Skyscrapers

J. Wunderlich PhDB.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas)M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State)

Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering (U. Delaware)

Plus 2 years of Urban Design (U. California, San Diego)And one year as a Physics Grad at San Francisco State

Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

AGENDA• Engineering Innovations leading to skyscrapers

• Selected Skyscrapers• Course Text Pages 443-454 (“Skyscrapers”)• Course Text Pages 443-529 -- pages relevant to skyscrapers in readings

about these selected Modern and Postmodern architects:

» Ludwig Mies van der Rohe» Frank Lloyd Wright

• Not a major contributor to skyscrapers, but America's greatest architect with one notable high-rise

» Le Corbusia» Phillip Johnson

• Worlds Tallest Building -- Burj Khalifa• Vertical City – Shanghai Tower

Course Text is “Buildings Across Time” by M Fazio, et al. 2014

History

Prior to 1800’s, most buildings not very tall, and mostly made of unreinforced masonry or wood

Early 1800’s: First cast-iron frames and building fronts (often painted to look like stone or other materials)

1865+ Industrial revolution – mass production

Engineering innovationsthat led to skyscrapers

CONCRETEA mix of AGGREGATE (rocks) and

a cementations binding material (CEMENT)

- Romans used it extensively from 300BC to 475AD

Image From: http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/Roman-cement-

Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Rome-Pantheon-Interieur1.jpg

REINFORCED ConcreteA COMPOSITE MATERIAL of:1. Concrete (High Compression strength)2. Steel Reinforcing-Bars (“Re-Bar”) (High tensile strength)

A Wunderlich family project included reinforced concrete ……

Tall buildings were a result of rising urban real estate values, and the desire of businesses to remain in the center of activity

Image From http://www.photographium.com/sites/default/files/new_yorks_business_district_from_woodbridge_building._new_york._1901_0.jpg

REINFORCED concrete allows taller structures than unreinforced concrete or masonry

Image From: http://www.gharexpert.com/mid/611200835306.jpg

Image From: http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/540784/112469150/stock-photo-high-rise-construction-site-with-a-concrete-structure-in-the-process-of-being-built-as-a-commercial-112469150.jpg

REINFORCED concrete

REINFORCED Concrete

“SLIP FORMS” allows taller buildings

Image From http://www.structuremag.org/images/0407-f1-1.jpg

Image From http://www.wlport-land.com/images/xSlip1.jpg

But steel frames needed for really tall buildings ……………………………

STEEL– an ALLOY of IRON and other elements including chromium, cobalt,

molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, and CARBON (most common)

– we want it strong, but Ductile (flexible)

Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Steel_pd.svg/420px-Steel_pd.svg.png

STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES– can melt, so fire safety coatings developed (in Chicago after great fire of 1874)– handle large LATERAL LOADS

• wind• seismic (earthquake) forces• in one of two ways:

“BRACED-FRAME” Diagonal braces OR “MOMENT CONNECTION”

Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg

BRACED-FRAME • Cheaper

Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg

MOMENT CONNECTION (“MOMENT” = “TORQUE”) • Un-obstructed views out windows• Simpler interiors

Image From: http://www.stlsi.com/images/DSC01209.JPG

Image From: https://d2t1xqejof9utc.cloudfront.net/screenshots/pics/a97c97f0e72c8856c002117a53f2bb1b/medium.jpg

Image From: http://programas.cype.es/imagen/nuevoMetal3D/union_I_soldada_49.gif

Image From: http://buildipedia.com/images/masterformat/Channels/On_Site/Technical_Lessons_Learned/Steel_Connection.jpg

BRACED-FRAME

MOMENT CONNECTION

Image From: http://jiano.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/brb_02.jpg Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg

“Wide-Flange” steel beam or column

(sometimes called an “I beam”) helped allow taller buildings

Great:• Flexural Strength • Compression Strength• Shear Strength• Tensile Strength

Image From: http://www.architectionary.com/uploads/WideFlangeSection/wshape.jpg

Glass CURTAIN WALL common in modern commercial buildings

Image From: http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/stainless-steel-fixing-systems-suspended-curtain-wall-55078-1714337.jpg

Glass CURTAIN WALL

Image From: http://www.extal.com/userfiles/products/msg/Msg_02.jpg

Hydraulic elevators for short buildings

Image From: http://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/orig/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/images/chapter6_4_10/fig1_1.jpg

High-speed elevators for skyscrapers -- use cables and electric motors

Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg

Elevator SAFETY-SYSTEMS allowed taller buildings

Braking system stops elevator from free-fall if cable snaps or melts

Also, hydraulic buffers are at bottoms of shafts to dampen a falling elevator

Image From: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/runaway-elevator-2.gif

Structural Load carried by core

and columns

Glass curtain wall doesn’t carry load

This allows a SHELL to be built, followed by TENANT IMPROVEMENTS in interior

Tenants given a fixed $ per square foot, and they use a different architect (“SPACE PLANNER”)

Image From: http://www.expresstowers.in/images/floor_plan1_1.jpg

Typical High-rise

Selected Skyscrapers

1884 Home Insurance Building Chicago

First “Steel Skeleton” – but also much cast iron, and first floor had masonry load-bearing walls

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building

1889 Rand McNally Building Chicago

First to use Structural Steel for entire frame

Image From: http://www.appstate.edu/~riedme/burnham&root/gallery.html

Architects Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan

Frank Lloyd Wright (a protégée of Louis Sullivan ) called building:

"the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture”

Building has a base, a middle section, and a top, like a classical column

Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building

1890 Wainwright BuildingSt. Louis

External skin of terracotta and glass clipped onto internal steel skeleton

Precursor to glass curtain walls of 1960’s and 70’s

Image From: http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/CHICAGO/CHIC-LS/018-reliance1a.gif

1894 Reliance BuildingChicago

1902 Flatiron BuildingNew York

One of the first very tall buildings

Image From: http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP24A.jpg

1913 Woolworth Building New York

Neo-Gothic Architectural Style

Image From http://www.cassgilbertsociety.org/images/works/f/nyc-woolworth-bldg2.jpg

1930 Chrysler Building New York

Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg

Art Deco Architectural Style

1931 Empire State Building New York

Art Deco Architectural Style

Images From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg

The Word’s tallest building for 40 years

View of Chrysler Building from Empire State Building

Modern Architect Le Corbusia

Image From:

International Architectural Style

Modern Architect Le Corbusia a planned city concept

Image From: http://images.quickblogcast.com/112243-104805/LeCorbusier21.jpg?a=66

Modern Architect Le Corbusia

Image From: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/CorbuCache/410x480_2049_791.jpg

1945 Unité d'HabitationMarseille, France

International Architectural Style

Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright

Image From http://0.tqn.com/d/architecture/1/0/9/v/PriceTower.jpg

“Wright persuaded Harold Price to build his HQ of 57,000 sq ft on 19 floors instead of 25,000 sq ft on three floors. Wright showed him how the delivery of all basic services, power, climate control, plumbing, and communications, was simpler and more efficient via a central stack”

REFERENCE http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jul/31/drawaskyscraperonyourblot

1952 Price Tower Bartlesville, Oklahoma

Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright

Image From http://mstecker.com/images/japm/mm-DSCF6597a1.jpg

“Wright was a different kind of “Modern” architect

Wright was inspired by nature (as was his mentor Lois Sullivan), and by Japanese art & architecture

Image From http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lnqqdDEXvEE/Ue9YRv5NsMI/AAAAAAAAB4w/s5LJCy5dkXE/s1600/frank+lloyd+wright.jpg

Image From http://arthistorygalore.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/robie-house-by-flw.jpg

Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Image From: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_KPi80bac28/TamFG20NbrI/AAAAAAAAAGM/2UnmoeS-UE4/s1600/Mies%20Crown%20Hall.jpg

Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Image From: http://conservapedia.com/images/a/a6/Seagram_Building.jpg

1958 Seagram BuildingNew York

1973 Sears Tower (“Willis Tower”)Chicago

The Word’s tallest building for 25 years

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower

Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Glass House,” 1949

Image From http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/pj/glasshouse1.jpg

Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson

IDS Center, Minneapolis, 1968

Image From http://assets.bizjournals.com/twincities/print-edition/IDS-center*304.jpg?v=1

Modern/ PostmodernArchitect Phillip Johnson

“Sony Tower,” 1984

Image From http://www.achievement.org/achievers/joh0/large/joh0-050.jpg

POSTMODERN style references elements prior to the Modernist movement -- in contrast to the simplicity of Modern movement

At it’s top, a pediment analogous to a grandfather clock or a tall 18th century chest-of drawers

Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984

Image From http://www.constructionphotography.com/ImageThumbs/A084-00022/3/A084-00022_Sony_Plaza_tower_Manhattan_New_York_City.jpg

At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture

St. Peters Basilica in Rome

Image From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Sony_Building_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg

Vatican Museum in Rome

Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984

At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture

Image From: http://highrisefacilities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Skyscraper-History-Chart.jpg

2010 World’s Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg/512px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png

Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg

2014 World’s Tallest Building

2014 Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

Artist’s rendition

Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/1.analysis/images/Shanghai_Tower_Analysis_2.jpg

PLANNING

• http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/

thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/

images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg

Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Image From: http://www.gensleron.com/storage/post-images/WineyPost1Image1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Image From: http://www.vmspace.com/uploads/magazine/512/r1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Watch this:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9S7lx_0bBg

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From: http://www.china-sbs.com/userfiles/26.jpg

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Double outer walls allows for internal open spaces

Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks

Image From:http://www.anotherpartofme.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/shanghai_tower03.jpg

Image From: http://sites.psu.edu/khalqubbaj/wp-content/uploads/sites/4598/2013/09/ShanghaiTower_8_v2.jp g

Image From: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/Shanghai-tower-6.jpg

Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Source: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/shanghai-tower-bim.jpg

SUSTAINABILITY1. Glass façade reduces

wind loads by 24%. This reduces construction materials; 25% less structural steel than a conventional design -- to save US$58 million

2. Construction practices optimized

3. Vertical-axis wind turbines located near top of tower generate up to 350,000 kWh of electricity per year

4. Double-layered insulating glass façade reduces need for indoor air conditioning

5. Heating &cooling use geothermal energy

6. Rain water collection

Image From:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UGNergNxHYA/UCPj3Bp2gDI/AAAAAAAAHQk/KaEbJhj_qH8/s1600/Shanghai_Tower_worlds_tallest_skyscrapers_Blueprints_Structural_Models_and_floor_plans_by_Gensler_world_of_architecture_worldofarchi_08.jpg

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/shanghai/shanghai-tower-g070813-3.jpg :

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

Not an all steel structure. It has a concrete core, and also structural steel.

And not the tallest building, but doesn’t aspire to be – it’s something completely new !