Skeletal Remains of Domestic Dogs from Jomon and Yayoi ...

J.Anthrop. Soc. Nippon 人類誌

100(4):485-498(1992)

MATERIALS

Skeletal Remains of Domestic Dogs from Jomon and Yayoi Sites

in Kagoshima Prefecture

Hayao NISHINAKAGAWA1, Mitsuharu MATSUMoTOI1),

Junichi OTSUKAI1) and Sadanori KAWAGUCHI2)

1) Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University

2) Kagoshima-ken Archaeological Society

Abstract Dog bones excavated from 11 Jomon and 2 Yayoi sites in Kagoshima

Prefecture were investigated morphologically and osteometrically. The late and final

Jomon sites (3,500-2,500 BP) were shell mounds at Izumi, Euchi, Ichiki, Muginoura,

Kusano, Ushuku, Omonawa I, and Inutabu, cave sites at Katano and Kurokawa,

and a site at Uwaigusuku. The early Yayoi sites (2,300-2,000 BP) were the Takahashi

shell mound and a cave site at Atake. The total excavated pieces of bone numbered

373;102 from the Inutabu shell mound, 83 from the Kusano shell mound, 82 from

the Euchi shell mound, and the rest from the other sites. Most pieces were from adult

dogs, but some from Euchi, Ichiki, and Kusano shell mounds were from young dogs.

The morphological characters of the bones, as large as those of today's Shiba dog,

were nearly similar at each site. The estimated withers height from the intact bone

lengths was 35-43 cm, showing that the dogs belonged to HASEBE's small-sized dog

group. It is suggested that in the late Jomon period, small dogs were already being kept

by people throughout the entire area of Kagoshima, although a buried sample has

not yet been found.

Key Words Domestic dog, Jomon and Yayoi sites, Kagoshima Prefecture,

Measurement of bone, Skeletal remains

Introduction

The dog is the earliest animal domesticated by

ancient peoples mainly for protection, com-

panions for hunting, and also for the purpose of

food. In Japan, some examples of dog burials

have been reported as evidence of domestication

at Kamikuroiwa-iwakage, Ehime Prefecture, in

the earliest Jomon period (12,000-10,000 BP,

ESAKA, 1970).

Many researchers such as HASEBE (1921,

1925a, b, 1950), NAORA (1973), KANEKO (1976,

1978), and SHIGEHARA and ONODERA (1984),

have reported the characteristics of excavated

bones of ancient dogs. SHIBATA (1969) and OTA

(1980) reported the bones of ancient dogs ex-

Article No. 9137 Received June 26, 1992

486 H. NISHINAKAGAWA, M. MATSUMOTO, 1. OTSUKA and S. KAWAGUCHI

cavated from 170 sites in Japan. DAIGO (1956,

1957) and ONODERA et al. (1987) measured the

bones of the contemporary Japanese Shiba dog,

and described a resemblance in the shapes and

sizes of the dog bones between the present and

ancient periods. The present study presents the morphometrical

data of dog bones excavated from Jomon and

Yayoi sites in Kagoshima and discusses the mor-

phological characteristics of skeletal remains from this period in southern Kyushu.

Materials and Methods

We examined animal remains from 68 Jomon

and Yayoi sites in Kagoshima Prefecture, and

they were identified in 31 of these sites

(NISHINAKAGAWA et al., 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1992).

Materials used were dog bones excavated from

13 archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefecture;

11 are Jomon sites and 2 are Yayoi sites. As

shown in Fig. 1, the names of these sites are the

Izumi shell mound excavated by HASEBE in 1921 (HAYASHIDA, 1960), the Euchi shell

mound (Takaono-cho Board of Education,

1992), the Ichiki shell mound (KAWAGUCHI,

1966), the Muginoura shell mound (Sendai-shi

Tochikaihatsu Kosha, 1987), the Kusano shell

mound (Kagoshima-shi Board of Education,

1988), and the Katano cave site (KAWA-GUCHI, 1965). Also, the Ushuku shell mound

(HAYASHIDA, 1960), the Ononawa I shell mound (Isen-cho Board of Education, 1983), the

Uwaigusuku site (Yoron-cho Board of Educa-

tion, 1990), the Kurokawa cave site (KAWA-

GUCHI,1967), the Inutabu shell mound (Isen-cho

Board of Education, 1984), the Takahashi shell

mound (KAWAGUCHI, 1965), and the Atake cave site (MORlZONO, 1971). Data were obtained

from measurable bones using slide calipers by the

method of DRIESCH (1976) and SAITO (1963).

The materials from the Izumi shell mound in-

cluded those of HASEBE measured by SHIGE-

HARA (1986) and those of HAYASHIDA (1960).

HAYASHIDA's results were also included in the

descriptions of materials from the Ushuku shell

mound. The measurements of skeletal remains

from the Todoroki shell mound (SHIGEHARA,

1986, Jomon period) and the Harunotsuji site

(SENBA, 1960, Yayoi period), which were reported in Kyushu, were used for comparison.

Also, the measurements of the Tagara dog,

which were reported as a typical type of

Jomon dog by SHIGEHARA and ONODERA

(1984), and of a contemporary Shiba dog

(ONODERA et al., 1987) were compared. We used discriminant analysis to sex the bones

as described by ONODERA et al. (1987), THE and

THROUTH (1976) and BROTHWELL et al. (1979)

by using the main characteristics and shapes of

the bones. In addition, the withers heights were

estimated by using YAMAUCHI's method

(1958).

Results

1. Sites and excavated bones

A summary of the 11 Jomon and 2 Yayoi sites

from which dog bones were excavated has already

been reported, so the details are not described

here. The locations of the sites and the number

of bones excavated from each site are shown in

Fig. 1 and Table 1.

There were 373 bone pieces recorded, of which 102 pieces were from the Inutabu shell mound

(27.6°10), 83 from the Kusano shell mound

(22.2°10), 82 from the Euchi shell mound (22.0%), and the rest (29.2%) from the other sites, as

described in Table 1. Nine of the excavation sites

were from the late Jomon period (3,500 BP), 2

from the final Jomon period (2,500 BP), and 2

from the early Yayoi period (2,300-2,000 BP). Eight of the excavated sites are in Kagoshima

proper, 4 on Nansei Island, and 1 on Satsunan Island. The excavated bones were almost all from

Skeletal Remains of Jomon and Yayoi Dogs 487

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Jomon and Yayoi sites yielding the remains of domestic dog in Kagoshima

Prefecture; • : Jomon, O: Yayoi.



adult dogs, but they included some young dogs

from the Euchi, Ichiki, and Kusano shell

mounds. Also, it was noted that most of the

bones collected from the Katano and Kurokawa

cave sites and the Uwaigusuku site were small

pieces and some from Katano were burned. A

penis bone was excavated for the first time; it was

found at the Kurokawa cave site in Kagoshima.

From these observations, it is suggested that

in the late Jomon period domestic dogs were

usually kept by people throughout the entire area

of Kagoshima.

2. Morphologies and measurements of skeletal

remains

The results of crania and limb bones

measurements excavated from each site are

shown in Tables 2-4 in comparison with bones

excavated from the Todoroki shell mound, the

Harunotsuji site, and the Tagara shell mound,

and with those of a contemporary Shiba dog.

Crania: Only one measurable cranium was

excavated, and it was found at the Takahashi

shell mound. It was considered to have belonged

to an adult male dog (Fig. 2-1), according to

ONODERA's method of discriminant analysis

(ONODERA, et a!., 1987). The frontal "stop" was

generally small, which is an old characteristic of Japanese dogs, and it was found to be more

similar to a Tagara bone than to that of a modem

Shiba dog. The sagittal crest was characteristically

developed, and the shape of the great foramen

Table 2. Comparison of the cranial measurements (mm)

A number in parenthesis next to measured value is the exceptional sample size. 1) SHIGEHARA, 1986; 2) SENBA, 1960; 3) SHIGEHARA and ONODERA, 1984; 4) ONODERA et al., 1987.

490 H. NISHINAKAGAWA, M. MATSUMOTO, J. OTSUKA and S. KAWAGUCH


was elliptical. The maximum cranial length was

161.4 mm, slightly longer than those of a Shiba

dog. The facial and palatal lengths were slightly

greater than those of Tagara and Shiba dogs. The zygomatic breadth was 89.3 mm, which was as

wide as that of a female Shiba dog. Also, the

Todoroki data revealed larger measurements than those of bones from other sites. The length-

breadth index of Takahashi was 55.14, which was

close to that of a Tagara dog.

Mandibles: The measurable mandibles were excavated from the Kusano (n =1), Inutabu

(n = 3), and Takahashi (n =3) shell mounds.The Kusano mandible was identified as being from

an adult female (Fig. 2-4), and those from

Inutabu were judged to be from one adult male

and two adult females (Figs. 2-5*7). Those

from Takahashi were the right and left halves of

the mandibles of an adult male and an adult

female, respectively (Figs. 2-8,9). The

mandibles from Kusano and Inutabu were small

and resembled one another; those from Taka-hashi were a little larger. The masseter fossa in

the Tagara was deep (7.1 mm), but in other

specimens it was shallow, except for the one from

Takahashi. The masseter fossa of the Izumi dog

was as small as in the dog from Inutabu.

Limb bones: Thoracic and pelvic limbs were

excavated from the 13 sites, and the results of

their measurements are shown in Table 4. The

one measurable scapula found (with a distal

articular surface) at the Inutabu shell mound had

a 13.9 mm glenoid cavity breadth and a 21.3 mm

glenoid cavity length. Humeri were found at Muginoura, Omonawa I, Inutabu, Takahashi,

and Atake (Figs. 2-11 *14). The maximum

length of an intact bone from Omonawa was

120.9 mm. Measurements of the breadth and

diameter at the middle of the diaphysis of the Inutabu shell mound specimens were 9.4 ± 0.5

mm and 10.6 ± 0.8 mm (n = 6). The measure-

ments of the other samples from Muginoura,

Table 3. Comparison of the mandibular measurements (mm)

Fig. 2. (opposite page) The skeletal remains from Kagoshima archaeological sites: 1. Cranium (Takahashi) 2 . Mandible (R, Ichiki) 3. Mandible (R, Ichiki) 4. Mandible (R, Kusnao) 5. Mandible (R, Inutabu) 6. Mandible (R, Inutabu) 7. Mandible (L, Inutabu) 8. Mandible (L, Takahashi) 9. Mandible (L. Takahashi) 10. Mandible (R, Atake) 11.

Humerus (L, Muginoura) 12. Humerus (R, Omonawa) 13. Humerus (R, Inutabu) 14. Humerus (L, Atake) 15. Radius (L, Euchi) 16. Radius (R, Ichiki) 17. Radius (L, Inutabu) 18. Ulna (R, Kusano) 19. Femur (L, Muginoura)

20. Femur (R, Kusano) 21. Femur (R, Inutabu) 22. Femur (L, Inutabu) 23. Tibia (R, Muginoura) 24. Tibia (R, Inutabu) 25. Tibia (L, Atake). L: left, R: right, ( ): site.


Table 4. Comparison of the measurements (mm) of extremities in the excavated dogs and Shiba dogs


Values in parentheses denote those from incomplete bones. Numbers in parentheses next to mean values are sample size. 1) SHIGEHARA, 1986; 2) HAYASHIDA, 1960; 3) SENBA, 1960; 4) SHIGEHARA and ONODERA, 1984; 5) ONODERA et u!., 1987.


Fig. 3. Estimated withers heights. ( ): Sample size. Values are mean ±S.D.

Omonawa, Takahashi, and Atake fell into this

range, which is similar in size to those of a Shiba

male dog. Radii were found at Euchi, Kusano,

Inutabu (Figs. 2-l5*17) and Takahashi. The

average breadths of the diaphyses were 10.4 mm

for Inutabu, which were a little larger than those

from other sites. Ulnae were excavated from

Izumi, Kusano, Ushuku, and Inutabu. The one

from Kusano had 143.0 mm long, close to that

of a Shiba male. And except for the Kusano

specimen, the breadths of the proximal ends

of the excavated ulnae were small. Coxae

were excavated from Muginoura and Inutabu in

imperfect condition. The breadth of the iliac body

from Muginoura was wide (16.2 mm) and from

Inutabu narrow (13.5 mm, n = 3). Almost intact

femurs were found at Kusano (Fig. 2-20). The

maximum length, 126.8 mm, was nearly as great

as that of a Tagara female. The average values

of breadths and diameters at the middle of the

femurs from Muginoura, Kusano, Inutabu,

Takahashi, and Atake were 9.8 ± 0.8 mm and

9.4 ± 0.8 mm, as large as Shiba male and female

dogs. Two samples of nearly perfect tibiae were

excavated from Inutabu (Fig. 2-24). Their

maximum lengths were 126.3 mm and 112.3 mm.

The middle part of the tibia was found at five

sites, as shown in Table 4. Their diameters of

about 10 mm were nearly the same as that of a

Shiba dog. Furthermore, the measurement data

of Harunotsuji were larger than those of other

sites.

Although a few samples of vertebrae, tall,

calcanei, metacarpal and metatarsal bones, and

teeth were excavated besides the examples

described above, their details are omitted here.

3. Estimation of withers height Withers height was estimated, according to

YAMAUCHI's method (YAMAUCHI,1958), from

maximum length of skeletal remains excavated

from the 4 sites mentioned above (Fig. 3). The

withers height estimated from the maximum

lengths of the ulna and the femur obtained at the

Kusano shell mound were 40.27 cm and 39.14

cm, respectively. The estimate from one humerus

sample from the Omonawa I shell mound was

39.93 cm. Results from samples excavated at the

Inutabu shell mound were 40.84 cm (male), 38.11

cm (female), and 37.11 cm (female) on the basis

of mandible sizes; two samples of radii gave

results of 37.72 cm and 37.40 cm; two samples


of femora gave results of 39.66 cm and 35.65 cm;

two samples of tibiae gave results of 37.32 cm

and 34.30 cm. The average value (Mean ± SD) of

all the estimated heights was 37.56 ± 1.38 cm.. At the Takahashi shell mound, the estimate

from the maximum cranial length was 41.76 cm

and from the mandible, 42.46 cm. These bones were determined to be from one male specimen,

which showed slightly greater height than those

from Kusano and Inutabu. The estimated withers

height from the maximum cranial length of

Tagara specimens were 42.83 ± 1.31 cm (male)

and 39.01 ± 1.62 cm (female), and from the humerus and tibia from Harunotsuji, it was

estimated to be 45.48 and 44.01 cm. These results

were greater than those from Kagoshima.

Discussion

Although controversies have been raised con-

cerning the origin of domestic dogs, from a small-

sized wolf or a wild dog, no conclusion has been

reached (IMAIZUMI, 1980; OTA, 1980). On the

other hand, attempts to domesticate dogs are

supposed to have started in East Asia about

14,000 or 15,000 years ago (SHIBATA, 1969; TANABE, 1991). Concerning the genesis of the

domesticated dog in Japan, SHIBATA (1969)

stated that dog bones are reported to have been

excavated from 170 sites throughout the country, and from 14 Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kyushu.

The earliest examples are from Kamikuroiwa-

Iwakage, Ehime Prefecture, of the earliest Jomon

period (ESAKA,1970). Because they were buried, it was thought they had been kept with great care

by the people from those periods (KANEKO,

1976; YAMASAKI, 1985; NIWA, 1982).

Dog bones excavated from Jomon and Yayoi

sites in Kagoshima Prefecture have been found

through the research of HASEBE (1921, 1925a,

b, 1950) and HAYASHIDA (1960). The earliest

example is from the late stage of the Jomon

period in Kagoshima. It is assumed that this result

is closely related to the formative period of the

shell mounds in this locality. Although the buried

sample has not been found in Kagoshima, it

is possible that dogs were kept by people in those days as companions for hunting. It is

also probable that they were used for meat,

because burned bones were found at the Katano

cave site. With regard to the shape and size of

excavated bones, the stop on the cranium from

the Takahashi shell mound is small, and this is

a distinguishing trait in ancient dogs. The other

main characteristic of the cranium from Taka-

hashi is a longer face than that of a Tagara.

Mandibles from 3 males and 4 females were

identified from 3 sites, and each is nearly as large

as the mandible of a contemporary Shiba dog.

Although the skeletal remains of the Takahashi

shell mound are all slightly larger than those of

the Kusano and Inutabu shell mounds, they

belong to the same breed. Estimates of the withers heights from the

intact bones by using YAMAUCHI's method

(1958) show that the range of the heights, 35-43 cm, indicates a small-sized dog group classified

by HASEBE (1925a, b). Because their

characteristics resemble those of a Shiba dog,

these dogs kept in Kagoshima Prefecture during

the Jomon period are assumed to have been

small, less than the size of a contemporary Shiba

dog.

Concerning the origin of dogs in Japan, OTA

(1980) and TANABE (1991) assumed that they came from a mixture of small dogs from Taiwan,

large and mid sized dogs from the north, and mid

sized dogs from the Korean Peninsula. Although

the ancient dogs of Kagoshima cannot be easily

identified as those from the south, Inutabu and

Uwaigusuku dogs may have been from the south

because they are all small and similar in size and

because these two sites are situated at Tokuno-

shima and Yoron in the southern extremity of

Kagoshima. This will become clearer through


investigations of bones from the Ryukyu Islands,

including Okinawa, and through analyses of their

characteristics. These materials are needed for

future investigations to trace the history of the

dog in Kyushu.

抄録

鹿児島の縄文,弥生遺跡出土のイヌの骨

西中川駿・松元光春・大塚閏一・河口貞徳

イヌは古代人が狩猟の伴侶として,また,番犬とし

て,最も早くから家畜化した動物であり,わが国でも

縄文早期(12,000-10,000BP)の愛媛県上黒岩岩陰

などから,その証拠となる埋葬例が報告されている.

鹿児島の縄文時代のイヌの出土例は,出水,江内,市

来,草野,面縄,犬田布貝塚や上城遺跡および片野,

黒川洞穴の11遺跡(3,500-2,500BP)でみられ,弥

生時代には高橋貝塚,阿獄洞穴の2遺跡(2,300-

2,000BP)から出土している.出土骨の総数は373個,

その内102個は犬田布貝塚からの出土で,草野貝塚か

ら83個,江内貝塚から82個と3遺跡で全体の71.8%を

占め,他の遺跡からは極めて少ない.出土骨のほとん

どは成犬のものであるが,2,3の遺跡では幼犬のもの

も含まれている.骨の形態は,縄文犬である田柄イヌ

(宮城県)などとよく似た形質をもち,また,現生の

柴イヌとほぼ同じ大きさである.長骨の最大長から体

高を推定すると35～43cmであり,これは長谷部のいう

小型イヌに属しており,小さいものは雌と推定される.

以上の観察から,縄文後期の鹿児島県では,埋葬例

はみられないが,すでに小型イヌが飼養されていたこ

とが示唆された.

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西中川駿鹿児島大学農学部家畜解剖学教室

〒890 鹿児島市郡元1-21-24

Hayao NISHINAKAGAWA Department of Veterinary Anatomy

Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University

21-24 Korimoto 1, Kagoshima 890, Japan.

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Skeletal Remains of Domestic Dogs from Jomon and Yayoi ...

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