SKILLS & TECHNIQUES

A technique is a way of performing a skill

A skill is a movement with a purpose

Shooting

Passing

Dribbling

Catching

Marking

Set Shot

Jump Shot

Lay-upSkill:

Shooting

SkillsSkillsSkills should be carried out with Skills should be carried out with maximummaximum efficiency efficiency and performed with and performed with minimumminimum effort. effort.

A skilful performer is one who can control physical A skilful performer is one who can control physical movement and can movement and can anticipateanticipate what is going to happen what is going to happen next as different skills and techniques are completed.next as different skills and techniques are completed.

1)1) Write Write down some major skills and techniques down some major skills and techniques involved in the activities in your course.involved in the activities in your course.

2)2) Write down a sports person that you think is the best Write down a sports person that you think is the best in the world in their activity. Explain why you think in the world in their activity. Explain why you think they are so skilful.they are so skilful.

Simple SkillsSimple Skills

EASY/SIMPLE SKILLS

Few Sub-routines

Physically Undemanding

Little co-ordination needed

Few judgments to be made

Simple order of movements

One movement at a time

Easy Environment e.g. Indoors

e.g.Set Shot

Simple SkillsSimple Skills

PUSHPASS

CHESTPASS

HEAD-STAND

HEADING

SETSHOT

HIGHSERVE

SIMPLE SKILLS

Complex SkillsComplex Skills

COMPLEX SKILLS

Many Sub-routines

Physically Demanding

Co-ordination is vital

Many judgements to be made

Many movements at the same time

e.g.Lay-up in Basketball

Butterfly strokeButterfly stroke

High jumpHigh jump

Basketball lay-up Basketball lay-up

VolleyVolley

Goal Keeper saveGoal Keeper save

Complex Complex SkillsSkills

Effects of Skills & Techniques on Effects of Skills & Techniques on PerformancePerformance

Simple skills are made up of physical actions which are common to many activities such as kicking, jumping, striking, throwing, stretching and rotating. You learn these basic skills (moves) as you develop.

Your skill level will affect how well you can refine skills through practice, use skills at the correct time, and make decisions about when to use basic and complex skills.

Effects of Skills & Techniques on Effects of Skills & Techniques on Performance Performance (EXAMPLE)(EXAMPLE)

When drawn to the net in badminton, a basic skill is to return the shuttle high to back of the opponent’s court with an underarm clear.

A complex skill would be a tight net shot.

Choose one skill from one activity. Explain how you refined the skill through practice.

What makes a skilled What makes a skilled performance?performance?

A skilled performance shows three A skilled performance shows three characteristics:characteristics:

a.a. Sequences of movements are carried out Sequences of movements are carried out in a in a fluentfluent, , controlledcontrolled way often with way often with minimum effortminimum effort

b.b. Correct options are selectedCorrect options are selected

c.c. Skills & techniques are used which Skills & techniques are used which reflectreflect the performer’s the performer’s abilityability and and experienceexperience

Skill LearningSkill LearningLearning skills involves considering:

• Safe practice

• Methods of practice

• How best to practise with a partner and in a group

Safe PracticeSafe PracticeThis involves ensuring practice is at the right level for your ability and completing a warm up before practice and a cool down after practice. It also involves understanding and abiding by the safety rules.

E.g. Swimming

* Class rules set by the teacher

* Swimming pool rules

* Working co-operatively with your partner or class

Learning SkillsLearning Skills

Learning

Skills

Gradual Build Up is when you learn a skill bit by bit

e.g. Diving1. Seated Dive2. Kneeling Dive3. Crouched Dive4. Full Dive

Whole Part Whole is when you try the whole

skill, then, break it down and concentrate on part,

before putting it all together again

Repetition Drills

Shadowing is when you shadow your partner and copy what they are doing.

e.g. Movements in Badminton

Solo/Partner/Group

Conditioned Games

Methods of PracticeMethods of PracticeThere are four main methods of practice that you need to know for physical education:

• GRADUAL BUILD UP

• WHOLE PART WHOLE

• PASSIVE/ACTIVE PRACTICES

• REPETIITIVE PRACTICES

Gradual Build UpGradual Build UpGradual build up is a useful practice method for Gradual build up is a useful practice method for learning complex skills. You learn the skill bit by learning complex skills. You learn the skill bit by bit. You build the skill up in stages. Often used bit. You build the skill up in stages. Often used when the skill is too difficult or dangerous to try.when the skill is too difficult or dangerous to try.

Gradual build up is a useful practice method as it Gradual build up is a useful practice method as it allows you to:allows you to:

Make practices more demanding in small stepsMake practices more demanding in small steps

Develop confidenceDevelop confidence

Make practices challenging but achievableMake practices challenging but achievable

Gear practices to your stage of learningGear practices to your stage of learning

Gradual Build UpGradual Build Up

The best example for The best example for using the gradual build using the gradual build up method for an up method for an individual activity is the individual activity is the flight diveflight dive..

DescribeDescribe three different three different stages of building up to stages of building up to a flight dive in swimminga flight dive in swimming

Gradual Build UpGradual Build UpGradual build up practice method can also be Gradual build up practice method can also be used in team activities.used in team activities.

E.g. Stage 1: In indoor hockey you are E.g. Stage 1: In indoor hockey you are working on attack. 4 v 1. The object of the working on attack. 4 v 1. The object of the practice is to get past the defender.practice is to get past the defender.

You must You must describedescribe how you would gradually how you would gradually build up this practice to make it more build up this practice to make it more challenging.challenging.

Whole Part WholeWhole Part WholeWhole part whole is often used by performers who Whole part whole is often used by performers who already have some experience of the activity. It already have some experience of the activity. It works best when you can perform a version of the works best when you can perform a version of the whole skill already.whole skill already.

E.g. Front Crawl - Swimming E.g. Front Crawl - Swimming

WholeWhole: Try the whole stroke i.e. using both arms : Try the whole stroke i.e. using both arms and legsand legs

PartPart: With a float in hands, practise legs only to : With a float in hands, practise legs only to improve leg kickimprove leg kick

WholeWhole: Return to the whole stroke again to see if : Return to the whole stroke again to see if stroke has improved.stroke has improved.

PASSIVE/ACTIVE PRACTICESPASSIVE/ACTIVE PRACTICES

These are often useful to practise with a partner as they can These are often useful to practise with a partner as they can vary the degree of opposition required to help you improve. vary the degree of opposition required to help you improve.

E.g. BasketballE.g. Basketball – lay up shot– lay up shot

1. Solo practice ensuring foot pattern and ball placement is 1. Solo practice ensuring foot pattern and ball placement is correct.correct.

2. With a partner – receive pass from partner and perform lay-up 2. With a partner – receive pass from partner and perform lay-up shot.shot.

3. Partner passes and then uses passive defence to mark you3. Partner passes and then uses passive defence to mark you

4.4. Partner passes and then becomes an active defender who is Partner passes and then becomes an active defender who is trying to get ball.trying to get ball.

REPETITION

DRILLS

During practice it can be productive to set up

training drills that repeat particular parts of a

technique or the whole technique

Groove technique so that all components of it work well together

You may practice very small parts of the technique

repeatedly

The type of attention to detail works best

with complex, closed skills.

Drills can work well when both repetition and different

degrees of pressure are involved.

Badminton Example

1. Short Serve2. Underarm Clear3. Overhead Clear

4. Drop Shot

Repetition Repetition PracticesPractices

Learning Skills TasksLearning Skills Tasks1.1. Choose Choose oneone method of practice from list A and method of practice from list A and oneone from from

list B. Explain list B. Explain whywhy you would use these methods of you would use these methods of practice.(4)practice.(4)

List AList A List BList BShadow practiceShadow practice Passive/Active PracticePassive/Active Practice

Whole-part-wholeWhole-part-whole Small sided gamesSmall sided games

Cooperative practiceCooperative practice Repetitive PracticesRepetitive Practices

2.2. Choose two activities and describe, Choose two activities and describe, in detailin detail, how you , how you used these methods of practice to develop a skill. (Give used these methods of practice to develop a skill. (Give specific details of a practice that you have used). (4)specific details of a practice that you have used). (4)

Learning Skills TasksLearning Skills Tasks3.3. Gradual build up is one method of learning and Gradual build up is one method of learning and

developing skills.developing skills.

i)i) WhatWhat is meant by gradual build up? is meant by gradual build up? /2/2ii)ii) Explain Explain whywhy you would use this method you would use this method /2/2

4.4. Select Select two differenttwo different skills where you used gradual skills where you used gradual build up. Choose an individual activity, a skill or build up. Choose an individual activity, a skill or technique. Describe how you learned to perform this technique. Describe how you learned to perform this skill or technique.skill or technique.

Firstly I, /1Firstly I, /1 Then I, /1 Then I, /1 Finally I, /1Finally I, /1

5.5. Choose a Team activity, a skill or technique. Describe Choose a Team activity, a skill or technique. Describe how you learned to perform this skill or technique.how you learned to perform this skill or technique.

Firstly I, /1Firstly I, /1 Then I, /1 Then I, /1 Finally I, /1Finally I, /1

Learning Skills Exam QuestionsLearning Skills Exam Questions1.1. Whole – part – wholeWhole – part – whole and and gradual build-upgradual build-up are are

two different methods of learning and developing two different methods of learning and developing skills. Explain skills. Explain whywhy you used each method. you used each method. (2)x2(2)x2

2.2. Choose an activity. Choose a skill/technique that Choose an activity. Choose a skill/technique that could be improved using could be improved using whole/part/wholewhole/part/whole. . Describe what you did to improve this Describe what you did to improve this skill/technique using whole/part/whole. skill/technique using whole/part/whole. (2)(2)

ii)ii) Now choose a different method of developing skills. Now choose a different method of developing skills. (1)(1)

iii)iii) Describe how you used this method to improve a Describe how you used this method to improve a skill/technique in an activity of your choice. (2)skill/technique in an activity of your choice. (2)

iv)iv) Why was this an appropriate way to develop this Why was this an appropriate way to develop this skill/technique. (1)skill/technique. (1)

Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

One effective approach for breaking down a skill or technique is through analysing your:

• Preparation is the first part of the movement

• Action is the middle part of the movement

• Recovery is the end of the movement

You would use an observation schedule to achieve this

Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

PHASE OF ACTION

FEATURES OF ‘MODEL PERFORMANCE’

MY PERFORMANC

E

PreparatioPreparationn

• • Starts from base.Starts from base.

• • Performer tracks path of Performer tracks path of shuttle and begins moving shuttle and begins moving towards place shuttle will be towards place shuttle will be played from.played from.

• • While moving, body turns While moving, body turns side-on to net.side-on to net.

• • Racquet is taken up and back Racquet is taken up and back behind head.behind head.

• • Weight shifts mostly onto Weight shifts mostly onto back foot.back foot.

• • Back shoulder drops.Back shoulder drops.

• • Front arm balances racquet Front arm balances racquet arm (both arms are raised).arm (both arms are raised).

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An observation schedule would be used to analyse your performance. E.g. Overhead Clear

Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

PHASE OF ACTION

FEATURES OF ‘MODEL PERFORMANCE’

MY PERFORMANC

E

ActionAction Shoulder, arm and racquet are � Shoulder, arm and racquet are �brought forward at speed to help brought forward at speed to help generate power.generate power.

Action resembles throwing action.� Action resembles throwing action.� Weight is transferred forward from � Weight is transferred forward from �back foot to front foot to coincide back foot to front foot to coincide with moment of impact.with moment of impact.

Impact is with open racquet face � Impact is with open racquet face �above racquet shoulder.above racquet shoulder.

Performer strikes ‘through’ shuttle � Performer strikes ‘through’ shuttle �and body weight continues to move and body weight continues to move forward (a smooth continuous action forward (a smooth continuous action leads naturally into recovery).leads naturally into recovery).

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Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

PHASE OF ACTION

FEATURES OF ‘MODEL PERFORMANCE’

MY PERFORMANC

E

RecoveryRecovery Racquet comes down and across � Racquet comes down and across �body in recovery phase.body in recovery phase.

Forward movement at end of � Forward movement at end of �stroke leads to ‘base’ and stroke leads to ‘base’ and

recovery of ‘ready’ position.recovery of ‘ready’ position.

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Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

Benefits of Using an Observation Schedule

i. Identifies Strengths & Weaknesses of a skill

ii. Pinpoints specifically where weakness lies

iii. Practice programme can be designed from the

information received

iv. You can use an observation schedule at the

beginning and end of a training block to see if

your technique has improved

Stages of LearningStages of Learning

There are three important stages in learning and developing skills:

• Planning Stage (Cognitive)

• Practice Stage (Associative)

• Automatic Stage (Autonomous)

Planning StagePlanning Stage

During the planning stage, you find out what the skill involves. You establish what the parts of the skill are and make your first attempts at learning each part. Errors are likely to be common at this stage in learning.

Practice StagePractice Stage

During the practice stage you link together all the required subroutines of the skill. Simple skills will require less practice than complex skills. Quality practice will reduce the number of mistakes made during performance.

Automatic StageAutomatic Stage

At this stage, most key subroutines have become automatic in the performance. At the automatic stage errors are less likely. You will be able to do it without thinking. Your success rate with an ‘automatic’ skill will be high and your mind will be free to concentrate on other aspects of the game.

Choose one skill from an activity from the course. Explain, in detail, the characteristics of performance at each stage of skill learning.

Overcoming Problems in Skill Overcoming Problems in Skill LearningLearning

Identify your performance strengths and weaknessesIdentify your performance strengths and weaknesses

Compare with a classmate’s abilityCompare with a classmate’s ability

Compare with a model performerCompare with a model performer

• Highlights fitness needs of performance

• Exact requirements of different skills

• Effectiveness of decision making

• Highlights specific practice to overcome skill weaknesses

Principles of Effective PracticePrinciples of Effective Practice

For your practice to be effective you should set clear objectives. This will enable you to refine performance. You must consider your existing level of ability and current strengths and weaknesses and what aspects of your performance you want to improve. You must also consider:

Work/Rest Ratio

Progression

Principles of Effective PracticePrinciples of Effective Practice

WORK/REST

RATIO

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE IN THAT ACTIVITY

YOUR LEVEL OF PRACTICAL

ABILITYDIFFICULTY OF THE SKILL

INVOLVED

PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THE PRACTICE

WORK/REST RATIO IS ONE OF THE KEY ISSUES

IN MAKING SKILL TRAINING SPECIFIC TO

YOUR NEEDS

Principles of Effective PracticePrinciples of Effective PracticePRACTICES ARE LINKED TO YOUR CURRENT

PERFORMANCE LEVEL

PROGRESSION

MAKE PRACTICES MORE CHALLENGING

WHEN YOU ARE READY

WORK AT A SUITABLY

DEMANDING LEVEL AT ALL TIMES

HIGH QUALITY PRACTICE FOR A

SHORT PERIOD OF TIME

PROGRESSION WILL ENSURE THAT YOUR

PERFORMANCE DOES NOT SUFFER FROM THE EFFECTS OF BOREDOM

AND FATIGUE

Principles of Effective PracticePrinciples of Effective Practice

Practising Under Pressure

With skills and techniques that you can complete with a high degree of control and fluency it is important to complete practice under pressure i.e. as you improve practices must become more challenging. This will make practice relate to performing in competition.

In team activities this could involve increasing the demands of opponents.

FeedbackFeedback

Feedback is information received by a performer about their performance.

Positive feedback helps your performance improvement

Effective feedback needs to be positive

Feedback needs to be precise and

accurate

One or two points of feedback given at a

time Feedback should be given as soon as possible after performance

EXTERNAL

Manual/Kinaesthetic

Written

Teacher physically guides you through the action so

that you can feel how to do it correctly

Information about your performance is written on a

sheet about what you are doing well and what needs

improvement

Verbal

Teacher or another pupil watches your performance and tells you what you are doing well and what needs

to be improved

Visual

You watch a good (model) performance. From this

demonstration you are able to see how to do the skill

correctly.

FeedbacFeedbackk

FEEDBACK

INTERNAL

Is how you feel about your own performance. E.g. You took a shot that was unsuccessful because the ball hit the front of the ring. You would know that next time you shoot you would have to shoot with more power.

Feedback Exam QuestionsFeedback Exam Questions1)1) Choose an activity and a skill/technique. Select Choose an activity and a skill/technique. Select

one type of feedback which helped you identify a one type of feedback which helped you identify a problem. Describe how this feedback helped you problem. Describe how this feedback helped you to identify a problem. to identify a problem. (2)(2)

ii)ii) For the same skill choose a For the same skill choose a differentdifferent type of type of feedback. Describe how this feedback helped feedback. Describe how this feedback helped you to identify a problem. you to identify a problem. (2)(2)

iii)iii) Explain how feedback helped you to improve Explain how feedback helped you to improve your performance in your chosen activity. your performance in your chosen activity. (2)(2)

iv)iv) Explain what is meant by Explain what is meant by internalinternal feedback. feedback. (1)(1)v)v) Explain what is meant by Explain what is meant by external external feedbackfeedback2)2) Feedback is an important aspect of developing Feedback is an important aspect of developing

skills to an automatic stage. What is meant by skills to an automatic stage. What is meant by feedback? feedback? (1)(1)

ii)ii) How does feedback help you to develop a skill How does feedback help you to develop a skill towards the automatic stage? towards the automatic stage? (1)(1)

Co-operationCo-operation

It is important that you can effectively co-operate with class mates. This involves practising together and talking about how best complete tasks.

Co-operation also involves observing a partner and recording information.

When participating as part of a team working co-operatively involves accepting responsibility and recognising you role within a team.

Mechanical PrinciplesMechanical Principles

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

• What is What is balancebalance, are there different types of balance?, are there different types of balance?• Centre of gravityCentre of gravity• Body tensionBody tension• Transfer of WeightTransfer of Weight and benefits to performance if and benefits to performance if

completed effectivelycompleted effectively• ForceForce and the application of force. and the application of force.• FrictionFriction• Follow throughFollow through

BalanceBalanceBalance is the ability to retain the centre of gravity over your base of support. There are two types of balances:

1) Static balances

2) Dynamic balances

Centre of GravityCentre of Gravity

Centre of gravity is to do with stability.

i. The heavier you are, the more stable you will be

ii. To be balanced your centre of gravity should be inside your base

iii.A low position with a wide base is more balanced

Centre of GravityCentre of Gravity

Body TensionBody TensionFor technique to be effective it is helpful if the major muscles involved in balances have good body tension.

In gymnastics explain how good body tension helped to improve the quality of your balances?

Transfer Of WeightTransfer Of WeightThe transfer of weight allows you to move your body from one place to another. How well you transfer your weight involves considering how well balanced you are when performing.

To transfer your weight in any direction, you must apply a force in the opposite direction. The force is created when you contract your muscles.

At times, this can be single actions such as throwing the javelin. At other times, for example when running, simple actions are repeated.

Name 2 activities, describe one technique which requires a single transference of weight and describe another technique which requires repeated transference of weight

Application of ForceApplication of Force

When performing different skills and techniques different forces are applied and resisted.

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (Newton’s third law)

Application of ForceApplication of Force

If speed is required then the greater force

applied the better. Differences in the mass

of the body will affect performance.

If the force applied to the sprinting block

(100m sprint) is the same the athlete with a

smaller mass will accelerate at a quicker

rate.

ForceForceYou must apply force in one direction to move in the opposite direction.

Look at the following examples. Explain where force is applied and what direction the person or equipment moves.

A.

C

B

FrictionFrictionThis is when contact between two surfaces cause a slowing down or gripping effect.

This can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the activity and the skill or technique you are trying to complete.

Adv. Football boots getting a good grip on the ground to stop the player slipping and allow them to change direction quickly

DisAdv. In cycling when the wind slows you down

Choose four activities explain how friction affects your performance.

RotationRotationIn different activities you rotate (turn) in order to carry out skills and techniques.

When throwing the discus in athletics you turn around in a spinning back-to-front movement to generate power. This is a complex technique. You build up speed before throwing by quickly turning until you have regained balance.

You can also rotate by performing a forward roll.

Name two skills in which you turn head over heals.

ResistanceResistance

When you apply force there will be resistance. Like friction, resistance can either be an advantage or disadvantage.

Adv. When sprinting in athletics the starting blocks are an advantage. They provide resistance.

DisAdv. If you are running into a headwind this slows you down.

Resistance can be reduced or increased depending on your technique. In swimming if you keep your head out of the water when doing the front crawl this creates a greater resistance with the water and slows you down. Reduce resistance by putting head level with the water (streamlined)

Follow throughFollow through

When completing different skills and techniques it is important to have a good follow through. A good follow through is part of effective performance and follows on from the preparation and action phases in different skills and techniques.

An example would be kicking a ball in football, the follow through is in the direction of the shot.

In other actions the follow through involves body rotation.

The ball and socket joints in the hips and shoulder help rotation in this

striking action.

Mechanical PrinciplesMechanical PrinciplesA. What is the importance of transfer of weight when

completing an ‘overhead clear’?B. When completing a ‘headstand’ what affect would

having a small base have your performance?C. Why is body tension important when completing static

balances?D. Where must your centre of gravity be maintained to

hold a balance?E. Give an example of a dynamic balance?F. Name two activities where equipment is used to

reduce friction?G. In swimming, how did improving your technique,

reduce your resistance in the water?H. Describe one technique in three different activities where

follow through is important (use kicking, striking and throwing)?