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The Integumentary System
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The Integumentary System
Integument is skinSkin and its appendages make up theintegumentary system
A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to itTwo distinct regions
EpidermisDermis
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Functions of skin
ProtectionCushions and insulates and is waterproof
Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteriaScreens UV
Synthesizes vitamin D with UVRegulates body heatPrevents unnecessary water lossSensory reception (nerve endings)
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Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Four types of cellsKeratinocytes deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)Melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melaninMerkel cells associated with sensory nerve endingsLangerhans cells macrophage-like dendritic cells
Layers (from deep to superficial)Stratum basale or germinativum single row of cells attached todermis; youngest cellsStratum spinosum spinyness is artifactual; tonofilaments(bundles of protein) resist tensionStratum granulosum layers of flattened keratinocytes producingkeratin (hair and nails made of it also)Stratum lucidum (only on palms and soles)Stratum corneum horny layer (cells dead, many layers thick)
(see figure on next slide)
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Epithelium: layers (on left) and cell types (on right)
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Remember
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium epidermis just discussedConnective tissue - dermisMuscle tissue
Nervous tissue
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Dermis
Strong, flexible connective tissue: your hide Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells,WBCsFiber types: collagen, elastic, reticularRich supply of nerves and vesselsCritical role in temperature regulation (thevessels)Two layers (see next slides)
Papillary areolar connective tissue; includes dermalpapillaeReticular reticulum (network) of collagen andreticular fibers
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*Dermis layers
*
*
*Dermal papillae
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Epidermis and dermis of (a) thick skin and (b) thin skin(which one makes the difference?)
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Fingerprints, palmprints, footprints
Dermal papillae lie atop dermal ridgesElevate the overlying epidermis into epidermal ridges
Are sweat films because of sweat pores Genetically determined
Flexion creasesDeep dermis, from continual folding
FibersCollagen: strength and resilienceElastic fibers: stretch-recoil
Striae: stretch marksTension lines (or lines of cleavage)
The direction the bundlesof fibers are directed
The dermis is the receptivesite for the pigment of tattoos
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Hypodermis
Hypodermis (Gk) = below the skin Subcutaneous (Latin) = below the skin
Also called superficial fascia fascia (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective
tissue
Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors
skin (areolar tissue and adipose cells)Different patterns of accumulation(male/female)
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Skin appendages
Derived from epidermis but extend intodermis
IncludeHair and hair folliclesSebaceous (oil) glands
Sweat (sudoiferous) glandsNails
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Hair and hair follicles: complexDerived from epidermis and dermisEverywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
*arrector pili is smooth muscle *
Hair papil lai s conn ec t ive
t i ssue ________________
Hair bulb:epithel ial cel ls
sur roundingpapil la
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Functions of hairWarmth less in man than other mammals
Sense light touch of the skinProtection - scalp
Parts
Root imbedded in skinShaft projecting above skin surface
Make up of hair hard keratin
Three concentric layersMedulla (core)Cortex (surrounds medulla)Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)
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Types of hairVellus: fine, short hairsIntermediate hairs
Terminal: longer, courser hairHair growth: averages 2 mm/week Active: growingResting phase then shed
Hair lossThinning age relatedMale pattern baldness
Hair color Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form ofmelanin for redWhite: decreased melanin and air bubbles in themedullaGenetically determined though influenced byhormones and environment
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Sebaceous (oil) glands
Entire body except palms and solesProduce sebum by holocrine secretionOils and lubricates
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Sweat glands
Entire skin surfaceexcept nipples andpart of externalgenitalia
Prevent overheating500 cc to 12 l/day!(is mostly water)Humans mostefficient (onlymammals have)Produced inresponse to stressas well as heat
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Types of sweat glandsEccrine or merocrine
Most numerousTrue sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of wasteOpen through pores
Apocrine Axillary, anal and genital areas onlyDucts open into hair follices
The organic molecules in it decompose with time - odorModified apocrine glands
Ceruminous secrete earwaxMammary secrete milk
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Disorders of the integumentary system
BurnsThreat to life
Catastrophic loss of body fluidsDehydration and fatal circulatory shockInfection
TypesFirst degree epidermis: redness (e.g. sunburn)
Second degree epidermis and upper dermis: blisterThird degree - full thickness
InfectionsSkin cancer
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BurnsFirst-degree(epidermis only; redness)
Second-degree(epidermis and dermis,with blistering)
Third-degree(full thickness, destroyingepidermis, dermis, often partof hypodermis)
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Critical burns
Over 10% of thebody has third-degree burns25 % of the bodyhas second-degree burns
Third-degreeburns on face,hands, or feet
Estimate by rule of 9s
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Tumors of the skinBenign, e.g. wartsCancer associated with UV exposure(also skin aging)
Aktinic keratosis - premalignantBasal cell - cells of stratum basaleSquamous cell - keratinocytesMelanoma melanocytes: most dangerous;recognition:
A - A symmetryB - B order irregularityC - C olors
D -D
iameter larger than 6 mm
Ski C
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Basal cell carcinoma
Sqaumous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Skin Cancer