Skeletal, Skeletal, Muscular and Muscular and

Nervous SystemsNervous Systems

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►The Five main roles of your The Five main roles of your

skeletal system:skeletal system:Provides supportProvides supportProtects internal organsProtects internal organsAllows your body to moveAllows your body to moveStores and produces Stores and produces materials needed by the materials needed by the bodybody

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►The center of your skeleton is The center of your skeleton is

the backbone, or vertebral the backbone, or vertebral column.column.

►It consists of 33 vertebrae.It consists of 33 vertebrae.►It protects the spinal cord.It protects the spinal cord.►The skull protects the brain.The skull protects the brain.►The ribs protect the heart, The ribs protect the heart,

lungs and other internal lungs and other internal organs.organs.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

►Many skeletal bones act Many skeletal bones act as levers for movement. as levers for movement. They provide a point of They provide a point of attachment for skeletal attachment for skeletal muscle.muscle.

►Let’s think of some Let’s think of some examples.examples.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►Your bones store Your bones store calciumcalcium and and phosphorousphosphorous, which , which are released into the body are released into the body when needed.when needed.►The breastbone and femur The breastbone and femur produce produce red blood cellsred blood cells..

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►Joint:Joint: A point where to more bones A point where to more bones

come together.come together.►Cartilage:Cartilage: A tough supportive A tough supportive

tissue that is softer and more tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone.flexible than bone.

►Ossification:Ossification: cartilage hardens and cartilage hardens and turns into bone. Remember, turns into bone. Remember, babies have approximately 100 babies have approximately 100 more bones than adults. Cells more bones than adults. Cells continue to repair themselves after continue to repair themselves after ossification, even when broken.ossification, even when broken.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►Compact bone and spongy Compact bone and spongy

bone make bones hard, yet bone make bones hard, yet light.light.

►Bone marrow:Bone marrow: fills the spaces fills the spaces in bone. in bone. Red marrow:Red marrow: produces blood produces blood cells.cells.

Yellow marrow:Yellow marrow: stores fat. stores fat.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►Bone joints allow for movement, Bone joints allow for movement,

protecting from friction and force.protecting from friction and force.►Two types of joints, immovable Two types of joints, immovable

(skull) and movable.(skull) and movable.►Types of movableTypes of movable

PivotPivotGlidingGlidingBall and socketBall and socketHingeHinge

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System►Ligament:Ligament: hold bones together. hold bones together.►Osteoporosis:Osteoporosis: bones become weak bones become weak

due to mineral loss.due to mineral loss.►Exercise helps increase the Exercise helps increase the

strength of bone.strength of bone.►Fracture:Fracture: The break of the bone. The break of the bone.

Several different kinds of fractures.Several different kinds of fractures.

Skeletal System InjuriesSkeletal System Injuries►Sprain:Sprain: An overstretched or torn An overstretched or torn

ligament. R.I.C.E. to treat a sprain.ligament. R.I.C.E. to treat a sprain.►Dislocation:Dislocation: Bone ends forced out of Bone ends forced out of

their proper location. The bones their proper location. The bones need to be put back into location and need to be put back into location and then braced until they heal.then braced until they heal.

►Torn Cartilage:Torn Cartilage: Cartilage between Cartilage between bones is torn. Typically repaired bones is torn. Typically repaired with surgery. Quite common in the with surgery. Quite common in the knees.knees.

►Overuse Injuries:Overuse Injuries: Can happen for Can happen for various reasons, although poor various reasons, although poor practice in sport and work are often practice in sport and work are often the cause.the cause.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

►Scoliosis:Scoliosis: Curvature of the Curvature of the spine.spine.

►Kyphosis:Kyphosis: Curvature of Curvature of upper spine.upper spine.

►Lordosis:Lordosis: Curvature of Curvature of lower spine.lower spine.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

►There are three types of muscle There are three types of muscle tissue in the bodytissue in the body

►SmoothSmooth Involuntary muscle causing Involuntary muscle causing movement in the body. These movement in the body. These are found in intestines and are found in intestines and blood vessels.blood vessels.

Muscular SystemMuscular System►CardiacCardiac

This type of muscle only found This type of muscle only found in the heart and is involuntaryin the heart and is involuntary

►SkeletalSkeletalThese are voluntary muscles These are voluntary muscles that control motor movement of that control motor movement of our body. They are attached to our body. They are attached to your skeleton.your skeleton.

Muscular SystemMuscular System►Muscle Tone:Muscle Tone: A continuous slight A continuous slight

tension in your muscles. tension in your muscles. Examples?Examples?

►Atrophy:Atrophy: The weakening and The weakening and shrinking of muscle tissue.shrinking of muscle tissue.

►Hypertrophy:Hypertrophy: The strengthening The strengthening and enlargement of muscle tissue.and enlargement of muscle tissue.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

►Skeletal muscles work in Skeletal muscles work in opposition of each other. opposition of each other. For example, the biceps For example, the biceps oppose the movement of oppose the movement of the triceps.the triceps.

Muscle InjuriesMuscle Injuries►StrainStrain: a pulled muscle.: a pulled muscle.►Tendonitis:Tendonitis: Inflammation of Inflammation of

the tendon.the tendon.►Muscle Cramps:Muscle Cramps: Strong, Strong,

uncontrolled muscle uncontrolled muscle contraction. Often caused by contraction. Often caused by dehydration, lack of dehydration, lack of electrolytes and overuse.electrolytes and overuse.

►http://video.about.com/sportsmedicinehttp://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Pulled-Groin-Muscle.htm/Pulled-Groin-Muscle.htm

Muscle InjuriesMuscle Injuries

►How can we prevent injury How can we prevent injury to the muscle?to the muscle?

Nervous SystemNervous System

►The system of the body The system of the body which receives information which receives information internally and externally, internally and externally, process the information, process the information, and then develops a and then develops a response.response.

Nervous SystemNervous System

►Neuron:Neuron: a cell which is the a cell which is the basic structural unit of the basic structural unit of the nervous system.nervous system.

►Three types of neuronsThree types of neuronsSensorySensory InterneuronsInterneuronsMotor NeuronsMotor Neurons

NeuronsNeurons►Sensory:Sensory: These neurons gather These neurons gather

information from outside your information from outside your external and internal environment.external and internal environment.

►Interneurons:Interneurons: Receive messages Receive messages from sensory neurons. These from sensory neurons. These neurons are located in the brain and neurons are located in the brain and spinal cord.spinal cord.

►Motor Neurons:Motor Neurons: Neurons that send Neurons that send commands to muscles and glands to commands to muscles and glands to react.react.

The BRAINThe BRAIN

The BRAINThe BRAIN►The Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System

(CNS): Includes the brain and (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord, and is the control spinal cord, and is the control center of the body.center of the body.

►Cerebrum:Cerebrum: Eighty five percent of Eighty five percent of the brain’s weight. There are two the brain’s weight. There are two halves, separated by the corpus halves, separated by the corpus collusum. It controls speech, collusum. It controls speech, movement, abstract and analytical movement, abstract and analytical thought.thought.

The BRAINThe BRAIN►Cerebellum:Cerebellum: Coordinates body Coordinates body

movements and provides movements and provides balance.balance.

►Brain Stem:Brain Stem: Contains the Contains the midbrain, pons and medulla. midbrain, pons and medulla. All of these are responsible for All of these are responsible for involuntary actions in the body. involuntary actions in the body. It contains the midbrain, pons It contains the midbrain, pons and medullaand medulla

Spinal CordSpinal Cord►A thick column of nerve tissue A thick column of nerve tissue

linking the brain to most of the linking the brain to most of the nervous in the peripheral system.nervous in the peripheral system.

►The vertebrae of the backbone The vertebrae of the backbone surround and protect the spinal surround and protect the spinal cord.cord.

►It’s like the superhighway of your It’s like the superhighway of your nervous system. Information is nervous system. Information is passed throughout your body via passed throughout your body via the spinal cord.the spinal cord.

ReflexesReflexes►An automatic response to An automatic response to stimuli.stimuli.

►What is the stretch reflex? What is the stretch reflex? ►How does it apply to How does it apply to exercise?exercise?

Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem►The network of nerves that links the The network of nerves that links the

rest of your body to your brain.rest of your body to your brain.►Sensory Division:Sensory Division: Nerves from your Nerves from your

external and internal environment external and internal environment that carry information to the CNS.that carry information to the CNS.

►Motor Division:Motor Division: The nerves that carry The nerves that carry a response from the CNS to the rest a response from the CNS to the rest of your body. Two divisions, somatic of your body. Two divisions, somatic and autonomic.and autonomic.

Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

►Somatic Nervous System:Somatic Nervous System: Motor Motor nerves that carry signals for nerves that carry signals for voluntary muscle movements, voluntary muscle movements, such as chewing and throwing.such as chewing and throwing.

►Autonomic Nervous System:Autonomic Nervous System: Motor nerves regulate Motor nerves regulate involuntary muscle movements, involuntary muscle movements, such as breathing and digestion.such as breathing and digestion.

Injury and Disease of Injury and Disease of Nervous SystemsNervous Systems

►Concussion: A bruise of the brain Concussion: A bruise of the brain caused by a blunt force to the caused by a blunt force to the head.head.

►Coma: A prolonged period of deep Coma: A prolonged period of deep unconsciousness, caused by unconsciousness, caused by disease, trauma or drugs.disease, trauma or drugs.

►Paralysis: Loss of the ability to Paralysis: Loss of the ability to move and feel a part of the body.move and feel a part of the body.

Injury and Disease of Injury and Disease of Nervous SystemsNervous Systems

►Meningitis:Meningitis: A highly A highly contagious disease that contagious disease that causes inflammation of the causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the membranes surrounding the brain an spinal cord.brain an spinal cord.

►Rabies:Rabies: An infection of the An infection of the CNS caused by the bite of a CNS caused by the bite of a rabid animal.rabid animal.

THE THE ENDEND