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About This Manual .. .......................................................... i Purpose.. .............................................................................. i
Intended Audience .. ............................................................... i
Prerequisite Skill and Knowledge .. ............................................ i
What Is in This Manual .. ......................................................... i
Related Documentation... ....................................................... ii
Conventions... ...................................................................... ii
How to Get in Touch.... ......................................................... iii
This manual is intended for engineers and technicians whoperform operation activities on ZXUN uMAC MME MobilityManagement Entity.
Prerequisite Skill and Knowledge
To use this manual effectively, users should have a generalunderstanding of wireless telecommunications technology.Familiarity with other manuals about this product is helpful:
What Is in This Manual
This manual contains the following chapters:
T A B L E 1 C H A P T E R S U M M A RY
Chapter Summary
Chapter 1, Overview Introduces location, functions of ZXUNuMAC , as well as associated interfacesand protocols .
Chapter 2, HighlightFeatures
Introduces special features of ZXUN uMAC.
Chapter 3, SystemArchitecture
Introduces the hardware and softwarearchitecture of ZXUN uMAC system.
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION iii
Typeface Meaning
Double-click Refers to quickly clicking the primary mouse button(usually the left mouse button) twice.
Right-click Refers to clicking the secondary mouse button(usually the right mouse button) once.
Drag Refers to pressing and holding a mouse button andmoving the mouse.
How to Get in Touch
The following sections provide information on how to obtainsupport for the documentation and the software.
If you have problems, questions, comments, or suggestionsregarding your product, contact us by e-mail [email protected]. You can also call our customer supportcenter at (86) 755 26771900.
ZTE welcomes your comments and suggestions on the qualityand usefulness of this document. For further questions,comments, or suggestions on the documentation, you cancontact us by e-mail at [email protected]; or you can fax yourcomments and suggestions to (86) 755 26772236. You can alsobrowse our website at http://ensupport.zte.com.cn, whichcontains various interesting subjects like documentation,knowledge base, forum and service request.
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 1
C h a p t e r
1
Overview
This chapter introduces location, functions of ZXUN uMAC , as well
as associated interfaces and protocols.Topics included in this chapter are as listed below:
Topic Page
Location and functions of ZXUN uMAC in mobilenetwork 1
Interfaces and Protocols of the ZXUN uMAC 4
Location and functions of ZXUNuMAC in mobile network
uMAC is the core of EPS domain and a functional entity tomanage the access control and transmits the packet data ofmobile stations in its coverage area. It also confirms thesubscriber’s location (in home network or visited network)through mobility management executes radio resourcemanagement. In addition, it supports network managementthrough O&M.
Integration of core network and access agnostic is the trend ofmobile network. According to this trend, ZTE provides anintegrated control plane core network product, ZXUN uMAC(intelligent Mobile Access Controller) which could support 2G, 3Gand LTE access. ZXUN uMAC could be deployed as a SGSN, MMEand SGSN/MME combo node to satisfy different scenarios duringthe evolution to pure LTE/EPC.
ZXUN uMAC working as SGSN is the core of PS domain and afunctional entity to manage the access control and transmits thepacket data of mobile stations in its coverage area. It alsoconfirms the subscriber’s location (in home network or visitednetwork) through mobility management executes radio resource
management and provides routing functions to forward packet
2 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
data between RNCs and also between SGSN and other GGSNs.In addition, it collects charging data for CG and supportsnetwork management through O&M.
ZXUN uMAC working as MME is the core of EPS domain and afunctional entity to manage the access control. It also confirmsthe subscriber’s location (in home network or visited network)through mobility management executes bearer management andprovides routing functions to help forward packet data betweeneNodeB and SAE-GWs.
ZXUN uMAC working as SGSN/MME combo node provides SGSNand MME functions as described above.
The location of the ZXUN uMAC is as described below:
The location of the ZXUN uMAC working as SGSN in thenetwork is shown in Figure 1 .
F I G U R E 1 L O C AT I O N O F Z X U N U M A C A S S G S N I N M O B I L E N E T W O R K
The location of the ZXUN uMAC working as MME in thenetwork is shown in Figure 2 .
4 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
NOTE: ZXUN uMAC has a module structure and executesdifferent functions through different modules. By combiningmodules in different ways, ZXUN SGSN can provide 2G Gb, 3GIu and LTE S1 access functions, and provides multiple physical
interfaces like E1, Ethernet, ATM and POS to meet differentrequirements. And it is integrated with the GPRS-SSF function toimplement mobile intelligent service
Interfaces and Protocols of theZXUN uMAC
The related interfaces, protocols and functions of ZXUN uMACare listed in Table 4 .
T A B L E 4 R E L AT E D IN T E R FA C E S A N D P R O T O C O L S O F T H E Z X U N U M A C
InterworkingNE
Name ofinterface Protocol Interface function
SGSN-BSS Gb BSSGP Accessing 2.5G BSS
SGSN-RNC Iu-PS RANAP/GTP Accessing RNC
SGSN-MSCServer/VLR Gs BSSAP+
Updating/paging the jointlocation of CS/PS,allocating TMSI
SGSN-HLR Gr MAPManaging subscriptionattributes of packetsubscribers
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 7
C h a p t e r
2
Highlight Features
This chapter introduces the features of ZXUN uMAC.
Topics included in this chapter are as listed below:
Topic Page
Advanced Design 7
Large Capacity & High Integration Unified All-IPPlatform, Less TCO 8
Common Elements for GSM/EDGE/UMTS and EPS 8
Open Interfaces and Flexible Networking Capabilities 9
Outstanding Reliability and Excellent Performance 9
Abundant Service Functions 10
Smooth Expansion Capabilities 10
Convenient Operation and Maintenance 10
Advanced Design
ZXUN uMAC has advanced design, as described below:
Designed strictly in accordance with the 3GPP R8specifications, ZXUN uMAC can be built in SGSN, protectinguser’s investment.
The software is developed in strict accordance with thesoftware engineering requirements on the basis of the topdownward, hierarchical and modular design concept, whichmakes the software maintainable and expansible.
Draw on the advantages of various mobile switching systemsat home and abroad; the hardware structure, softwarestructure and the integrated equipment expertise live up tothe state of arts of peer products.
8 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
The hardware design adopts the internationally advancedvery large integrated circuits to reduce stand-alonecomponents, improve the reliability and reduce the powerconsumption.
The software adopts the hierarchical and modular structure,and works in the load sharing mode. The load betweenmodules is balanced dynamically, and the tasks are takenover automatically.
The NE is based on unified full IP software and hardwareplatform, which reduces the system development andmaintenance cost.
The ZXUN series are distributed processing platform, and canprovide high expansibility. The whole system adopts themulti-level modular design to make the whole systeminstalled easily and expanded smoothly
Large Capacity & High IntegrationUnified All-IP Platform, Less TCO
All CN products are based on All-IP unified hardware platform.Based on the advanced hardware platform and technology, withthe modular design, large capacity and high integration arefeatured, which means less equipment, and therefore lessconstruction, maintenance personnel & cost, and power
consumption.
Common Elements forGSM/EDGE/UMTS and EPS
ZXUN system can support GSM/EDGE/UMTS and EPS servicesand subscribers in the same network elements. This ensurescontinuity of the existing GSM services. It also facilitates an easymigration of subscribers from GSM/EDGE/UMTS to EPS, withoutaffecting the network topology or network element configurationduring upgrading.
ZXUN system supports access to BSS and UTRAN networksimultaneously. One unified core network reduces theinvestment greatly with resource shared:
Signaling process, call process, switch resources etc, can beshared to save investment and ensure smooth evolution.
Soft capacity: during the evolution from 2G/3G to LTE, either2G/3G or LTE user number may increase suddenly. ZTEequipments can adjust the system resources automatically tomeet the 2G/3G and LTE capacity. It can base on any 2G/3G
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 9
and LTE service ratio. Therefore, the evolution may becomequite smooth.
Unified support and management system also can decreaseinvestment.
Facility such as transmission and equipment room can beshared.
Open Interfaces and FlexibleNetworking Capabilities
ZXUN series provides open and standard interfaces. It supportsGSM, 3GPP R99~R8, networking and allows smooth upgrade andexpansion.
IP, TDM, and ATM transport are supported and can be integratedinto any of the existing networks. A safe integration is alsoensured by supporting the current interfaces and signalingprotocols towards the existing network elements
Outstanding Reliability and ExcellentPerformance
ZXUN system has reliability and performance as described below: ZXUN system has distributed processing design.
This means that the protocol processing units operateindependently to ensure excellent general performance. Thefailure of a unit will not affect other processing units.
ZXUN system has high-performance processor chips. Thisensures high processing capabilities of the system. Networkprocessor, Centrino processor and embedded high-performance RISC processor are used in the system toprovide impetus and expansible communication functions forthe system, and prevent the processing capability from being
a system bottleneck ZXUN system has desirable redundancy design.
1+1 active/standby hot backup mode is utilized for keycomponents such as service processing unit, signalingprocessing unit, and switching plane;
N+M redundancy backup mode is utilized for interfaceand user plane processing units. Thus provide automaticswitching function and ensure system work without break.
Load sharing mode is utilized for the processing units.Thus data load is transferred to other nodes automatically
10 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
Dual machines and dual buses are utilized in the controlsystem, dual-networking is used, and the systemreliability is further improved.
Hot swap is available for all boards for easy maintenance.
Abundant Service Functions
The system supports all PS data services, SMS service, mobileintelligent service, and location service.
The system design meets the future communicationdevelopment trend, and meets the general structurerequirements of mobile telecommunication systems such as EPSand IN, as well as the requirements of various new services.
Smooth Expansion Capabilities
Smooth evolution with Investment Protection: since adopting theunified hardware, hardware can be reserved when evolve fromGSM/UMTS to LTE. So, hardware can be shared and reused toprotect hardware invests.
The system has hierarchical and modular structure and can beflexibly expanded and applied. Flexible configuration is availablefor users.
Convenient Operation andMaintenance
The operation and maintenance with ZXUN uMAC is convinient,as described below:
C/S structure is adopted to ensure high networking capabilityand satisfatory system expandability.
With Windows operating system, the client provides user-friendly interfaces and flexible, convenient and reliableoperations.
It provides multiple remote and local system access ways.The O&M can be implemented locally or remotely. Besides,the entire system or some specific entities can be managed.
It features reliable security and multi-level authorizationprotection.
With such functions as charging management, performancemeasurement, traffic statistics, security management,service observation, user (equipment) tracing, signaling
tracing, data configuration, version upgrading, alarming,
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 11
loading, data backup and transmission, the system providesmultiple accurate, reliable, practical and convenient O&Mapproaches. Moreover, functions can be added according tothe actual network operation and the operator’s
requirements. The O&M system provides user-friendly interfaces,
comprehensive functionality and flexible networkingcapability to implement centralized management over allkinds of network entities of GSM/UMTS/LTE.
Physical StructureThe overall system adopts the standard 19-inch rack, with themax internal space of 42U. Details are provided below:
A single rack can be configured to have at most 4 serviceshelves of 8U high, 1 power shelf of 2U high, 4 wiringshelves of 1U-high, 3 fan shelves of 1U-high, and 1 dummypanel of 1U high. So the rack is totally 42U high.
In the rack the following corresponding modules areconfigured: power supply leading-in filter, bus-bar, and rear
horizontal cabling management frame.The overall system structure is as shown in Figure 4 .
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 15
T A B L E 5 D I M E N S I O N S O F C O M P O N E N T S
Item Height(mm) Width(mm) Depth(mm)
The dimensions ofthe rack 2,000 600 800
The dimensions ofservice shelves 354.8 (8U) 482.6(19’’) 479.2
The dimensions ofthe power supplyshelf
88.1(2U) 482.6(19’’) 374
The dimensions ofthe cabling shelf 43.6(1U) 482.6(19’’) 394.35
The dimensions ofthe fan shelf 43.6 (1U) 482.6(19’’) 402.7
The dimensions of
the front-insertedboard PCB 322.25 2.0 (or 2.4) 340
The dimensions ofrear-inserted boardPCB
233.35 2.0 100
Hardware ArchitectureThe principles for ZTE hardware and software platforms are asdescribed below:
The principle for ZTE hardware platform
A whole new hardware platform based on full IP architecturehas been adopted, to meet the needs of smooth upgradingof R99, R44, R5, R6, R7, R8 network, and the latestachievement of electronic technology is used as well toimprove the system integrity and reduce the networkconstruction cost.
The principle for ZTE software platform
NGN software platform is developed on the basis of well-developed and commercialized fixed network SoftSwitchZXSS10 series products, on which the fixed and mobile NGNwill be developed jointly, set the basis for bringingintegrative NGN products converged with fixed and mobileNGN into market.
Various Network Elements (NE) involved in ZTE R99, R4,R5/R6/R7/R8 version, such as uMAC, MSC, SGSN, GGSN, MGW,MSC Server, MGCF, CSCF, and HLR/HSS all utilize the samebasic hardware platform, share the same board. Thus theconsistency and the reliability of the system is assured and thisavoids different platforms provided by different NEs of various
16 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
Hardware Structure of EPC UnifiedPlatform
NGN-oriented network equipment (WCDMA, cdma2000 and TD-SCDMA) all are based on ALL-IP unified hardware platform (V3),which guarantees the consistency, service portability, systemreliability and stability of the hardware for all 3G systems.
The structure of ZTE 2G/3G/LTE unified platform is as shown inFigure 5 .
F I G U R E 5 S T R U C T U R E O F Z T E 2 G / 3 G / LT E U N I F I E D P L AT F O R M
This structure brings out the following advantages for ZTE uMAC:
Large capacity, high integration and investment saving
With today’s increased traffic and Declining ARPU, networkelements need to have high capacity and they use little floorspace. ZXUN uMAC only needs 3 racks to support 6 millionsubscribers and thus saves the investment of networkconstruction for operator, since ZXUN CN equipment needsless equipment room area and power supply system.
All WCDMA/EPC Nodes share the racks and boards
All WCDMA/EPC nodes can share racks and 16 kinds ofphysical boards, including the WCDMA CN nodes MGW, MSCServer, HLR, SGSN, GGSN and also RNC, the EPC CN nodesuMAC, Serving GW, PDN GW, HSS. The same board can be
inserted in any of the equipment to save operator’s
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 17
investment to the utmost. ZTE now is the only vendor torealize the sharing of racks and boards among WCDMAnodes.
All-IP hardware platform, easy migration to all-IP network
ZXUN (V3) hardware platform are based on all-IParchitecture, adopts high-performance packet processingplatform of Crossbar technology and provides 80Gbpsswitching capability, which guarantee that WCDMA/EPCnodes will have no congestion of switching capability.Additionally, the hardware platform provides 256k * 256kTDM switching capability, meeting the requirements of TDMinterconnection and flexible networking.
Abundant interfaces and supporting various networkingscenarios
ZXUN CN equipment support the access interfaces such asE1, ATM STM-1, SDH STM-1, FE etc. and differentnetworking scenarios based on the practical requirements.ZXUN CN equipment support various applications, such as2G SGSN/ /2G&3G SGSN/3G uMAC/2G&3G<E uMAC/LTEuMAC, etc.
Supporting LTE access, as well as handover and roamingbetween 2G/3G and LTE systems
ZTE WCDMA CN equipment supports GSM/GPRS/UMTS/EPSaccess, intra-MSC, intra-SGSN, intra-MME, inter-MSC (2G-MSC and 3G-MSC), inter-SGSN (2G-SGSN and 3G-SGSN),inter-MME handover and roaming. Various tests results ofZTE’s handover process between 2G/3G/LTE systemsdemonstrated it to be among the best in industry.
ZXUN uMAC Hardware Structure
The hardware structure of ZXUN uMAC is as shown in Figure 6 .Description
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 19
The hardware structure as shown in Figure 4 is described indetail below:
ZXUN uMAC has multiple interfaces, which employ IP andPOS as their basic access modes. In practical networking,one or more relevant access mode(s) should be selectedaccording to the actual situations. The processing to theapplication services and signaling is the important part of thesystem, in which CPU pool and distributed processing modeare adopted.
ZXUN uMAC system is divided into three parts: interface unit,switching unit and processing unit.
Interface unit is used to implement all kinds of interfacesto the outside, and implements the processing of the L2protocol. Generally, the interface unit consists of L1physical interface and its relevant L2 protocol processing,ZXUN uMAC provides IP (physically adopts 100M/1000MEthernet access, SIGTRAN is supported) and narrowbandSS7 interfaces (both 64k link and 2M HSL, physicallyadopts E1 access).
Processing unit is used to fulfill the upper layer servicesand processing of signaling protocols.
Switching unit is used to connect the interface unit andthe processing unit, and also connect different frames.
Software ArchitectureZXUN uMAC software has a modular and hierarchical structure.Invoking between layers is unidirectional in the primitive mode,while invoking between the modules of the same layer is in themessage interface mode. The interfaces between modules andlayers are clear, concise, and are easy to be upgraded. Theindependence of modules and community of interfaces isemphasized. The ZXUN uMAC consists of a series of functionalsubsystems, which are independent of each other, andcommunicates with each other with the message mechanism.
Each subsystem can further be divided into multiple functionalmodules.
The ZXUN uMAC software system is composed of the operationsupporting subsystem, database management subsystem,signaling subsystem, mobile subscriber subsystem and O&Msubsystem. Figure 7 shows the system hierarchy.
20 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
F I G U R E 7 S Y S T E M H I E R A R C H Y
Database
subsystem
IP protocol stack IP GREUDP TCP,DNS
Service processing subsystem
Route protocol
Networ
k management
subsystem
Running support subsystem
BSP
Signalingsystem
Teleco
mmunicationinterfac
emodule
Mobileintellige
ntsubsyste
m
ZXUN-uMAC software consists of such subsystems as the
bottom-layer drive module (BSP), the running supportsubsystem, the IP protocol stack, the database subsystem, thenetwork management subsystem, the signaling subsystem andthe service processing subsystem. Details are provided below:
The relationship between modules is shown in Figure 7 .
The support subsystem provides a virtual operating systemenvironment for other modules.
IP protocol stack provides static route, dynamic route andbuilt-in route functions to connect with the upper-level routedirectly.
The signaling system processes all kinds ofnarrowband/wideband signaling.
The service processing subsystem implements servicefunctions for subscribers, including activation and mobilitymanagement.
The network management subsystem implements operation,maintenance, performance statistics, data configuration andfault management functions for the uMAC subsystem.
The database subsystem, on the basis of the OS, isindependent of the application database system. It uses theobject-oriented relation data mode to manage the data,
including defining, describing, operating and maintaining thedata table. It can flexibly provide and perform the systemdata configuration and provide data configuration andmaintenance and other functions. It also stores and managesthe subscriber data and other information, providing theservice processing subsystem with efficient and reliable dataservice.
22 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
The system power supply is fully distributed. The power moduleson the functional boards convert and isolate -48V power supplyinto/from the power supply needed by this board (such as+5VDC/+3.3VDC/+2.5VDC /+1.8 VDC).In board power design,
the following factors must be considered: EMC filtering, isolation,hot swap, power-on slow start, input overcurrent protection,output over-voltage protection and power-on sequence.
Normal working voltage of the system is ranged from -57V to-40V.
For equipment with AC power as its primary power, such as aserver, the nominal input power is single-phase 220V ACpower, the permitted input voltage ranges from 176V to264V, and the frequency change ranges from 45Hz to 65Hz.A
The power distribution module (PDM) mounted at the top ofthe rack is installed at the -48V power inlet of the rack, and
also the EMC filter, the general power circuit breaker and thecircuit-breakers for the shelves are installed at the inlet. ThePDM module supplies -48V power for four board shelves andtwo fan shelves are individually connected throughindependent -48V busbar.
Power Consumption Indices
The power consumption parameters of the ZXUN uMAC are aslisted in Table 7 .
T A B L E 7 P O W E R C O N S U M P T I O N P A R A M E T E R S O F T H E Z X U N U M A C
Node Capacity (10,000) Power Consumption (W)
20 600
60 1800
100 3000
600 5000
Working EnvironmentThe working environment of ZXUN uMAC refers to the conditionsof temperature, humidity, cleanness, and air pollution in theequipment room.
The temperature and humidity requirements of the ZXUN uMACare shown in Table 8 .
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 23
T A B L E 8 T E M P E R AT U R E A N D H U M I D I T Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S
Temperature Relative Humidi tyEquipmentType
Long-termworkingcondition
Short-termworkingcondition
Long-termworkingcondition
Short-termworkingcondition
ZXUN uMAC 0 0C~40 0C 5 0C~45 0C 20 % ~90 % 5%~95%
NOTE:
The temperature and humidity of the operatingenvironment inside the equipment room are measured atthe spot that is 1.5m above the floor and 0.4m before theequipment when there is no protective plate in front orback of the equipment rack.
The short-term working condition means that thecontinuous operation period is no more than 48 hoursand the accumulated operation period in a year is nomore than 5 days.
The concentration of dust particles with the diameter greaterthan 5µm should be ≤ 3 × 104 particles/m3.
There is no explosive, conductive, magneto conductive andcorrosive dust, as well as gases that can corrode metal andaffect insulation.
The standards complied with by the interfaces of the ZXUNuMAC and the cables supported are shown in Table 9 .
T A B L E 9 Z XUN U M A C IN T E R FA C E IN D I C E S
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 27
C h a p t e r
5
ZXUN uMAC Services andFunctions
This chapter introduces the services and functions provided byZXUN uMAC, including:
Mobility management services
A fundamental feature of mobile communication is mobility;therefore SGSN must be able to manage the subscribers inthe local SGSN area to enable them to roam in the networklegally.
Relocation processing service
SRNS relocation function is a necessity for SGSN to ensure
that service is not interrupted by subscriber’s mobility. Packet session service
Session service is the fundamental service provided bySGSN, which enables SGSN subscribers data transmission tobe conducted normally.
SMS service
SMS service is a text message service. SGSN provides SMSservices such as MS originated and MS terminated.
Mobile intelligent service
ZXUN SGSN supports 100 percent of CAMEL subscribers. Ithas SSP function and can access mobile IN to providemultiple intelligent services for subscribers.
Iu/Gb Flex
Iu/Gb Flex is the optional service provided by SGSN, whichcan make a RAN node connect to multiple CN node.
IMSI Range based Area Restrict
It is the optional service provided by SGSN. The maxcapability of IMSI range supported is 4096.
28 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
It is the optional service provided by SGSN, which enablesnetwork resource sharing between different PLMNs.
IMSI Range Based Maximum Qos Restriction
It is the optional service provided by SGSN. The maxcapability of IMSI range supported is 4096.
The topics included in this chapter are listed below:
Topic Page
Mobility Management 28
Relocation Processing 29
Session Management 29
Mobile Intelligent Services 29
Short Message Service 30
Iu/Gb Flex 30
IMSI Range Based Area Restriction 30
IMSI Range based EPLMN List 31
IMSI Range Based Maximum Qos Restriction 31
QoS Management 32
Security Functions 32
IP Routing 32
Lawful Interception 32
Warning Message Transfer Function 32
S1 Flex 32
PDN-GW Selection based Redundancy 33
Mobility Management
The location of a mobile subscriber is always changing. To obtainthe location information of a mobile subscriber in the cases ofcall and short message services and increase the efficiency ofthe radio resources, the mobile subscriber is required to registerand update the routing area information and report the status ofmobile subscribers. The location update service falls into thefollowing three categories:
Attach: accomplishing the subscribers’ registration.
Normal routing area update: Registering new routing areainformation with the network.
Periodical routing area update: Periodically informing thenetwork of the mobile subscriber availability.
Specific processing flow varies with the routing area informationin the mobile subscriber report and location informationregistered with HLR. When the mobile subscriber is in a new
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 29
routing area out of the home SGSN, or the mobile subscriberrouting area information is not for sure, it is required to initiatelocation update to HLR; otherwise, location update request is notnecessary.
Relocation Processing
When a mobile subscriber moves to a boundary area of two cells,Node B detects that the signal of the mobile subscriber is weakand automatically sends the relocation request to SGSN in orderto sustain the existing service. The relocation requests can becategorized into three:
SRNS relocation after soft handover.
SRNS relocation associating with hard handover.
SRNS relocation associating with CELL/URA updating.
And handoffs and relocations can take place alternately, so thecombination conditions are more complicated.
Relocation falls into two types:
Relocation inside an SGSN.
Relocation between SGSNs
NOTE:
Relocation between different RNCs within an SGSN is called
internal relocation. The relocation between different SGSNs iscalled inter-SGSN relocation.
Session Management
SM (Session Management) manages PDP contexts of subscribers,receives PDP session requests sent from MS and sets up,modifies and deletes corresponding PDP contexts in SGSN. Atthe same time, initiates different kinds of PDP session contextsto GGSN/P-GW according to the different requirements of MS
and accomplishes the deactivating and parameter modifying ofpacket data transmission of corresponding MS (such as QOS).Accepts and executes the PDP reverse activating requestsinitiated by GGSN/P-GW side. Sets up the data transmissionchannel of subscriber terminal and external data network withMM mobility management module.
30 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
Short Message Service
The short message service (SMS) contains two parts:
PTP short message service (Point-To-Point SMS)
Broadcast short message service.
The SMS pertaining to the mobile switching center is only thePTP SMS.
The point-to-point SMS is the service for transmitting length-limited messages between UMTS PLMN mobile station and theShort Message Entity (SME) through the Service Center (SC).
NOTE:
The SC can store and forward messages. It is a short message
processing entity that integrates storing, interacting and relayfunctions. But UMTS PLMN should support short messagetransfer between the SC and the MS.
PTP SMS defines short message mobile originated (SM MO)service and short message mobile terminated (SM MT) service.SM MO refers to the short message sent from MS to SC, whichmay be sent to other MSs or fixed network subscribers. The SMMT refers to the short messages forwarded from the SC to theMSs..
The PTP message processing procedure consists of three parts:
SM MO processing procedure.
SM MT processing procedure.
Alert message transmission.
The ZXUN SGSN supports all above SMS flows and provides PTPshort message service.
Iu/Gb Flex
The Rnc connects all the SGSNs in the pool at the same time, if
any SGSN failed, the load will be redistributed to other SGSNs inthe pool. Inter SGSN RAU is replaced by intra SGSN RAU whenuser moving in the pool, so signaling interchange is reduced.
IMSI Range Based Area Restriction
ZXUN SGSN supports IMSI range based area restriction, andIMSI range can be used to distinguish home subscribers anddifferent VPLMN subscribers.
Some area restriction policies can be configured in ZXUN SGSN
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 31
IMSIrange
LAI/RAI CauseCode
IMSI range is the range restricted. LAI/RAI is route arearestricted for the IMSI range. Cause Code, which is referencedas 3GPP 24.008, is the cause value SGSN sends to subscribersfor area restriction.
The IMSI range can be MCC+MNC or more detailed numberserials. When MS comes into a route area not allowed to access(IMSI is in IMSI range witch is restricted in current route area),SGSN sends attach Reject or Route Area Update Reject the MSwith configured error cause code.
It benefits that operators have a choice of restricting homesubscribers or roaming subscribers access in some route areas,e.g. restricting roaming subscribers which have only 2G roamingagreement accessing from 3G network.
IMSI Range based EPLMN List
IMSI range can be configured based EPLMN list in SGSN.Different EPLMN lists are sent to different subscribers for IMSIrange.
The max numbering capability is 16 IMSI range, and 15 EPLMNper IMSI range.
It allows subscribers to select other EPLMN which providesnetwork resource for service, besides their home PLMN.
IMSI Range Based Maximum QosRestriction
SGSN can assign and limit different QoS qualities to differentsubscribers classed by IMSI ranges. For example, if a roaminguser subscribes in home HLR QoS of 256Kbps Max bit rate, andIMSI is in the range with limit of 128Kbps MBR, then SGSN willassign QoS less than 128Kbps MBR to the user, according toQoS limit based on IMSI range.
It benefits that operators have the ability of control roamingsubscribers’ QoS qualities, which can make utilizing of userplane resource more efficient
32 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
QoS Management
Quality of Service is a basic function that allows operators tooptimize the use of network resources and accommodate trafficso that it satisfies the end-user needs. Also, QoS makes itpossible for operators to offer a richer variety of services and ahigher level of service personalization.
Security Functions
The ciphering function preserves the confidentiality of user dataand signaling across the radio channels. The integrity protectionfunction ensures the integrity of the signaling between the UEand the network
IP Routing
The routing functions are needed on the S11/S1-uMAC/S10/S6a/S3 interface to provide connectivity to otheruMACs/HSS/SGSN (uMACs and SAE-GWs). ZXUN uMAC supportsstatic routing as well as routing protocols including OSPF, RIP,BGP and IS-IS.
Lawful Interception
Lawful Interception (LI) ensures that the operator meets thelocal authority requirements for interception of mobile user’sdata call.
Warning Message Transfer Function
Warning message delivery is similar to Cell Broadcast Service, itpermits a number of unacknowledged Warning messages to bebroadcast to UEs within a particular area.
S1 Flex
The eNodeB connects all the MMEs in the pool at the same time,if any MME failed, the load will be redistributed to other MMEs inthe pool. Inter MME RAU is replaced by intra MME RAU whenuser moving in the pool, so signaling interchange is reduced.
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PDN-GW Selection basedRedundancy
The MME can select PDN-GW from the PDN-GW address listreturned by DNS according to the PDN-GW priorities. PDN-GW ofhighest priority will be selected first, when this PDN-GW fails,less high PDN-GW will be selected instead. Multiple PDN-GWscan be put in the same priority class. In the same priority class,PDN-GWs are selected by load-sharing rule. With this feature,PDN-GW redundancy can be implemented.
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C h a p t e r
6
Operation andMaintenance
This chapter introduces the operation and maintenance on ZXUMuMAC.
The topics included in this chapter are listed below:
Topic Page
Operation and Maintenance Tools 35
Configuration Management System 37
Alarm Management System 37
Performance Management System 37
Diagnosis Test System 38
Signaling Tracing System 38
Service Observation System 39
Variable Management System 39
Operation and Maintenance Tools
The network management system comprises the operation &
maintenance center (OMC) and the charging management part.It provides perfect authentication mechanism to avoid illegalaccess. The OMC comprises O&M server and O&M client. And thecharging management part is made up of the CG processing unit,the charging client and the charging OMM server.
The structure of the network management system is as shown inFigure 8 .
36 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
F I G U R E 8 S T R U C T U R E O F O & M S Y S T E M
LAN
LAN
Internet
Router
CG2
OMCserver
2G/3G/LTENEgroup 1
Printer
Operation terminal
Disk arrayCG1Charging and
operation server
2G/3G/LTENEgroup 2
Operation terminal Printer
Router
WWWserver DNS
Mail server
Redirected CGgroupFTAM/FTP
Remote terminal
CG2Disk arrayCG1 Redirected CGgroup
Charging center
Up-level NMC
Functionally, the NMS comprises the following modules:
Configuration management module
Performance management module
Fault management module
Diagnosis and test module
Service observation module
Signaling tracing module
Security management module
Charging management module
The charging operation server provides centralized configurationand processing of circuit domain and packet domain andpowerful charging mechanism control so that it can satisfy thecharging content requirements in charging content time, flow,quality and service. The dual-system is adopted to guaranteethat charging is running without error. The charging systemprovides diversified interfaces and FTP and FTAM file
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transmission mode to output bill contents. NM system is dividedinto foreground module, server module and client moduleaccording to software structure. The whole software framecomplies with TMN (telecommunication network management)
structure.
Configuration Management System
The configuration management system provides user-friendlyinterfaces for the configuration and management of networkresources. The configuration management system providescentralized configuration and management of different NEs inGPRS/WCDMA/EPS, such as the configuration and managementof physical equipment, switch and signaling. Additionally, thesystem provides tools for data transmission, data backup andrecovery, and initial system configuration.
Before data configuration, to guarantee the version has beencorrectly installed and can run normally, it is necessary toconfirm the following data:
Entity type of the current exchange, which is uMAC here.
Rack configuration of the current exchange.
Signaling point type of the current exchange, GT (Global Title)and IP address.
The configuration data of the neighboring office of the
current exchange: the type, signaling point and associatedmode (associated or quasi-associated) of each neighboringoffice, signaling link coding and DNS address configuration.
Alarm Management System
The alarm management system is made up of two parts: real-time display of current alarms and alarm-related operation.
Performance Management SystemCurrent alarms for devices, communication, services andprocessors are displayed through interfaces. Real-time displayprovides in list form the detailed information about each alarm,including:
38 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
Alarm cause
Alarm type
Additional information.
The performance management system provides statistic dataabout some performance parameters and traffic data of themobile system for reference by operation departments.
The maintenance client can define performance measurementflexibly. A performance measurement job consists of thestart/end time, days of duration, measurement object set andgranularity period. The maintenance client allows you togenerate, delete, modify and observe in real time theperformance measurement.
The performance measurement has a wide coverage, rangingfrom traffic and signaling performance, service quality
measurement, network configuration verification, availabilitymeasurement, throughput measurement and switching functionmeasurement.
Diagnosis Test System
The diagnosis test system, a part of fault management, providesfunctions of routine test and iuMACdiate test for the CS domainand PS domain devices of the core network, to ensure normaland stable operation of the entire system. In daily maintenance,
the diagnosis test system is used to test the physical devicesand communication links through routine test. If the test resultis likely to be abnormal, the engineers should pay attention andtake proper measures to avoid any fault. In case of any fault,the diagnosis test system helps the engineers find the faultcauses and locate the fault quickly with the iuMACdiate testfunction to remove the fault as soon as possible. This systemcan also be used by the engineers to judge whether theequipment and even the entire system resumes normaloperation.
The ZXUN uMAC system adopts a multi-module & fullydistributed control structure. Each module consists of a series of
basic units. The diagnosis test function is divided into intra-module test and inter-module test. The intra-module test is usedto test the functions of the component units of the module, linksbetween the units and MPs, speech channels between units andswitching networks. And the inter-module test is used to test thecommunication and speech channels of the adjacent modules
Signaling Tracing System
The signaling trace system is used to trace the signaling data of
the network operation and analyze the service operation. It
Tracing and displaying in real time Diameter signaling, GTPC,S1AP signaling through S1-uMAC interface and signalingthrough S6a interface.
Showing explanation for the signaling.
Providing daily maintenance tools for data maintenance, suchas tools for sorting, filtering, searching and deleting thesignaling trace records.
Providing tools for reestablishing the database table for youto use to install the database table for the first time or whenthe database table is damaged.
Creating a new database table for the signaling trace record.
Service Observation System
The service observation system, as a part of the O&M system, isused to view the service operation status of the NEs and conductanalysis and processing accordingly.
Variable Management System
The security variable system is used to maintain the serviceparameters that should be modified dynamically. Currently, theparameters to be maintained are system control parameter,EMM parameters, GTP parameters, SM parameters, packetdomain NE configuration parameters, authentication parametersand charging parameters.
The security variable functions to modify data at the backgroundand transfer them to synchronize the data of the foreground andthe background, making the service parameter configurationflexible.
The security variable system is used to configure the parametersbelow:
System control parameters
Security parameters
S1 interface parameters, and NE configuration parameters ofpacket domain.
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C h a p t e r
7
Reliability DesignThis chapter introduces design for reliability of the hardware,software, simplification, redundancy, and harsh environmentresistance in ZXUN uMAC.
The topics included in this chapter are listed below:
Topic Page
System Reliability Design 41
EMC Design 42
Simplification Design 42
Redundancy Design 43 Hardware ReliabilityDesign
Harsh EnvironmentResistance Design 43
System Reliability DesignTheoretically, the reliability value of a fully maintainable systemcan be equated in Markov process when the failure rate and therecovery rate are constant. Table 12 shows the reliability indicesin ZXUN uMAC.
T A B L E 1 2 R E L I A B I L I T Y IN D I C E S IN Z X U N U M A C
Parameter SpecificIndices
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 148000 hours
System Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) <30 minutes
System availability (A) >99.9997 %
System annual average interruption time <3 minutes
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Hardware Reliability DesignHardware reliability design here refers to EMC design,
Simplification design, Redundancy design, and Harshenvironment resistance design.
EMC Design
The EMC design of the ZXUN uMAC system involves filtering,grounding, overlapping and cabinet electromagnetic shielding.The EMI power filter and lightening arrestor are used for thepower cables of the overall system. Filters are recouMACnded atthe input/output terminals of power modules of boards.
Boards and parts must satisfy Grade B requirements of ESD airdischarge ± 8KV and touch discharge ± 6KV. To satisfy therequirements, the following measurement should be taken inaddition to overlapping and shielding:
Grounding points should be sufficient, and well distributed onthe in-board sockets.
Components (except indicators and switches) should be keptat a proper distance from the panel (>10 mm), away frompanel edge.
Holes for indicators and switches should be of proper sizeand there should be no excessive gap.
There should be no wire alongside the panel edge. Any wire(except the indicator wire) should be at least 5 ~ 10 mmaway from the panel edge.
The clock cable should run inside, not on the top or thebottom and should be as short as possible.
The devices to be used should be of high ESD protectionlevel. Normally the ESD of a device should be at least 2000V.
The grounding wire layer should be larger than the boundaryof the wires and components. At the panel side, thegrounding wires should be installed with spaces of at least
5mm. The wires on the backplane must undergo crosstalk
emulation, and signal lines of high working frequency shouldbe suppressed and shielded as necessary.
Boards and parts should bear anti-static labels.
Simplification Design
For the purpose of reliability, the system is designed in the
following principles: Simplifying the system structure and board
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circuits, reducing the quantity of devices on the board,specifying uniform board signal definitions and implementinguniform backplane design so that relevant function boards canbe reused and mixed. Reuse function and compatibility are fully
recognized. For example, multiple function boards are integratedinto one board and circuits of the same functions are integratedinto one standard circuit. Use more general-purposedevices/parts. General purpose here means the compatibilityinside this system and with other products. Units and modules ofthe systems are designed according to relevant industrystandards.
Redundancy Design
Redundancy design of the system is shown in the backup of keyboards. They should be backed up as follows:
The Ethernet switching board, OMP and control plane serviceprocessing board are exclusively backed up in 1+1 mode. Theactive/standby boards send "Heartbeat" signals to each otherthrough the internal Ethernet to detect the status of the other.The changeover follows the active/standby changeovermechanism of the system. The active and standby boards cannot be online/offline at the same time and their data aresynchronized through the internal Ethernet.
The interface board is backed up in load-sharing mode.
Harsh Environment ResistanceDesign
The ZXUN uMAC is an indoor product, which should be installedin the central equipment room under good conditions. Air-conditioning is required. Therefore, the product is not requiredto be moisture-proof, smoke-proof, mould-proof, burglar-proofand water-proof. It is not necessary to do “3Proof” processing tothe boards.
To prevent any damage in shipping and storage, cabinets shouldbe well protected. The cabinet surface should be dust-proof andcorrosion-proof.
Boards are shipped in the cabinet. Therefore cabinets should bepacked in vacuum pads and shockproof foams. Since thecabinets are heavy, they should be shipped in moisture-proofcrates.
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C h a p t e r
8
Networking Knowledge
This chapter introduces networking knowledge inZXUN uMAC.
The topics included in this chapter are listed below:
Topic Page
Networking for ZXUN uMAC 45
Networking for ZXUN uMAC
The ZXUN uMAC is a functional entity for connecting eNodeB tothe PDN-GWs. The configuration and networking of uMAC arevery flexible.
The national PS network backbone comprises several regionalnodes that are connected to each other in mesh. A pair of top-level Domain Name Servers (DNS) are set on the nationalnetwork, responsible for domain names that cannot betranslated by provincial DNS. The provincial networks access thebackbone network nodes through routers. Routers are usuallyset in pairs, for accessing different backbone nodes to ensurethe network reliability.
The logic structure of the national backbone network is shown inFigure 9 .
46 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION
F I G U R E 9 P S / E P S B A C K B O N E N E T W O R K
PS/EPS network inSite B
PS/EPS network inSite A PS/EPS network in
Site C
PS/EPS backbone
network
Router Router
Router
NOTE:
When the EPS backbone network is based on the national IPbackbone network, no new routing device is necessary. Butwhen it is independent of the national IP backbone network, theregional nodes can be connected through the dedicated line.
There are multiple networking schemes for the provincial PSbackbone network construction.
When there is an IP backbone network in a province, theuMAC serves as the node to access the IP backbone network.
When there is no IP backbone network in the province, theprovincial backbone network may have one or multiplebackbone nodes according to the capacity at the beginning ofthe network construction. When the needs for the PS are notgreat and are centralized in only a few cities, the uMAC andSAE-GW in these cities are usually connected through theLAN in order to reduce the cost and speed up the networkconstruction. In some local networks, there are only SAE-GWbut no uMACs. In this case, the provincial network accessesthe national backbone network through routers and the localnetworks can be connected through the leased dedicatedcircuit.
In a signaling network, the uMAC communicates with HLRthrough the SS7 network. This network is simple in structureand can provide the packet service throughout the provincequickly.
If the need for the EPS is great, there will be many backbonenodes in the province. The backbone nodes are responsible forservice convergence in some areas and they are interconnectedinto a mesh network. The provincial backbone network isconnected to the national backbone network. If there is an IP
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backbone network in the province, the uMACs are directlyconnected to the IP backbone network.
The following configuration modes for the EPS local networkconstruction are available according to the EPS volume.
Mode 1: The uMAC is needed in the local network, but theSAE-GW is not needed.
Mode 2: Multiple uMAC and SAE-GW are needed in the localnetwork.
In Mode 1, only the uMAC is configured in the local network anddifferent local networks share one SAE-GW. In this case, theuMAC is only responsible for the EPS subscribers in the localnetwork. The uMAC is connected to the outside through theprovincial backbone nodes.
In Mode 2, there is a great need for the EPS in the local network,
so multiple uMACs/SAE-GWs should be set. All the nodes can beplaced together to connect each other through the LAN or placedseparately through the MAN.
At the initial stage of the EPS network construction, thecapacities of the uMAC and SAE-GW are small, so they can becombined into one in structure (but they are two entities tooutside). The combined uMAC can provide WAN S11 and SGiinterfaces for other uMACs and SAE-GWs, but use an Ethernetinterface for the local SAE-GW. The S11 interface between thecombined uMAC and SAE-GW adopts the standard protocol.When combined, no separate rack should be set for the SAE-GW.In this case, as the SAE-GW capacity is small, the uMAC andSAE-GW can be connected to the EPS backbone network or theexternal PDN through a router.
The networking structure of the SAE-GW and the uMAC in thesame LAN is shown in Figure 10 .
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F I G U R E 1 0 N E T W O R K I N G MO D E O F X GW A N D U M A C I N T H E S A M E L A N
ZXWN-xGW
Firewall
ZXWN-iMAC
IW/GMSC
MSCS /VLR
HSS/HLR/AUC
No7signalingnetwork
InternetGERAN/UTRAN/
EUTRAN
IPbackbone
IPbackbone
DHCP ZXWN-CG ZXWN-OMCDNS
If the address pool mode is used or the IP address of the mobilephone is static, then the DHCP server is not necessary. Inaddition, as the uMAC and SAE-GW are both connected to theEPS backbone network, the DNS can be the DNS on the EPSbackbone network.
The independent networking mode is often used. In this mode,the ZXUN uMAC is connected to the ZXUN uMAC or the uMAC ofother equipment manufacturer through the EPS backbonenetwork.
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