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SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Introduction to the Introduction to the Practices and Practices and
Principles of Audio-Principles of Audio-Visual ArchivingVisual Archiving
International Council on Archives, International Council on Archives, Section of International OrganisationsSection of International Organisations
Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya 25 October, 200725 October, 2007
Martha Hunt, Audio-Visual ArchivistMartha Hunt, Audio-Visual ArchivistUnited Nations International Criminal Tribunal United Nations International Criminal Tribunal
for Rwanda for Rwanda
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
What are Audio-Visual What are Audio-Visual Records?Records?
Audio – something that is heardAudio – something that is heard Visual – something that is seenVisual – something that is seen
An object that:An object that: stores sight and sound stores sight and sound reproduces sight and soundreproduces sight and sound
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
History of Audio RecordingHistory of Audio Recording
Tin-foil “phonograph” Tin-foil “phonograph” Wax cylinderWax cylinder Pressed disks (LPs)Pressed disks (LPs) Magnetic tape (various formats)Magnetic tape (various formats) Cassette tapesCassette tapes CDCD Digital audio filesDigital audio files
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Nitrate FilmNitrate Film
FlammableFlammable
Destroyed by Destroyed by studios when no studios when no longer financially longer financially valuablevaluable
Nitrate Nitrate deteriorationdeterioration
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
The British Film InstituteThe British Film Institute
Established to “encourage the Established to “encourage the development of the art of the development of the art of the film, to promote its use as a film, to promote its use as a
record of contemporary life and record of contemporary life and manners, and to foster public manners, and to foster public
appreciation and study of it from appreciation and study of it from these points of viewthese points of view.”.”
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Cinematheque FrancaisesCinematheque Francaises
The first national cinematheque, The first national cinematheque, and model for numerous and model for numerous institutions world-wide.institutions world-wide.
Focused on the public screenings Focused on the public screenings and museum exhibits. and museum exhibits.
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Acetate FilmAcetate Film
Non-flammable “safety” filmNon-flammable “safety” film 35mm35mm 16mm16mm 8mm8mm
affordable for amateur useaffordable for amateur use
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
VideoVideo
Television Television Broadcasting only, not recordableBroadcasting only, not recordable
Magnetic tape used for recording Magnetic tape used for recording imageimage
First videos too large for consumer First videos too large for consumer useuse
Various formats developedVarious formats developed Professional qualityProfessional quality Consumer quality (VHS)Consumer quality (VHS)
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
DVD and Digital FilesDVD and Digital Files
DVDDVD Same shape and Same shape and
physical make-up physical make-up as CDsas CDs
Capable of storing Capable of storing large amounts of large amounts of informationinformation
Image quality Image quality superior to VHSsuperior to VHS
Digital Video FilesDigital Video Files No longer a No longer a
physical objectphysical object Storage space Storage space
costlycostly Will become more Will become more
common in the near common in the near futurefuture
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Goals of Audio-Visual Goals of Audio-Visual ArchivingArchiving
PreservationPreservation
Public AccessibilityPublic Accessibility
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Problems with filmProblems with film
Nitrate deteriorationNitrate deterioration Acetate deterioration (vinegar Acetate deterioration (vinegar
syndrome)syndrome) Black and white fadingBlack and white fading Color fadingColor fading Physical damage to prints Physical damage to prints
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Problems with videoProblems with video
Drop-outsDrop-outs Damage in playbackDamage in playback Dust and pollutantsDust and pollutants MouldMould Binder break-down (stick-shed Binder break-down (stick-shed
syndrome)syndrome)
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Problems with CDs and Problems with CDs and DVDsDVDs
ScratchesScratches Dye-fadingDye-fading No standards No standards Uncertain life expectancyUncertain life expectancy
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Points to consider Points to consider regardingregarding digitisationdigitisation
PurposePurpose Enhanced public accessibilityEnhanced public accessibility PreservationPreservation
Compression schemesCompression schemes Lossy vs. loseless Lossy vs. loseless
Storage mediaStorage media LTOLTO RAIDRAID
Technological ObsolescenceTechnological Obsolescence Back-upsBack-ups Retention of original materialsRetention of original materials
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Care and Handling of AV Care and Handling of AV MaterialMaterial
VideosVideos Store in a cool, dry, Store in a cool, dry,
and clean and clean environmentenvironment
RewindRewind Store in enclosed Store in enclosed
casescases Clearly label case and Clearly label case and
tapetape Store on endStore on end Limited useLimited use Metal shelvingMetal shelving
CDs and DVDsCDs and DVDs Store in a dark, Store in a dark,
clean environmentclean environment Store in casesStore in cases Only write on the Only write on the
clear hub of disc to clear hub of disc to labellabel
Store on endStore on end Limited useLimited use
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Preservation of Audio-Preservation of Audio-Visual MaterialsVisual Materials
Professional formatsProfessional formats DVCAM or DigiBetaDVCAM or DigiBeta
Standardize if possibleStandardize if possible Back upsBack ups
2 copies, stored separately2 copies, stored separately Plan aheadPlan ahead
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Public accessibility of an Public accessibility of an audio-visual collectionaudio-visual collection
Physical organizationPhysical organization Shelves designed for your materialShelves designed for your material
Intellectual organizationIntellectual organization Database should fit your needsDatabase should fit your needs
DigitizationDigitization Easy to reproduce and distributeEasy to reproduce and distribute
Do the best you can within your Do the best you can within your budgetbudget
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Challenges of A-V archivingChallenges of A-V archiving
Instability of materialsInstability of materials
Multiple formatsMultiple formats
ExpensiveExpensive
SIO AV Archiving Presentation
Why keep A-V records?Why keep A-V records?
Accuracy of informationAccuracy of information
Accessible to a wider publicAccessible to a wider public
Nuance and meaningNuance and meaning