SkillsSkills

InferringInferring

Comparing and Comparing and ContrastingContrasting

Evaluating ReliabilityEvaluating Reliability

Evaluating UsefulnessEvaluating Usefulness

Inference

DETAILS INTERPRETATION

CONTEXTUAL KNOWLEDGE

CK is important to help me

understand the source correctly.

CartoonCartoon

Drawn usually with symbols Drawn usually with symbols that are universally that are universally understood, e.g. understood, e.g. dove=peacedove=peace

Sometimes exaggerates to Sometimes exaggerates to make a pointmake a point

CartoonCartoon

1.1. Identify the symbol(s)Identify the symbol(s)

2.2. What are the universal ideas What are the universal ideas associated with the symbol(s)?associated with the symbol(s)?

3.3. How does it relate to the real How does it relate to the real world context or issue raised world context or issue raised by the cartoonist?by the cartoonist?

Cartoon

Types of Types of Inference QuestionsInference Questions

Content Content

– – What is the source saying…?What is the source saying…? Partiality Partiality

– – Is the author a Is the author a supportersupporter or or opponentopponent…?…?

Purpose Purpose

– – WhyWhy did the author….? did the author….?

PURPOSE

What the author /

cartoonist /

photographer wants to

achieve as an outcome

Purpose

Audience(role/function/abilities)

Action Taken Anticipated Outcome

E.g.

• persuade

• propagate

• blame

• accuse

• criticise

E.g.• public, • soldiers, • voters, • media, • international

community, • parliament

E.g.• change in

opinion, • stop criticism, • calm things

down,• raise morale, • pressurise

government for change

CLUES TO INFER

PURPOSE

Provenance

Who said or produced source

What is his role

When source was produced

Content

• What words are used

• What is the point made in the source

Source Type

What/Medium e.g. speech

Helps in identifying target audience

Tone

Emotion

Mental Attitude

Contextual

Knowledge

• Background knowledge about event/person

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

Usually low mark because

less demanding to

compare

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

Basic factor to compare

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

Supported by Content

Emotional State or Mental

Attitude

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

What the author wants to

achieve as an outcome

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Purpose

Action Taken

Audience

AnticipatedOutcome

e.g. persuade, propagate,

blame, accuse

e.g. public, soldiers, voters, media

e.g. change in opinion, stop criticism, calm things down, raise morale, pressurise government for change

COMPARE & CONTRAST

Source Type

Provenance

Content

Tone

Purpose

Usually highest mark because of demanding

process

COMMON WEAKNESSES

• Mere description of the two sources, but with NO comparison made.

• No BUT or SIMILARLY

• Description/Inference of only one source. Without examining the other source, there is no comparison being made.

• Issue for comparison not common

IN YOUR ANSWER…

Content

a) State the issue for comparison (for comparison to work, it must be a common issue/topic)

b) Infer what each source says on the issue c) Support with evidence

IN YOUR ANSWER…

Use existing content to link as

support to TONE/PURPOSE

a) State the issue for comparison (for comparison to work, it must be a

common issue/topic)

Sources B & C are similar/different in their view of ………….

b)Infer what each source says on an/the issue

Source B Source C

Also / But

Similarly/However,

Use existing content to link as support to TONE/PURPOSE

Source B Source C

As we can tell from the points raised in Source B, it is…….

Similarly/On the other hand, we can tell from the points raised in Source C, it is..….