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Skeletal System
206 Total Bones
Mr. VazquezMater Lakes Academy2011 – 2012Biology
Functions of the Skeletal System• Support and protection
• Blood cell formation
• Mineral Storage
• Site for muscle attachmentbody movement
Types Of JointsPivot Hinge
Ball & Socket Gliding
Top of the neck
Shoulder/Hip
Elbow/Knee
Intercarpal joints
Cranium
Mandible
Sternum
Rib
Vertebral ColumnPelvisSacrum
Coccyx
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
PhalangesFemur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
TarsalsMetatarsals
Phalanges
Types of Bones
• Long Bone • Short Bone
• Flat Bone • Irregular Bone
Head – Body - Head As wide as they are long
Provides Protectionbones which do not fall into any other
category
Connective Tissues• Cartilage – • Allows joints to move easily, cushions
bones, and supports soft tissue
• Ligament – • Hold bones in place at the joints
• Tendon – • Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
Skeletal System Information
Appendicular
System
126 bones
Axial System
80 bones
Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous with tendons and ligaments blood vessels in periosteum
Epiphysis- endsspongy bone contains red marrowcompact bone, articular cartilage
Diaphysis- middle compact bonemedullary cavity- contains yellow
marrow (fat)lined with endosteum (squamous
epithelium)
Compact bone osteocytes within lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae
This surround a central canal; complex is called the Haversian system
Canaliculi connect osteocytes to the central canal and to each other
Axial skeletonskull (cranium and facial bones)hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with
swallowing)vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeletonpectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)
22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all
The skull
8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible
Craniumencases brainattachments for
muscles and sinuses
Vertebral column
7 cervial vertebrae12 thoracic5 lumbar1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused)
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
Thoracic cageribsthoracic vertebraesternumcostal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum(first seven pairs)Three false ribs are joined to the 7th ribTwo pairs of floating ribs
Clavicles and scapulae
Help brace shouldersAttachment sites for muscles
Bones of upper limb
Humerus (upper arm)Radius; ulnaCarpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of lower limb
FemurPatellaTibia, fibulaTarsals, metatarslas, phalanges
Joints
Immovable (synarthoses) bones sutured together by connective tissue: skull
Slightly movable (amphiarthoses) connected by
fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage: vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic ymphysis
Freely movable (diarthroses)- separated ligaments- hold bones togethertendons- muscle to bone
lined by synovial membrane
Types of freely movable joints
Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb
Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joints
Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna
Hinge- up and own movement in one plane:knee and elbow
Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle
Condyloid- movement in different planes but notrotations: btw metacarpals and phalanges
Types of movement and examples (with muscles)flexion- move lower leg toward upperextension- straightening the leg
abduction- moving leg away from bodyadduction- movong leg toward the body
rotation- around its axissupination- rotation of arm to palm-up positionpronation- palm down
circumduction- swinging arms in circles
inversion- turning foot so sole is inwardeversion- sole is out
Elevation and depression- raising body part upor down
Aging and bonesboth bone and cartilage tend to deterioratecartilage: chondrocytes die, cartilage becomes calcified
osteoporosis; bone is broken down faster than it can be builtbones get weak and brittle; tend to fracture
easily
Growth hormone regulates skeletal growthstimulates cell division in epiphyseal disksin long bones
Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are converted to bone
When excess growth hormone is produced inchildhoodgigantism
In adulthood- acromegaly. Bones can’t growbut soft tissue can
Open Fracture
a fracture that protrudes to the exterior of the body.
Closed Fracture
A Fracture that does not break the skin
Greenstick Fracture
Only one side of the bone is broken, mostly seen in children
Transverse Fracture
Break at a right angle and caused by direct traumatic injury
Spiral Fracture
Bone broke because of a twisting type motion.
Oblique Fracture
Rarest form of fractures, the break is at an angle.