SkyscrapersSkyscrapers

Jake FearsJake Fears

Jonathan NeubauerJonathan Neubauer

History Increase in urban commerce Invention of the Elevator (1857)Cast Iron framework

(circa 1848)The Bessemer Process

Empire State

Population of New YorkCity of New York & Boroughs:

Population & Population Density from 1790

Year Total Manhattan Bronx Brooklyn QueensStaten Island

1790 49 32 2 5 6 41800 79 61 2 6 7 51810 120 96 3 8 7 51820 152 123 3 11 8 61830 242 203 3 21 9 71840 391 313 5 47 14 111850 696 516 8 139 19 151860 1,175 814 24 279 33 251870 1,478 942 37 420 45 331880 1,912 1,165 52 599 57 391890 2,507 1,441 89 838 87 521900 3,437 1,850 201 1,167 153 671910 4,767 2,332 431 1,634 284 851920 5,621 2,284 732 2,018 469 1171930 6,930 1,867 1,265 2,560 1,079 1581940 7,455 1,890 1,395 2,698 1,297 1741950 7,892 1,960 1,451 2,738 1,551 1921960 7,782 1,698 1,425 2,627 1,810 2221970 7,896 1,539 1,472 2,602 1,987 2951980 7,072 1,428 1,169 2,231 1,891 3521990 7,323 1,488 1,204 2,301 1,952 3792000 8,008 1,537 1,333 2,465 2,229 443

POPULATION (In Thousands)

Data from decennial US Census

Flatiron Building1902

Woolworth Building

First ‘Safe’ Passenger Elevator

Haughwout Building New York, NY 490 Broadway Hydraulically

actuated lift

Chrysler Building

Rockefeller Center

Bessemer Process

• At first, air was injected into molten steel to reduce the impurities, and increase the temperature of the steel

•Later, carbon and manganese were added to improved the strength, and eliminate the effects of other impurities, mainly sulfur

•High volume, cheap, strong steel was the result

What is a Skyscraper ?

Must be taller than it is wide Is generally a building over

10 stories

Comparison

Prominent Towers in New York

World Trade Center

Empire State Building

Trump Tower

Chrysler BuildingChrysler Building

Metlife BuildingMetlife Building

Prominent Towers in Hong Kong

Central PlazaBank of China

Cheung Kong CenterPacific Place

Prominent Towers in other cities

John Hancock Tower,Boston, Mass.

Sears Tower,Chicago, IL.

Bank of AmericaDallas, Texas

Prominent Towers in othercities, continued..

Petronas Twin TowersKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Burj Al Arab,Dubai, UAE

CommerzbankCommerzbankFrankfurtFrankfurt, GermanyGermany

The Future of Skyscrapers, Under Construction (completion date)

Taipei Financial Center – 101 stories, under construction (est. 2003)

Shanghai World Financial Center (est. 2006)

7 South Dearborn – Chicago IL.1,550 ft. (est. 2004)

The future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams

The Illinois, Frank Lloyd Wright1 mile high

X-Seed 4000, 13000 feet,over 1 million people

Roxas TriangleManila, Philippines

The Future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams continued

Millenium Tower, Tokyo,Millenium Tower, Tokyo,Proposed offshore city – Proposed offshore city – 840 m, 170 stories840 m, 170 stories

Russia Tower,Moscow126 stories

The UltimaOver 2 miles high

The Future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams continued

Bionic Tower, Shanghai100,000 people 3,700 ft, 300 floors

Kowloon MTR Tower,Hong Kong1575 feet

Miglin-Beitler Tower,Chicago, ILOver 140 stories

ConclusionBuildings are getting taller and larger at

an increasing rate.Advances in metallurgy, elevators,

foundations and computer design techniques are pushing the limit, all based upon what history has proven.

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Skyscraperswww.skyscrapers.org - The Skyscraper

Museumwww.fosterandpartners.com - Architects