Skeletal System &Articulations. What Is Osteoporesis? Loss of bone density.Loss of bone density....

SkeletalSkeletal SystemSystem

&&

ArticulationsArticulations

What Is What Is Osteoporesis?Osteoporesis?

• Loss of bone Loss of bone density.density.– Due to low hormone Due to low hormone levels.levels.

– Occurs prematurely Occurs prematurely due to extreme due to extreme weight loss.weight loss.

– Results in low Results in low estrogen levels.estrogen levels.

TortoraTortoraPages: 113Pages: 113

What Is What Is Osteology?Osteology?

• Study of bone Study of bone structure & structure & treatment of treatment of bone bone disorders.disorders.


Dancing SkeletonDancing Skeleton

Functions of Functions of the Skeletal the Skeletal

SystemSystem• SupportSupport• ProtectionProtection• Assisting in Assisting in movementmovement

• Mineral homeostasisMineral homeostasis• Production of bloodProduction of blood• Triglyceride storageTriglyceride storage


Types of Types of BonesBones

• Long bonesLong bones– Longer than Longer than widewide

– Slightly Slightly curvedcurved

– Compact and Compact and spongy bonespongy bone

– Ex - Radius, Ex - Radius, ulna, femur.ulna, femur.



• Flat bonesFlat bones– ThinThin– Composed of Composed of two plates two plates compact bone.compact bone.

– Spongy bone Spongy bone in between.in between.

• Ex: cranium, Ex: cranium, ribs, ribs, scapula.scapula.



• Short bonesShort bones– Cubed shapedCubed shaped– Mostly spongy Mostly spongy bone.bone.

– Surface of Surface of compact bonecompact bone

• Ex: wrist Ex: wrist (carpals) & (carpals) & ankles ankles (tarsals)(tarsals)



• Irregular Irregular bonesbones– No consistant No consistant shape.shape.

– Varies in Varies in compact and compact and spongy bone.spongy bone.

• Ex: VertebraeEx: Vertebrae



• OthersOthers• Sutural bonesSutural bones

– Small bones Small bones found in joints found in joints between bones between bones of skull.of skull.

• Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones– Bones located Bones located in tendons.in tendons.

– Vary in number.Vary in number.

• Ex: PatellasEx: Patellas


Macroscopic Macroscopic Structure of Structure of

BoneBone

• DiaphysisDiaphysis• EpiphysesEpiphyses• MetaphysesMetaphyses• Epiphyseal plateEpiphyseal plate• Articular cartilageArticular cartilage• PeriosteumPeriosteum• Medullary canalMedullary canal• EndosteumEndosteum


HistologyHistology

• Consists of 4 Consists of 4 types of types of connective connective tissue.tissue.– CartilageCartilage– BoneBone– Bone marrowBone marrow– periosteumperiosteum

Monday 10/28Monday 10/28Pages: 98 - 100Pages: 98 - 100

HistologyHistology

• Bone consists Bone consists of:of:–loosely spaced loosely spaced cells.cells.

–MatrixMatrix•2525% water% water

•50% mineral 50% mineral saltssalts

•25% 25% collagenous collagenous fibersfibers..


HistologyHistology

• Bone contains 4 Bone contains 4 types of cells:types of cells:– OsteoprogenitorOsteoprogenitor

• Give rise to Give rise to other cells.other cells.

– OsteoblastsOsteoblasts• Bone forming Bone forming cells.cells.

– OsteocytesOsteocytes• Mature bone Mature bone maintaining cellsmaintaining cells

– OsteoclastsOsteoclasts• Bone breakdownBone breakdown



BoneBone


Articular Articular cartilagecartilage

Microscopic Microscopic Structure of Structure of

BoneBone

• Compact boneCompact bone– Gives strengthGives strength– Covers spongy bone.Covers spongy bone.– Composed of osteons Composed of osteons (Haversian systems)(Haversian systems)


Exhibit 6.1 Exhibit 6.1 QuizQuiz

1.1. What two of the following minerals make What two of the following minerals make the bone matrix hard?the bone matrix hard?

A)A) Calcium B) Iron C) Zinc D) ATP Calcium B) Iron C) Zinc D) ATP E) Phosphorus E) Phosphorus

2.2. Which vitamin controls the activity, Which vitamin controls the activity, distribution, and coordination of distribution, and coordination of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A)A) Vitamin E B) Vitamin A C) Vitamin C Vitamin E B) Vitamin A C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin DD) Vitamin D

3.3. General purpose growth hormone that causes General purpose growth hormone that causes growth in all tissues including bone.growth in all tissues including bone.

A)A) HGH B) Estrogens C) Parathyroid HGH B) Estrogens C) Parathyroid hormone hormone

D)D) Calcitonin E) ThyroxineCalcitonin E) Thyroxine


4.4. Which vitamin helps maintain the Which vitamin helps maintain the bone matrix and who’s deficiency bone matrix and who’s deficiency leads to decrease callogen?leads to decrease callogen?

A)A) Vitamin E B) Vitamin A C) Vitamin Vitamin E B) Vitamin A C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin DC D) Vitamin D

5.5. Which hormone promotes bone Which hormone promotes bone formation by inhibiting formation by inhibiting osteoclasts?.osteoclasts?.

A)A) HGH B) Estrogens C) HGH B) Estrogens C) Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone

D)D) Calcitonin E) ThyroxineCalcitonin E) Thyroxine


1)1) A,EA,E2)2) BB3)3) AA4)4) CC5)5) DD


BoneBone• Spongy boneSpongy bone

– Contains Contains trabeculaetrabeculae

– Formed from Formed from callogenous callogenous fibersfibers

– Reduces Reduces weightweight

– Maintains Maintains strengthstrength

TortoraTortoraPages: 98 - 100Pages: 98 - 100

OssificatiOssificationon

• Process by Process by which bone which bone forms.forms.

• Starts during Starts during the 6th or 7th the 6th or 7th week of life.week of life.

TortoraTortoraPages: 102-104Pages: 102-104


• IntramembraneouIntramembraneous ossification s ossification starts as starts as membrane shaped membrane shaped like bones.like bones.– Ex: skull, Ex: skull, mandible, mandible, clavicleclavicle



• Endochondral Endochondral ossification ossification starts with starts with hyaline hyaline cartilage.cartilage.

• Forms most Forms most bones.bones.

• Ex: femur, Ex: femur, tibia, humerus, tibia, humerus, etc.etc.



• Step #1Step #1

– Cartilage Cartilage model of bone model of bone develops.develops.

– Surrounded by Surrounded by a a perichondrium.perichondrium.



• Step #2Step #2– Cartilage model Cartilage model

grows.grows.– Cartilage begins Cartilage begins

to calcify.to calcify.– Cartilage cells Cartilage cells

start to die.start to die.– Nutrient artery Nutrient artery

grows into grows into cartilage model.cartilage model.

– Osteoblasts in Osteoblasts in perichondrium perichondrium start ossificationstart ossification



• Step #3Step #3– Primary Primary

ossification ossification occurs.occurs.

– Forms collar Forms collar around shaft of around shaft of bone.bone.

– Osteoblasts create Osteoblasts create new bone.new bone.

– Medullary canal Medullary canal created by action created by action of osteoclasts.of osteoclasts.



• Step #4Step #4– Secondary Secondary

ossification ossification starts in the ends starts in the ends of the bone.of the bone.

– Occurs about the Occurs about the time of birth.time of birth.



• Cartilage Cartilage remains at remains at ends of the ends of the bone bone (articular (articular cartilage)cartilage)

• Epiphyseal Epiphyseal plate is last plate is last to ossify.to ossify.

• Ends growth.Ends growth.• Remodeling is Remodeling is

only change only change possible possible afterwards.afterwards.


HomeostasiHomeostasiss

• Bone replaces Bone replaces itself throughout itself throughout life.life.

• Referred to as Referred to as remodeling.remodeling.


Bone Surface Bone Surface MarkingsMarkings

• Depressions and Depressions and openingsopenings– ForamenForamen– FossaFossa



• Processes that Processes that form jointsform joints– CondyleCondyle

• Knuckle-like Knuckle-like processprocess

– HeadHead• Rounded Rounded

projection, projection, supported by supported by constricted constricted portion of portion of bone.bone.

– FacetFacet• Smooth, flat Smooth, flat

surfacesurface



• Processes that Processes that connect to connect to ligaments and ligaments and other connective other connective tissue.tissue.– TuberosityTuberosity

• Large rouned Large rouned area.area.

– Spinous processSpinous process• Slender Slender

projectionprojection– TrochanterTrochanter

• Large blunt Large blunt projectionprojection

– CrestCrest• ridgeridge


Male/female Male/female DifferencesDifferences

1.1. General General StructureStructure– Male: Male:

Heavy/thickHeavy/thick– Female: Female:

Light/thinLight/thin

2.2. Pubic ArchPubic Arch– Male: Less Male: Less

than 90than 90– Female: Female:

Greater than Greater than 9090

3.3. Obturator Obturator ForamenForamen– Male: RoundMale: Round– Female: OvalFemale: Oval



• Gravity mandates a Gravity mandates a stiff and rigid stiff and rigid skeleton.skeleton.

• Movement requires Movement requires flexibility.flexibility.

• Flexibility Flexibility created by created by articulations articulations (joints)(joints)

TortoraTortoraPage: 156Page: 156


• Structure determines Structure determines function.function.

• Movement is Movement is determined bydetermined by– Structure of bones Structure of bones

forming the joint.forming the joint.– The flexibility of The flexibility of

connective tissue connective tissue connecting the bones.connecting the bones.

– Position of Position of ligaments, tendons, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.and muscles.

– HormonesHormones

TortoraTortoraPage: 157Page: 157

Structural Structural ClassificatiClassificati

onon• Fibrous: bones Fibrous: bones

connected with connected with fibrous connective fibrous connective tissue.tissue.

• EX: tibia - fibulaEX: tibia - fibula

• Cartilaginous: Cartilaginous: Bones connected by Bones connected by cartilage.cartilage.

• EX: Ribs - sternumEX: Ribs - sternum

• Synovial: Joint Synovial: Joint surrounded by surrounded by synovial membrane.synovial membrane.

• EX: knee, elbow, EX: knee, elbow, hip.hip.


ClassificatioClassification of Synovial n of Synovial

JointsJoints• Gliding JointsGliding Joints

– Surfaces are Surfaces are flatflat

– Side to side Side to side motionmotion

– Ex; Between Ex; Between carpals, carpals, tarsals.tarsals.

• Hinge JointHinge Joint– Convex surface - Convex surface -

concave surface.concave surface.– Single plane Single plane

movementmovement– EX: kneeEX: knee



JointsJoints• Pivot JointPivot Joint

– Rounded or pointed Rounded or pointed with ring-like with ring-like structure.structure.

– Rotation movementRotation movement– EX: atlas - axis, EX: atlas - axis,

radius ulna.radius ulna.

• Condyle JointCondyle Joint– Oval shaped - Oval shaped -

depressiondepression– Side to side Side to side

movement, back and movement, back and forth movement.forth movement.

– Radius - carpalsRadius - carpals



JointsJoints• Saddle JointSaddle Joint

– Metacarpaland Metacarpaland carpal of thumb.carpal of thumb.

• Ball and Socket Ball and Socket JointJoint– Rounded end - cup Rounded end - cup

like depression.like depression.– Movement in three Movement in three

planes.planes.– EX: Hip and EX: Hip and

shoulder.shoulder.

• CondyloidCondyloid– Ex: radius and wrist Ex: radius and wrist

bones.bones.


Structures of Structures of a Synovial a Synovial

JointJoint

SaddleSaddle

• Synovial cavitySynovial cavity• Articular Articular

cartilagecartilage• Articular capsuleArticular capsule

– Fibrous capsule Fibrous capsule (outer)(outer)

– LigamentsLigaments– Synovial membrane Synovial membrane

(inner)(inner)– Synovial fluidSynovial fluid


ATC Animati

on

ATC Surgery

Meniscus Repair Surgery

Structures of Structures of a Synovial a Synovial

JointJoint


SaddleSaddle

• Accessory Accessory ligamentsligaments– Lie outside the Lie outside the

articular articular capsule.capsule.

• Articular discs Articular discs (menisci)(menisci)

• BursaeBursaeKnee Structure

MOVEMENT ATMOVEMENT AT

SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS

ClassificatioClassification of Jointsn of Joints

• Structural Structural classificationclassification– FibrousFibrous– CartilaginousCartilaginous– SynovialSynovial

• Functional Functional ClassificationClassification– SynarthrosisSynarthrosis– AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosis– DiarthrosisDiarthrosis


Osteoarthritis

Basic Anatomical Position

• Standing erectStanding erect– Toes forwardToes forward– Head facing Head facing forward.forward.

– Hands at side.Hands at side.– Palms facing Palms facing forward.forward.

TortoraPages 160-163

Basic Anatomical Position


• Structural Structural classificationclassification– FibrousFibrous– CartilaginousCartilaginous– SynovialSynovial

• Functional Functional ClassificationClassification– SynarthrosisSynarthrosis– AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosis– DiarthrosisDiarthrosis

Categories of Movement

• GlidingGliding– Flat bones form Flat bones form jointjoint• Back and forthBack and forth• Side to sideSide to side

• Angular Angular – Increase or decrease Increase or decrease in angle of bones.in angle of bones.

• RotationRotation– A bone rotates on A bone rotates on long axislong axis

• Special MovewmentSpecial Movewment


Angular Movements

• FlexionFlexion–Reducing angle Reducing angle of jointof joint

–Extension Extension •Increasing Increasing angle of jointangle of joint

–HyperextensionHyperextension•Beyond basic Beyond basic anatomical anatomical positionposition


Angular Movements

•AbductionAbduction–Movement away Movement away from midline from midline of body.of body.

• AdductionAdduction–Movement Movement towards towards midline of midline of body.body.


Angular Movements

• CircumductionCircumduction– Moving distal Moving distal end of arm or end of arm or leg in a leg in a circle.circle.• Ex: shoulderEx: shoulder

– hiphip


Special Movements

• InversionInversion– Lifting of Lifting of medial side of medial side of foot so that foot so that soles face each soles face each other.other.

• EversionEversion– Lifting of lateral Lifting of lateral side of foot so side of foot so that sole faces that sole faces outward.outward.


Special Movements

•PronationPronation– Movement of hand Movement of hand such that palm such that palm faces backward.faces backward.

• SupinationSupination– Movement of Movement of palm such palm such that it faces that it faces forward.forward.


Special Movements

•DorsiflexionDorsiflexion– Bending foot in Bending foot in the superior the superior directiondirection

Plantar FlexionPlantar FlexionBending of foot Bending of foot in the inferior in the inferior direction direction


Synovial Synovial Joint Joint

MovementsMovements


• Flexion Vs ExtensionFlexion Vs Extension• Abduction Vs AdductionAbduction Vs Adduction• CircumductionCircumduction• Elevation Vs DepressionElevation Vs Depression• Supination Vs PronationSupination Vs Pronation

Date post:	25-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	pearl-foster
View:	215 times
Download:	1 times

Skeletal System &Articulations. What Is Osteoporesis? Loss of bone density.Loss of bone density....

Documents