SKELETON
ETSI TS 103 568 V1.1.1_0.0.1 (2018-02)
17
ETSI TS 103 568 V1.1.1_0.0.1 (2018-02)
RX-requirements for Automotive
and Surveillance Radar Equipment
<
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Reference
DTS/ERM-TGSRR-79
Keywords
Measurement, RECEIVER, SRD
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights4
Foreword4
Modal verbs terminology4
Executive summary4
Introduction4
1Scope5
2References5
2.1Normative references5
2.2Informative references5
3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations5
3.1Definitions5
3.2Symbols5
3.3Abbreviations5
4User defined clause(s) from here onwards6
4.1User defined subdivisions of clause(s) from here onwards6
Annex A (normative or informative):Title of annex7
Annex (informative):Bibliography8
Annex (informative):Change History9
History10
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
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Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee {ETSI Technical Committee|ETSI Project|} ().
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
To be prepared
Introduction
To be prepared
1Scope
The present document …
2References2.1Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or nonspecific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE:While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1]
2.2Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or nonspecific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE:While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1]
3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations3.1Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the [following] terms and definitions [given in ... and the following] apply:
3.2Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the [following] symbols [given in ... and the following] apply:
3.3Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the [following] abbreviations [given in ... and the following] apply:
4Requirements; Use-Case
Open points / for discussion
Some radar sensors need a Doppler reflector. They have no simple RCS formula.
Some sensors may report blindness error in Receiver empty test.
Values needs to be checked and approved for each EN could be differentComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Important action for all TG SRR membersEN 301 091-1EN 301 091-2EN 301 091-3EN 302 858EN 3021 264EN 303 360EN 302 288
followed by: usability for testing (e.g. distance values), realizable test methods
For F: permitted or occupied bandwidth shall be used (for remote band)
For the for adjacent-band a fixed value from the edge could be used (instead of F)
Evaluation of ground reflections: they could influence tests in larger distances
Points why TG SRR EUT are not comparable with maritime/avionic radars (not for the EN but for argumentation on EC level)Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): See discussion on new informal annex in EN 303 396
4.1General
Note: also explains why test signals and test output points are not generally available. EUT is presented as “black-box”.
Only typical EUT output information could be used, like warning light flag, detection list of object, track list of objects, …
This is necessary because on RE-D the EUT needs to work as intended (no specific test software)
To be discussed
Add: Manufacturer to declare RF input power for RF 1dB compression point.
Add Manufacturer to declare RF input power for LF clipping point
or shall a test be prepared? Or no need?Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Based on discussions more likely that a test would be necessary
4.2Applications under 301 091-14.2.1 Automotive radar use-case
Classification of radars under 301 091-1 [i.X]Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Reference to EN or ECC/EC regulation?
Use-Case
Object (worst case)
Max. measurable distance
Ultra Short Range Radar (USRR)
< 20m
Short Range Radar (SRR)
< 50m
Mid Range Radar (MRR)
< 100m
Long Range Radar (LRR)
< 250m
Super Long Range Radar (SLRR)
> 250m
4.2.2 Other ground based vehicular radar use-case
Use-Case
Object (worst case)
Max. measurable distance
4.3Applications under 301 091-2
Classification of radars under 301 091-2 [i.X]Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Reference to EN or ECC/EC regulation?
Use-Case
Object (worst case)
Max. measurable distance
4.4Applications under 301 091-3
Classification of radars under 301 091-3 [i.X]Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Reference to EN or ECC/EC regulation?
Use-Case
Object (worst case)
Max. measurable distance
4.5Applications under 302 264
Classification of radars under 302 264 [i.X]Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Reference to EN or ECC/EC regulation?
Use-Case
Object (worst case)
Max. measurable distance
5RX-tests5.1 General requirements
Manufacturer shall declare “EUT output update rate”.
Manufacturer shall declare “the typical output of the sensor”, like target tracking list, warning flag,….. (list needs to be defined and specified definition section)
Manufacturer shall choose one of the use-case / categories the radar device
5.2RX-test procedure
The RX-test procedure for surveillance radar application covered by this document is split into three parts
1. Receiver empty test (clause 6)
2. Receiver Sensitivity test (clause 7)
3. Receiver Blocking test (clause 8)
For each test the wanted performance criteria is specified as percentage of positive detections of given number of EUT output update rates (radar cycles)
6Receiver empty test6.1 Description
Text
6.2 Wanted performance criteria6.2.1 General
The wanted performance criteria shall be fulfilled with least over 1000 EUT output update rate
6.2.2Requirements
Class
Given target
Given interferer
Criterion
USRR
None *
None
No object with constant D,v properties < 5 % of all radar cycles
SRR
None *
None
No object with constant D,v properties < 5 % of all radar cycles
MRR
None *
None
No object with constant D,v properties < 5 % of all radar cycles
LRR
None *
None
No object with constant D,v properties < 5 % of all radar cycles
Super LRR
None *
None
No object with constant D,v properties < 5 % of all radar cycles
7Receiver sensitivity test7.1 Description of the principal
Text to explain and to compare with “traditional” RX-requirements
Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT):
7.2 Wanted performance criteria7.2.1 General
Test time = 1000 * EUT output update rate
Target positioned in main beam direction
7.2.2Requirements
ClassComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): To add more tables (based on clause 4) or all in one table with separations
Given target
Given interferer
Criterion
USRR
RCS = -10dBsm @ 10mComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): There must be a link from clause 4 (kind of object) to the given RCS justification Annex
None
95 % probability of detection (Note)
SRR
RCS = 0dBsm @ 20m
None
95 % probability of detection (Note)
MRR
RCS = 10dBsm @ 50m
None
95 % probability of detection (Note)
LRR
RCS = 10dBsm @ 150m
None
95 % probability of detection (Note)
Super LRRComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Super LRR could be more a scenario for 091-2
RCS = -10dBsm @ 500m
None
95 % probability of detection (Note)
Note: How many “EUT output update rates“ show the given target at the given distance with an accuracy of up to +/- 5%.
Discussion point: If such long measuring distances are not possible within a certified test environment, then scaled down distances and scaled down RCS, or target simulators can be used.
7.3 Conformance test
Situation:
A EN (later) shall be clear and shall not provide options also for the conformance tests.
In this TS we can propose “free-space” test within a camber or OAS or we propose test with a target simulator.
The EN later needs to only one clear reference or includes only one solution.
Other option for the EN: we add requirements e.g. for USRR chamber test. For LRR target simulator test.
Open: what shall we do if a sensors need “moving” objects / Doppler info target simulator only?
Other options?
8Receiver Blocking test8.1 Description of the principal
Text to explain and to compare with “traditional” RX-requirements
Text, Note: the current explanation on the EN could be reused
8.2 Wanted performance criteria8.2.1 General
Test time = 1000 * EUT output update rate
Target positioned in main beam direction
The interference signal source is positioned within the 3dB beam width at the operating center frequency of the RX boresight.
8.2.2Requirements for in-band interferer
ClassComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): To add more tables (based on clause 4) or all in one table with separations
Given target
Given interferer
Criterion
USRR
RCS = -10dBsm @ 10mComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): There must be a link from clause 4 (kind of object) to the given RCS justification Annex
55mV/m @ FMCWComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Description with in Annex
50 % probability of detection (Note)
SRR
RCS = 0dBsm @ 20m
55mV/m @ FMCW
50 % probability of detection (Note)
MRR
RCS = 10dBsm @ 50m
55mV/m @ FMCW
50 % probability of detection (Note)
LRR
RCS = 10dBsm @ 150m
55mV/m @ FMCW
50 % probability of detection (Note)
Super LRRComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Scenario for 091-2
RCS = -10dBsm @ 500m
55mV/m @ FMCW
50 % probability of detection (Note)
Note: How many “EUT output update rates” show the given target at the given distance with an accuracy of up to +/- 5%.
Discussion point: If such long measuring distances are not possible within a certified test environment, then scaled down distances and scaled down RCS, or target simulators can be used.
Further test details:
Check for given interferer parameters whether declared RF 1dB compression point is reached.
Check for given interferer parameters whether declared LF clipping point is reached.
8.2.3Requirements for adjacent-band interferer
Class
Given target
Given interferer
Criterion
USRR
RCS = -10dBsm @ 10m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± F
85 % probability of detection (Note)
SRR
RCS = 0dBsm @ 20m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± F
85 % probability of detection (Note)
MRR
RCS = 10dBsm @ 50m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± F
85 % probability of detection (Note)
LRR
RCS = 10dBsm @ 150m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± F
85 % probability of detection (Note)
Super LRRComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): For 091-2
RCS = -10dBsm @ 500m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± F
85 % probability of detection (Note)
Note: How many “EUT output update rates” show the given target at the given distance with an accuracy of up to +/- 5%.
· F= permitted operating bandwidth.Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Or real operating BW
8.2.4Requirements for remote band interferer
Class
Given target
Given interferer
Criterion
USRR
RCS=-10dBsm @ 10m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± 10 × F
95 % probability of detection (Note)
SRR
RCS=0dBsm @ 20m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± 10 × F
95 % probability of detection (Note)
MRR
RCS=10dBsm @ 50m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± 10 × F
95 % probability of detection (Note)
LRR
RCS=10dBsm @ 150m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± 10 × F
95 % probability of detection (Note)
Super LRR
RCS=-10dBsm @ 500m
173 mV/m @ f = fc ± 10 × F
95 % probability of detection (Note)
Note: How many “EUT output update rates” show the given target at the given distance with an accuracy of up to +/- 5%.
F= permitted operating bandwidth .Comment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Or real operating BW
8.3 Conformance test
See comments in clause 7.3
Annex A (normative or informative):Interferer SignalComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Is interferer specific of the use-case, justification necessary why FMCW or CW
FMCW Interferer for in-band interferer testsComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Additional to check outcome STF 494 “Interferer” investigation for (T)LPR within 7xGHz range
Comments:
•Modulated interferer signal does not give constant interference. To get stable results a long measurement time might be needed.
•Action: Interferer FMCW details to be defined.
•55mV/m is equal to an 10dBm (e.i.r.p) interferer in 10m distance
CW interferer for
Comment:
Interferer: CW as current EN version
173mV/m is equal to an 20dBm (e.i.r.p) interferer in 10m distance
F= permitted operating bandwidth.
Annex B (informative):Radar target reflectorsB.1General remarks
In radar measurements power is transmitted towards a target and the reflected power is received. The received power depends – among others – on the radar cross section σ of the target:
P_Rx σ
The radar cross section σ in turn depends on several parameters:
· Frequency of radar signal
· Target material
· Target shape
· Target size
· Target motion
For a target in a real world traffic scenario, like a vehicle or a pedestrian, the material, shape and size vary with the incident angle so that the radar cross section varies as well:
Figure X.1: Exemplary radar cross section of a vehicle at 24 GHz [T. Schipper et al.].
Figure X.2: Exemplary radar cross section of a pedestrian at 77 GHz [EC Joint Resarch Center].
For stable radar test results a target reflector with less variability in radar cross section is prefered.
This annex in the following describes three different classes of such target reflectors.
Corner reflector RCS / dBsm
Corner reflector dimension / mm @ 76 GHz
Spherical reflector dimensions
(diameter in mm)
-40
4,4
11.4
-30
7,5
-20
14
-10
24
0
42
10
78
If such long measuring distances are not possible, then scaled down distances and respectively corrected RCS, for example:
Distance scaling factor
RCS correction
0,5
-12 dB
0,1
-40 dB
B.2Direct target reflectors
By using well conducting metal as material and by limiting the complexity of the geometric shape and by avoiding motion, reflectors can be realized for which the reflection behavior is simple enough to be analytically computed.
Examples are:
By adding motion to a direct target reflector the occurring Doppler effect causes the reflected power to be shifted in frequency (fC + fD):
fD = 2 vr /
Motion towards the radar sensor gives a positive frequency shift while motion away from the radar sensor gives a negative frequency shift.
An example of such a reflector is a rotating fan.
B.3Delay line target reflectors
To realize a target reflector at a distance larger than the size of a test lab, a wound-up waveguide can be used as shown in Fig. X.3.
Short
Horn antenna
Wave- guide
Wound-up waveguide
Figure X.3: Schematic diagram of a delay line target reflector with wound-up waveguide.
The effective length is equal to the waveguide length multiplied by the ratio of speed of light in free space and phase velocity in the waveguide.
B.4Electronic target reflectors
Using analogue electronic components like amplifiers and phase shifters, then the radar cross section and Doppler frequency shift can be adjusted (see for example Fig. X.4).
Horn antenna
Phase shifter
Figure X.4: Schematic diagram of an analogue electronic target reflector.
Using digital electronic components like ADCs, DACs and processors, then the target reflector properties can be adjusted in a very general way (see for example Fig. X.5).
Down converter
Horn antenna
~
Up converter
ADC
DAC
Fast digital signal processor
LO
Figure X.5: Schematic diagram of a digital electronic target reflector.
Annex C (normative or informative):Target Simulator
Annex D (normative or informative):Detailed test setup
Annex E (normative or informative):Rx processing stages in EUT and interference evaluation
Component
Output signal
Interference effect and impactComment by Mahler Michael (C/AGT): Discussion:Two members opposed and requested to delete the third columnThe table was proposed to give arguments e.g. for discussion with EC desk officer. Three members stated we need such arguments.Note: Chairman: if we are different from the ETSI Guide for EN the arguments needs to be written somewhere.Note by one member: we should try to avoid building standards around specific architectures. The standards should try to test important likely failure modes.TGSRR#29:After discussion: all participants agreed that such arguments are necessary Proposal is a good starting point Place (within which doc) needs to be discussedNote: figure2 out M1452.2 could be used in addition
Remarks
Rx antenna
Analogue RF signal(for each Rx channel)
t.b.d
Not suitable as interference test criterion as normally no connection point available.
RF homodyne downconverter
Analogue LF signal(for each Rx channel)
Large interference power can lead to exceeding the RF 1dB compression point. Exceeding the RF 1dB compression point can cause generation of harmonic frequencies which could be interpreted as ghost targets.
LF amplifier with bandpass characteristics
Analogue LF signal(for each Rx channel)
Large interference power can lead to exceeding the LF 1dB compression point. Exceeding the LF 1dB compression point can cause generation of harmonic frequencies which could be interpreted as ghost targets.
AD converter
Digital values(for each Rx channel)
Outliers.
Not suitable as interference test criterion as ADC values are not available at outer connector of sensor.
FFT
2D spectrum(for each Rx channel)
Increase of noise level and downgrading of S / N
Not suitable as interference test criterion as FFT spectrum normally is not available at outer connector of sensor.
Raw signal processing(detect peaks in FFT spectrum, from peaks compute target distance, …)
At the end of each radar cycle:List of raw targets, each described by distance, speed, azimuth angle, reliability
Reduced accuracy of raw target properties, loss of raw targets, generation of pseudo raw targets.
Object tracking(improve result reliability by checking plausibility, …)
At the end of each radar cycle:List of objects, each described by distance, speed, azimuth angle
Reduced accuracy of object properties, delayed generation of objects, loss of objects
Not suitable as interference test criterion here because object properties are influenced by driving situation. Given measurement setup is not a realistic driving situation.
Warning algorithm, action to vehicle brakes, …
At the end of each radar cycle:Message to the driver or to the vehicle
Wrong warning / action, delayed warning / action.
Not suitable as interference test criterion here because warning / action is influenced by driving situation. Given measurement setup is not a realistic driving situation.
Annex F (normative or informative):idea/discussions on NF measurement technique.
Discussions on NF measurement technique.
Slight variations in the procedures are possible. Eg move the target towards to the EUT and note the range at which is it detected, rather than check whether it is detected at a given range. This means that the operation of the EUT is the same for the detection test and the non-detection test.
One issue is the indication or output from the EUT. But this is the same issue for any type of Rx test.
Biggest problem identified is injecting the ENR noise signal in a radiated measurement.
A path loss calculation showed the noise source has to be at least 35 dB ENR. Commercially available noise sources are only up to 15 dB ENR.
So one question is: Is there a standard technique for a radiated NF measurement on a radar?
Summary:
TGSRR investigated the feasibility of a NF measurement, as described in https://docbox.etsi.org/ERM/ERMTGSRR/05-CONTRIBUTIONS/2017//ERMTGSRR(17)029015r1_Noise_Figure_approach_to_Rx_specifications.docx
Additional contribution/for discussion:
https://docbox.etsi.org/ERM/ERMTGSRR/05-CONTRIBUTIONS/2017/ERMTGSRR(17)029021_Probablity_of_Detection_approach_to_Rx_specifications.docx
The technique is interesting, but the problem is that it would have to be performed as a radiated rather than a conducted measurement.
It would not be easy for a test house to perform this test. It would require assembly of test equipment and there would be a difficulty of calibration.
No examples have been found of other bodies performing radiated NF measurements.
Other Notes
The value of Rx sensitivity (or similar) measurement is questionable.
It cannot be separated from a system performance measurement and is therefore not actually a Rx measurement.
Regarding the RED requirement to use the spectrum effectively and efficiently, the value of a measurement such as Rx NF is questionable. It could be argued that the manufacturer has to produce an EUT with a reasonable NF or he does not have a working product
Discussed during the meeting: “function of an “Sensor””
Annex (informative):Bibliography
Annex (informative):Change History
Date
Version
Information about changes
02/28/2018
0.0.1
Initial version based on https://docbox.etsi.org/ERM/ERMTGSRR/05-CONTRIBUTIONS/2018/ERMTGSRR(17)029016r3_Summary_RX-Requirement_discussion.docx
History
Document history
Latest changes made on 2017-07-10
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