SJSU Energy Efficiency Application 2010R5 · Optimizing sensor placement to balance the timing is...

2010 Best Practices Application - San José State King Library Lighting, Page 1 of 8

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM BEST PRACTICE AWARDS APPLICATION FORM Deadline: March 5, 2010

I. CONTACT INFORMATION

Campus: San Jose State University Department: Facilities Development & Operations Contact name/title: Adam Bayer, Director, Energy Utilities & Engineering Telephone: 408-924-1971 Fax: 408-924-1981 Email: [email protected] and [email protected] II. PROJECT CATEGORY- see attached category descriptions

NEW CONSTRUCTION

___ Best Overall Sustainable Design ___ HVAC Design/Retrofit __X_ Lighting Design/Retrofit

SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS

___ Water Efficiency/Site Water Quality ___ Innovative Waste Reduction ___ Student Energy Efficiency ___ Student Sustainability Program

III. PROJECT/ PRACTICE INFORMATION

A. GENERAL QUESTIONS Project/practice name: King Library Lighting Retrofit, including Stack Light Occupancy Sensors Project/practice location: San José State University, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library Implementation cost: $1,360,793 Estimated annual energy savings (as applicable): 1,937,174 kWh per year Estimated annual energy cost savings: $309,947 at $0.16 per kWh Description- Provide a detailed narrative describing the project or practice.

The Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library (King Library) features over 50 different interior lighting fixtures. After conducting an Investment Grade Audit and a design process which included building occupants, the list was narrowed down to three lighting fixture types that promised the best combination of energy savings, financial payback period, maintaining building aesthetics, customer satisfaction and decreased maintenance costs. The selected fixture types are: T5HO stack

Ninth Annual CA Higher Education SUSTAINABILITY CONFERENCE 2010 Hosted by LA Community College District at LA Trade-Technical College June 20th -23rd, 2010


lights, basket troffers (2x4’s with T8 linear fluorescent lamps & 2x2’s with biax lamps) and parabolic troffers (2x4’s & 2x2’s both with T8 linear fluorescent lamps). All lamps were originally 3000K and were retrofitted with 5000K lamps.

Stack Lights: There are approximately 5000 Lightolier stack light fixtures at King Library, in fixtures of 3, 4, or 6 F39T5HO lamps. Regardless of the number of lamps per fixture, each ballast drives two lamps. The fixture had an integral ballast housing and the only ballast that would dimensionally fit in the fixture was a Fulham Workhorse ballast. No T5HO lamp manufacturer would warrant lamps when used with this ballast and alternate ballasts would require extensive modification to the fixture. Use of the incompatible lamp and ballast combination resulted in shortened lifespan for both the lamp and ballast. In addition, the building’s lighting control system has poor network communications, and multiple over-ride switches are provided that resulted in staff over-riding whole floors “on” continuously overnight while custodial staff worked. As a result, the installation burn time on the stack fixtures was 8000 hours per year before the project. The light output from new F39WT5HO lamps in the stack fixtures, measured on the floor between the stacks with a photopic light meter, was on average, 25 FootCandles (FC). However, in rows where the lamps had aged, some areas had less than 12 FC on average. Project goals were to decrease electrical consumption by turning the lights off when they were not needed, transition from the expensive F39T5HO lamps to a standard T5, eliminate the incompatible lamp and ballast combination, change from an instant start ballast to a program start ballast for longer lamp life, reduce maintenance time by installing the ballasts in an accessible location, maintain the appearance of the fixture (Photo 1), and minimize generation of waste on the project.

Different design strategies were tested through a series of mock-ups on six aisles of bookshelves. The mock-ups tested a combination of T5 lamp and ballast combinations (both 4100K and 5000K) and optimized the ballast housing by installing the ballasts to the tops of the fixtures (Photo 2). Occupancy sensor types and locations were optimized to one occupancy sensor for each 4 lamps in an aisle, controlling the inner lamps. It was determined that the lamps on the ends of the aisles would not be controlled by occupancy sensors, to avoid dark walkways. Library staff (which includes both SJSU and City of San José librarians) and facilities staff reviewed the mock-ups during a three month trial period. Average light was measured with a photopic light meter on the floor between the bookshelves and found to be in the 15-16 FC range with 5000K F21T5 GE-ECO lamps with a GE 228MVPS-A ballast. 5000K light that measures 15 FC with a photopic light meter measures 25 FC with a scotopic light meter; library staff reported good visual acuity in these areas. The mock-ups served as a test area to optimize occupancy sensor timing to keep the lights on for a minimum of 20 minutes, or 3 starts per hour to maintain the lamp warranty, and mask the sensors, so people walking past the end of the aisle did not trigger the lights on unnecessarily. The ideal time for the lights to come on is


when the patron walks into the aisle and crosses from the first bookshelf to the second. Optimizing sensor placement to balance the timing is critical to balancing patrons’ need to have well lit surfaces with the objective of reducing energy consumption. This installation has been in place since the end of 2009 and has good public and staff acceptance. Energy savings have been significant. (Photo 3, graph, chart)

Basket Troffers: (Photos 8-11) Basket Troffers are popular because of their ability to diffuse light and minimize glare, but at 58.5% fixture efficiency there was room for improvement. The project included a mock-up of 55 2x2 fixtures in an open area and two fixtures in an office to obtain staff approval. The retrofit consisted of removing the 2 40W biax lamps and installing 2 F17T8’s with high ballast factor ballasts, and replacing the perforated metal baskets with custom-extruded high performance frost lenses. The high ballast factor ballasts ensured we would have enough light after cutting the wattage by more than 50%. After obtaining approval by the user groups, we retrofitted a total of 1175 2x2 basket troffers throughout the library, including staff offices. The retrofitted fixture is so efficient that, in some areas, staff perceive the light to be too bright. Fortunately, these places have bi-level switching and staff is able to turn off half or all the lights during the day, resulting in energy savings that are 50% greater then predicted by the lamp and ballast calculation.

Parabolic Troffers: (Photo 12) Parabolic fixtures were used extensively in utilitarian areas of the library such as in the compact stack areas of the lower level, hallways and copier areas. These fixtures are more efficient than basket troffers, but light they produce is glary. King Library had an installed base of 562 3 lamp 2x4 parabolic troffers and 72 3 lamp 2x2’s. A mock-up in the compact stacks area was completed using ALP retrofit kits with an off-the-shelf acrylic lens and internal reflector kits to center two lamps instead of the original three. Once the mock-up was completed and approved, the balance of the fixtures were retrofitted. This was a much simpler and more straightforward retrofit process than either the basket troffers or the stacks, but it was one of the most popular with library staff, especially in the compact stack area because of the improved quality of light achieved by replacing the parabolic reflectors with the ALP lens.

Relevancy to the Best Practices program- Describe the features of the project/practice that qualify it as a best practice of potential interest to other campuses (eg. replicability).

When SJSU first began exploring the possibility of using occupancy sensors in the King Library stacks, staff who had previously worked in the poorly lit Clark and Wahlquist Libraries were skeptical and feared King Library’s “brightness” would be compromised for the sake of energy and it would become as dreary as the old libraries. At the beginning of the project, there were limited examples of applications in the area for people to observe. The design team researched a rumor the University of Santa Clara had installed occupancy sensors in their law library, but a visit to that institution proved the rumor false. We heard that the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), was planning on occupancy sensors in a library


under construction, but there was no track record for us to examine. Fortunately, we were able to extrapolate from lessons learned in non-library occupancy sensor installations. For example, when the librarians expressed concern about dark areas giving people a place to lurk, we cited the now-common knowledge learned in parking lot installations, that nobody can hold perfectly still for 20 minutes so lurkers will trigger the lights to come on. Basket Troffers and Parabolics are relatively modern ceiling fixtures. Therefore, one might think they do not need to be retrofitted or that retrofitting them would not be cost effective, but these fixtures are inefficient and often worth retrofitting. Retrofitting can be more cost effective than replacing with new fixtures because a retrofit kit can be installed by a lighting maintenance worker while a new fixture needs to be installed by an inside wireman. Also, retrofitting minimizes waste, since fixture components that are reusable are retained. Spectrally enhanced lighting has been shown to increase visual acuity, but the different appearance of light from 5000K lamps is sometimes controversial. In King Library, use of the 5000 K lamps resulted in questions from staff if the higher color temperature lights are “safe.” It was helpful to be able to cite two campus buildings that had previously been retrofitted with 5000K lighting. In the Art Building the retrofit was initially planned using 4100 K lamps. The Art department requested the higher color temperature lamps that have now been in service for over three years and there have been no ill effects reported. Also, several published studies show that after two weeks, people generally adjust to the change. Unofficial feedback from library staff is that most employees and visitors don’t even notice any difference, some like the light better, and a few people have expressed a general dislike. Mixing 5000K and 3000K lamps in adjacent areas is considered a no-no in conventional lighting design. SJSU can share that, in our experience, it can work and work well (Photo 13). The more active space, the stacks, has the 5000K light and the adjacent reading area, which is more sedentary, retains the original 3000K luminous ceiling fixtures. In addition to energy savings, significant maintenance savings were accomplished through the group relamping, calculated in the attached spreadsheet as a need to replace 20% of the non-stack lamps each year due to normal burn-out, through solving the T5HO lamp-Fulham ballast incompatibility, calculated from the actual number of T5HO lamps purchased the previous year, and through future maintenance savings from moving the ballasts in the stacks to a more easily serviced location. Applying the maintenance savings to the financial calculation brings the payback period down to 2.28 years; if we were to add the HVAC reduction from the reduced heat load from the lower wattage lamps, the payback period would be even shorter.


Design integration- If appropriate; describe the ways in which this project/practice incorporated multiple disciplines and/or stakeholders into the design process. Describe how collaboration produced sustainable solutions or improved the project’s performance.

Designed by Gunnar Birkerts in 1999, King Library is SJSU’s flagship building and also the main library for the City of San José. Through the city’s “2% for Art” policy, artist Mel Chin was commissioned to create and install 34 artworks throughout the building; the lighting retrofit could not be allowed to detract from the architecture or the public art. As a joint-use library on State property with State maintenance and operations, City librarians and staff as well as SJSU librarians and staff, policies and procedures are governed by a Joint Operating Agreement. A management team with representatives of the City library, SJSU library, the City Redevelopment Agency, campus facilities, library facilities etc., steers the operations of the facility. Working with this management team was our key to making the project viable. The facilities team hired the original project architect, Carrier-Johnson, to review proposed retrofits to assure they would not change the design objective of the building. We held meetings with the management team and the project architect to discuss which fixtures were eligible for consideration for retrofits and which were not – for example the existing “luminous ceilings” (Photo 1) were not retrofitted due to their contribution to the building’s unique aesthetic. One member of the management team gave us the visionary phrase, “We don’t want King Library to look like Home Depot.” We finally settled on the three fixture types described above as having the greatest potential for energy savings while maintaining the character of the building. After settling on retrofit strategies, we presented the concepts to the management team, then installed the mock-ups, and eventually moved forward with each stage of the project. The mock-ups enhanced the management team’s sense of trust in the approach. Working with customers always requires a degree of sensitivity, and this project was complicated by having multiple building occupants, an outside architect, and the City Redevelopment Agency, so it required extra sensitivity and patience.

Load management- If appropriate, describe how the project/practice provides on-peak electricity demand reduction, or demand response capability.

As of December 2009, with only the stacks retrofitted, the forecasted 124,000 kWh reduction in consumption is close to actual metered change in consumption data. All of the ECMs reduce peak demand, since they lower the wattage of their respective fixtures. Additionally, occupancy sensors maximize on-peak demand reduction. In addition to the physical lighting retrofit, the lighting control system


was studied and adjusted, resulting in better timing of on/off cycles, especially in perimeter areas that receive sufficient daylighting.

Best Overall Sustainable Design; HVAC Design; HVAC Retrofit; Lighting Design/ Retrofit; and Water Efficiency/ Site Water Quality, if applicable: Please describe how the project/practice has been received by building occupants. Describe what has been met with satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and why.

When brought to their attention, building occupants take pride in the fact the retrofits save energy and reduce the campus’ carbon footprint. But sometimes the greatest endorsement of all is when people don’t even notice the change. During the mockup process, students studying in the vicinity of the occupancy sensors were engaged in conversation to find out if they had noticed the lights going on and off. Most had not, and those that had were not disturbed by it. Every student spoken with expressed approval when told about the project and the energy savings that we were projecting. An area in the Children’s Library had not been slated for 5000K retrofit due to the proximity to 3000K-lamped fixtures. However, the contractor unexpectedly completed the retrofit one night and when facilities staff pointed it out to the librarians the next day, they said they were delighted with the “increased light.” Some occupants were originally anxious about the effects of 5000K light. It is interesting to note that the most cautious user group is in the lower level, because they have no access to daylight except for a few skylights. Prior to the retrofit, the light from the existing 3000K lamps in the ceiling basket troffers was noticeably yellow in comparison to the light from the skylights. During preliminary meetings with staff working in the area, it was pointed out that the new fixtures with white lenses and 5000K light would be closer to daylight. Some library staff looked skeptical but when revisiting the area a few weeks after the retrofit, some of the individuals who had misgivings about the retrofit indicated they actually liked the new light better.

IV. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Attachment “A” – Photos Attachment “B” – Graph Attachment “C” – Spreadsheet Please submit proposals (electronic transmission only) by March 5, 2010 to: Andy Coghlan Sustainability Specialist

San José State University – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library Lighting Retrofit Attachment “A” – Photos

Page 1 of 5

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library The corner of the campus nearest the center of downtown San José, an ideal location for a facility shared between the City and San José State University. Three fixture types were retrofitted: • T5 Stack lights • Biax & T8 Basket Troffers • T8 Parabolic Troffers

Photo 1: Stack lights before retrofit The original 3000K lamps in the stacks appeared yellow in comparison with daylight. The luminous ceiling fixture in the foreground (also 3000K) is an inefficient light source but a distinctive architectural element. We will be working on a retrofit strategy for the luminous ceiling fixture in the future.

Attachment “A” – Photos


Original Ballast Location New Ballast Location Occupancy Sensor

Photo 2: Stack Lights After Retrofit One light on each end of the aisle stays on, while center lights are controlled by the occupancy sensor.

Photo 3: Occupancy Sensors Occupancy sensors are tuned so that people passing by the end of the aisle do not trigger them to turn the lights on. Contractor had to fit small pieces of tape on one side of the lens of each occupancy sensor to mask movement in the long aisles; otherwise the energy savings would have been much lower.



Photo 4: Change in Color of Light After the retrofit, 5000K light in the stacks, is a distinctly different color from the luminous ceiling. Although traditional lighting design theory teaches not to mix lighting color temperatures in adjacent spaces, the original project architect approved the mix. The warmer light over the study area reflects the quiet study going on, while the cooler light in the stacks has more energy for patrons searching for books.

Photo 5,6,7: Color of light

5000K light is very close to the color of the daylight coming in the windows.



Photo 8: Basket Troffers Before Basket Troffers are found in offices and some open ceilings. 2x2 basket troffers got new lenses as well as a conversion from 3000K biax lamps to 5000K T8 lamps.

Photo 9: Basket Troffer Before The original perforated basket contributed to the dismal 58% efficiency of this fixture before the retrofit.

Photo 10: Basket Troffer After New lens allows more light transmission for more

footcandles with half the wattage.

Photo 11: Basket Troffers, Lower Level Fixtures behind the “Microforms” sign have been retrofitted, closer fixtures have not. Note the color of daylight in the triangular ceiling opening behind the “Microforms” sign.



Photo 12: Parabolic Troffer After retrofit with ALP Kit 2-4’32 W T8s Before: 3-4’32 W T8s (one lamp is out in this fixture)

Photo 13: Atrium This view through the atrium, which brings natural light into the core of the building, shows the different color temperature lighting in different areas.

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University of California, Office of the President Email: [email protected] Phone: 510.987.0119 Please visit the CA Higher Education Sustainability Conference webpage (http://2010higheredsustainabilityconference.org) for information about this year’s conference.

UC/CSU/CCC SUSTAINABILITY CONFERENCE 2010 Hosted by LA Community College District at LA Trade-Technical College June 20th -23rd ENERGY EFFICIENCY PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM BEST PRACTICE AWARDS APPLICATION FORM March 5, 2010 PROJECT CATEGORIES

NEW CONSTRUCTION/MAJOR REHABILITATION

1. Best Overall Sustainable Design - This category is for best overall sustainable design for a new building or major building renovation. The building should show outstanding implementation of sustainability principles and energy efficiency measures. The building design must have been completed between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2010. Building must not be a previous recipient of an Energy Efficiency Partnership Program award.

2. HVAC Design/Retrofit - Projects in this category should demonstrate leadership in

HVAC equipment selection, distribution system design, and controls specification. Laboratory designs and retrofits are included in this category. Examples include: appropriate equipment sizing; energy efficient equipment selection; maximizing the benefits of local climate; air distribution system innovation; and fume hood control innovation.

3. Lighting Design/ Retrofit - Projects in this category should demonstrate leadership

in a new design or retrofit of lighting delivery systems and lighting control systems. Examples include: energy efficient fixture selection and deployment; utilization of daylighting technologies; and use of advanced lighting control technologies.

SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS

1. Water Efficiency/ Site Water Quality - This category highlights outstanding water efficiency projects that have measurable and documented savings. Additionally,


projects that significantly improve or protect site water quality may submit under this category. Water efficiency applicants with documentation or calculations of associated energy savings will be given special consideration throughout the review process. Examples of water quality projects include bioswales and riparian zone restoration.

2. Innovative Waste Reduction Programs - This award will spotlight a program,

organization, or group that has demonstrated significant leadership in waste reduction and recycling efforts. Award candidates in this category should be engaged in campus-wide programs that seek to leverage student, staff, faculty, and community interest and commitment to reduce waste and increase recycling. Programs should be able to demonstrate innovative strategies and programs in reducing waste while maximizing their collections of recyclables to lead the campus to achieve zero waste goals.

3. Student Energy Efficiency - This award will spotlight a program, organization, or

group that has demonstrated real leadership in student-led energy efficiency and conservation efforts. Award candidates will be engaged in campus activities that seek to leverage student interest and commitment to sustainability in order to increase energy awareness on campus; realize environmentally-friendly campus policies and commitments; and involve students in efficiency activities that compliment their campus’ goals and that result in measurable energy savings.

4. Student Sustainability Programs - This award will highlight a program,

organization, or group that has demonstrated real leadership in student-led environmental sustainability efforts. Award candidates will be engaged in campus activities that seek to leverage student interest and commitment to sustainability.

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