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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 7Anatomy of Bones
and Joints
Bone Trabeculae
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Fig 7.26
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Upper Limb – Eight carpal, or wrist, bones are arranged in
two rows
–The hand consists of five metacarpal bones
– The phalanges are digital bones. Each finger
has three phalanges, and the thumb has two
phalanges
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Fig 7.27
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic Girdle – The lower limb is attached solidly to the coxal bone and
functions in support and movement
– Consists of •
Sacrum• Right and left coxal bones formed from the fusion of
» ilium
» ischium
» pubis
– The coxal bones articulate with each other (symphysis pubis) andwith the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) and the femur (acetabulum)
– Muscles attach to the anterior iliac spines and the ischialtuberosities; ligaments attach to the posterior iliac spines, ischialspines, and ischial tuberosities
– The female pelvis has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet than themale pelvis
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Fig 7.28
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Fig 7.29
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Fig 7.30
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Fig 7.31
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Page
172
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Fig 7.32
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Tab. 7.6
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Lower Limb – The thighbone is the femur
• The femur articulates with the coxal bone (head), the tibia
(medial and lateral condyles), and the patella (patellar
groove)• Sites of muscle attachment are the greater and lesser
trochanters, as well as the adductor tubercle
• Sites of ligament attachment are the lateral and medial
epicondyles
– The leg consists of the tibia and the fibula• The tibia articulates with the femur, the fibula, and the talus
• The fibula articulates with the tibia and the talus
• Tendons from the thigh muscles attach to the tibial tuberosity
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Fig 7.33
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Fig 7.34
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Fig 7.35
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Fig 7.36
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Page
175
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Lower Limb – Seven tarsal bones form the proximal portion
of the foot and five metatarsal bones form the
distal portion – The toes have three phalanges each, except
for the big toe, which has two
– The bony arches transfer weight from the
heels to the toes and allow the foot to conformto many different positions
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Fig 7.37
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Articulations
• An articulation, or joint, is a place wheretwo bones come together
• Joints have varying degrees of movement
• Joints are named according to the bonesor parts of bones involved
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Classes of Joints
• Joints are classified according to – Function
– Type of connective tissue that binds bonestogether
– Presence or absence of fluid between thebones
• Types
– Fibrous joints – Cartilaginous joints
– Synovial joints
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Classes of Joints
• Fibrous Joints – Fibrous joints are those in which bones are
connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity(capable of little or no movement)• Sutures involve interdigitating bones held together by
dense fibrous connective tissue (occur between mostskull bones)
• Syndesmoses are joints with fibrous ligaments
•
Gomphoses are joints in which pegs fit into socketsand are held in place by periodontal ligaments (teeth inthe jaws)
• Synostoses possible ossification of some sutures andother joints
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Fig 7.38
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Fig 7.39
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Fig 7.40
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Classes of Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints – Synchondroses are joints in which bones are
joined by hyaline cartilage
•
Ex. Epiphyseal plates – Symphyses are slightly movable joints made
of fibrocartilage
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Tab. 7.7
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Classes of Joints
• Synovial Joints – Are capable of considerable movement
– They consist of the following
•
Articular cartilage on the ends of bones – Provides a smooth surface for articulation
– Articular disks and menisci can provide additional
support
• A joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule of
fibrous connective tissue, which holds the bones
together while permitting flexibility
• A synovial membrane produces synovial fluid that
lubricates the joint
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Fig 7.41
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Classes of Joints
• Synovial Joints – Bursae are extensions of synovial joints that protect
skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub
against them
– Synovial joints are classified according to the shapeof the adjoining articular surfaces
• Plane: two flat surfaces
• Pivot: cylindrical projection inside a ring
•
Hinge: concave and convex surfaces• Ball-and-socket: rounded surface into a socket
• Ellipsoid: ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces
• Saddle: two saddle-shaped surfaces
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Tab. 7.8
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Types of Movement
•
Gliding Movements – Occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another
• Angular Movement – Flexion and extension, plantar flexion and
dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction
• Circular Movements – Rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction
• Special Movements – Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction,
excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion andeversion
• Combination Movements – Two or more other movements
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Fig 7.42
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Fig 7.43
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Fig 7.44
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Fig 7.45
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Fig 7.46
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Fig 7.47
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Temporomandibular Joint
•
Complex gliding and hinge joint between thetemporal and mandibular bones
• Capable of elevation, depression, protraction,retraction, and lateral and medial excursion
movements
Fig 7.48
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Shoulder Joint
• Ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerusand the glenoid cavity of the scapula – Strengthened by ligaments and the muscles of the rotator cuff
– Tendon of the biceps brachii passes through the joint capsule
• Capable of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, and circumduction
Fig 7.48
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Elbow Joint
–Compound hinge joint between the humerus,ulna, and radius
– Movement at this joint is limited to flexion and
extension
Fig 7.48
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Knee Joint
•Complex ellipsoid
joint between the
femur and the
tibia that is
supported bymany ligaments
• Allows flexion,
extension, andslight rotation of
the leg
Fig 7.49
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Ankle Joint and Arches of the Foot
•
The ankle joint is a special hinge joint of thetibia, fibula, and talus that allows dorsiflexion,plantar flexion, inversion and eversion of the foot
• Ligaments of the foot arches hold the bones inan arch and transfer weight in the foot
Fig 7.50
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Effects of Aging on the Joints
• Connective tissue of the joints becomesless flexible and less elastic
– Results in joint rigidity
–
Increases the rate of wear on the articulatingsurfaces
– Reduces the range of motion