d

C O

±

S O

±

C2

±

S 2

C . F .

W a g n e r , A .

I . E . E .

T R A N S . ,

1 9 2 6 .

S

2

+

O

S 2

+

2 2

1

4 .

  C a l c u l a t i o n

o f

S i n g l e - P h a s e

S h o r t

C i r c u i t s

b y

t h e

+

(D - I -

D 2

±

S O

+

S 2

-

I ,

Method o f

S y m m e t r i c a l

C o m p o n e n t s , b y A .

P .

M a c k e r r a s ,

C O +

S o

+ C 2

+

S 2

J

G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c

R e v i e w ,

1 9 2 6 .

5 . ' A p p l i c a t i o n

o f

H y p e r b o l i c F u n c t i o n s t o

E n g i n e e r i n g

( 3 7 d )

P r o b l e m s , A p p .

E

b y

A . E .

K e n n e l l y , McGraw

H i l l

Book

C o .

(c ) Phases

a, b

and

+

6 .

T h e

M.

I .

T .

N e t w o r k

A n a l y z e r ,

b y

H .

I .

H a z e n ,

0 .

R .

B y

a n a l o g y f r o m

( 3 6 d )

a n d

( 3 7 d )

r e p l a c i n g

a

b y

a 2 ,

S c h u r i g , a n d M .

F .

G a r d n e r , A .

I . E . E .

T R A N S . ,

1 9 3 0 .

a n d

a 2

b y

a .

7 . S y s t e m

S t a b i l i t y a s a

D e s i g n P r o b l e m ,

b y

R . H .

P a r k a n d

C a s e

K . T h r e e - P h a s e

F a u l t

a t

C

a n d

S i n g l e

L i n e - t o -

E .

H .

B a n c k e r , A .

I .

E . E . T R A N S . ,

1 9 2 9 .

G r o u n d

F a u l t a t

D ,

.

8 .

P r o g r e s s

i n t h e

S t u d y

o f S y s t e m S t a b i l i t y ,

b y

I .

H .

Summers

a n d J .

B .

M c C l u r e ,

A . I . E . E .

T R A N S . ,

1 9 3 0 .

( a )

T h r e e - p h a s e

f a u l t

n o t i n v o l v i n g g r o u n d .

9 . T h e

R e a c t a n c e s

o f S y n c h r o n o u s

M a c h i n e s , b y

R .

H .

P a r k

S u b s t i t u t i n g I a O

=

0 f r o m T a b l e

I ,

D

( a )

i n

e q u a t i o n s

a n d

B . L .

R o b e r t s o n , A .

I . E . E .

1 9 2 8 .

( 5 ) a n d

( 6 ) ,

a n d

V a 2

=

0

i n

e q u a t i o n

( 1 0 ) :

1 0 .

  C i s o i d a l

O s c i l l a t i o n s , b y

G e o .

A .

C a m p b e l l ,

P r o e .

-

V a O

=

I a O

S o

( 3 8 d )

A . I E .

E . , 1 9 1 1 .

-

V a o

=

I o

( D o

+

S o )

( 3 9 d )

D c

s

D i s c u s s i o n

S 2

M .

MacFerran: M i s s

C l a r k e s

p a p e r

i s o f

g r e a t p r a c t i c a l

I a 2

=-

a 2

C2

+

S 2

( 4 0 d )

v a l u e

b e c a u s e , a s

i s

p o i n t e d o u t i n t h e

i n t r o d u c t i o n ,

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s

d o o c c u r

q u i t e

f r e q u e n t l y

e s p e c i a l l y

w h e n

m u l t i c i r c u i t

S u b s t i t u t i n g

( 4 0 d )

i n

( 1 1 )

a n d

s i m p l i f y i n g

t o w e r

l i n e s

a r e

i n

u s e .

F o r

e x a m p l e ,

o n

t h e

s y s t e m

o f

t h e S o u t h -

C 2

S

( 4 1 d )

e r n C a l i f o r n i a

E d i s o n C o . , L t d . , t h e r e a re m a n y t o w e r

l i n e s

-

Va2

=

I a 2

D 2

+

c a r r y i n g

f r o m two

t o

t w e l v e

c i r c u i t s ,

a n d t h e r e h a v e

b e e n s e v e r a l

C 2

+

S 2 c a s e s i n w h i c h t r o u b l e

on

s u c h

m u l t i c i r c u i t

s t r u c t u r e s h a s

i n -

v o l v e d

t w o

l i n e s

g o i n g

t o

e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t

p a r t s

o f

t h e

s y s t e m .

a d d i n g . ( 3 9 d )

a n d

( 4 1 d )

a n d

s u b s t i t u t i n g

f r o m

T a b l e

I ,

A n o t h e r v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g

c a s e

o f s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t i n g

o c c u r r e d

A ( a )

a t a

s u b s t a t i o n w h i c h

w as

b e i n g

o p e r a t e d

w i t h b u s e s

s e c t i o n -

C2

S 2

a l i z e d ,

o n e s e c t i o n

b e i n g

o n

o n e

m a j o r

s t a t i o n ,

t h e o t h e r o n

V a i

I = I

( D o +

S o

+

D 2

+

2

)

( 4 2 d )

a n o t h e r .

T r o u b l e

o r i g i n a t i n g

o n one

b u s

s p r e a d

t o

t h e o t h e r ,

C2

+ S 2

t h u s

p r o d u c i n g

a

c o n d i t i o n

q u i t e

s i m i l a r t o t h a t

c o v e r e d

b y

t h e

n u m e r i c a l

e x a m p l e

i n

t h e

p a p e r .

From

T a b l e

I ,

D .

From t h e

s t a n d p o i n t

o f

o n e

who

i s

f a c e d

w i t h

t h e

t a s k o f

V a i

=

0

( 4 3 d )

c a l c u l a t i n g

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s ,

t h e

o u t s t a n d i n g

f e a t u r e s

o f

( b ) 0

Tle-pa

e - l n

f a u l t i n v o l v i n g

g r o u n d .

M i s s

C l a r k e s p a p e r a r e f i r s t , t h e d e r i v a t i o n

o f

t h e

v a l u e s

o fb )

T h r e e - p h a s e

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k ,

,

m , a n d

n

f o r

a l l

c o n c e i v a b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s

o f f a u l t s ;

a J n d

S u b s t i t u t i n g

V a o

=

0 , a n d

V a 2

=

0

f r o m

T a b l e I ,

s e c o n d , t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f

t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e e q u i v a l e n t

f a u l t

D

( b ) i n

( 5 ) a n d

( 1 0 )

a n d

e x p r e s s i n g l a O a n d 1 a 2 i n

w y e

w h i c h c a n b e

u s e d

w i t h

a h i g h

d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y

e v e n

terms

o f

I

a o an d 1 a 2 .

when

m

i s

n o t e q u a l t o n .

T h e s e t w o f e a t u r e s

m a . k e

i t

p o s s i b l e

5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t o

o r k o u t t h e

c o m p l e t e

s t o r y o f

a n y

t y p e

o f

s i m u l t a U n e o u s

I a O

= -

o - ( 4 4 d ) . . . f a u l t

i n a

q u i t e

r e a s o n a b l e l e n g t h o f t i m e , a n d t h e r e f o r e

e n a b l e

C 0 +

S o

o n e t o g i v e d u e

a t t e n t i o n

t o s u c h f a u l t s i n

s e t t i n g

r e l a y s o r

a n a l y z i n g t h e i r

p e r f o r m a . n c e .

T h i s i n

t u r n r e p r e s e n t s

a n

S 2

i m p o r t a n t

s t e p

f o r w a r d i n

p r o t e c t i o n

e n g i n e e r i n g .

I a 2

-

- I a 2

C+S(45d)

. . . H .

W. B i b b e r : W h i l e M i s s

C l a r k e s

p a p e r

d e a l s

v e r y e x h a u s -

C 2

+

2

t i v e l y w i t h

p r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g

s i m u l t a n e o u s

f a u l t s a s t h e y a r e


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