Slide 1 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Topical Approach to Life-Span...

Slide 1

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e

John W. Santrock

Chapter Fifteen:

Peers and the Sociocultural Word

Slide 2


Peer Relations in Childhood and Adolescence

• Exploring peer relations– Peer Group Functions

• Peers: individuals about the same age or maturity level• Peer groups provide source of information and

comparison about world outside the family• Peer influences and evaluations can be negative or

positive

Slide 3



• Adult-child and peer relations– Parent influences on peer relations

• Choice of neighborhoods, churches, schools• Recommend strategies to handle disputes or become

less shy• Encourage children to be tolerant or resist peer pressure• Provide emotional base from which to explore peer

relations

Slide 4



• Peer contexts– Interaction influenced by context; situation,

location, culture– Individual differences affecting peer relations

• Personality traits (shy, outgoing)• Trait of emotional negativity; easily angered• Status and power conveyed/afforded

Slide 5



• Developmental changes in childhood– Early Childhood

• Frequency of peer interaction increases

– Middle/Late Childhood• Children spend increasing time in peer interaction

– Average time spent• 10% of time spent with peers at age 2• 20% of time spent with peers at age 4• 40% of time spent with peers during ages 7-11

Slide 6



• Social cognition– Thoughts about social matters

• Five steps in processing information about social world– Decode social cues– Interpret– Search for response– Select optimal response– Enact

• Affects ability to get along with peers

Slide 7



• Emotional Regulation and Peer Relations– Five peer statuses

• Popular – often designated a best friend, rarely disliked• Average – receive average positive/negative ratings• Neglected – rarely nominated a best friend, not disliked• Rejected – actively disliked, infrequently nominated as

best friend• Controversial – frequently nominated as best friend and

being disliked

Slide 8



• Bullying– Physical or verbal behavior with harmful intent– Significant numbers victimized

• Boys and younger middle school students• Victims of bullies reported more loneliness and difficulty

in making friends• Those who did the bullying more likely to have low

grades, smoke and drink alcohol• Both victims and bullies had more health problems than

other children

Slide 9


Figure 15.1 - Bullying Behaviors Among U.S. Youth

Slide 10



• To reduce bullying– Use older peers as monitors– Develop school-wide rules and sanctions– Form friendship groups for victims– Be more aware of where bullying behaviors occur– Sponsor antibullying program in all settings– Parents reinforce positive behaviors, role model– Early intervention, teach bullies appropriate skills

Slide 11



• Gender and Peer Relations– Gender composition

• From age 3, children prefer same-sex groups

– Group size• From age 6, boys prefer larger groups

– Interaction in same-sex groups• Boys: organized group games, rough-and-tumble• Girls: collaborative discourse

Slide 12



• Adolescent Peer Relations– Peer pressure — peers play powerful roles– Cliques and crowds — to be liked and included

• Cliques: Small groups averaging 5 or 6; usually same sex and age

• Crowd: larger than cliques, less personal than cliques

– Important role in one’s development in all cultures– Cross-cultural comparisons and variations

Slide 13


Friendship

• Six Functions of Friendship– Companionship– Stimulation– Physical support– Ego support– Social comparison– Affection/intimacy

• Intimacy in friendship: self-disclosure and sharing of private thoughts

Slide 14


Friendship

• Friendship during Childhood– Children use friends as cognitive and social

resources – Not all friends and friendships are equal

• Supportive friendships advantageous • Coercive, conflict-ridden friendships not

– Friends generally similar: age, sex, ethnicity, and many other factors (“homophily”)

Slide 15


Friendship

• Friendship during Adolescence– Peer popularity is strong motivator

• Younger teens prefer smaller groups, more intimacy

– Sullivan: peers help shape development• Sources of attachment, play, intimacy, social fulfillment• Reassurance of worth, sharing of information

– Peers have strong influence through association• Age range/knowledge of peers can influence behaviors

Slide 16


Friendship

• Friendship during Adolescence– Gender differences

• Girls more intimate with friends than boys, more open in self-disclosure

– Personal disclosure has negative and positive consequences for girls

• More risk of delinquent behavior when friends are older, boys focus on power and excitement

– Early maturing: more risk for delinquent behavior

Slide 17


Figure15.3 - Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations

Slide 18


Friendship

• Adult friendship– Comparison of childhood friends to adult friends:

similarities preferred — occupational status, age, marital status, income, education, gender, religion, ethnicity

– Gender Differences• Women: more close friends; more intimate; talk more• Men: more competitive; engage in activities (outdoors)• More cross-gender friendships; still prefer same-gender

Slide 19


Friendship

• Friendship in late adulthood– Choose close friends over new friends

• Content with small, close social network• Tend to have less intense positive emotions with new

friends; equal level with old friends

– Research results:• Depression linked to social contacts limited to family• Close ties with old friends extends life span • Unwed older adults with friend-focused network healthier

than unweds restricted to family, little friend contact

Slide 20


Play and Leisure

• Childhood– Play: enjoyable activity for its own sake– Piaget: cognitive development constrains the way

child plays– Functions of play

• Tension release, master anxiety and conflicts– Play therapy

• Practice competencies and skills; learning that’s fun

– Vygotsky: play is good for creative thought

Slide 21


Play and Leisure

• Childhood– Types of play

• Sensorimotor – infant behavior for exploring• Practice – repetition for physical and mental mastery• Pretense/symbolic – “golden age” of make-believe• Social – interaction with peers, sharing and cooperating• Constructive – self-regulated creation of something,

focus and concentration• Games – engaged in for pleasure, have rules to follow

Slide 22


Play and Leisure

• Adolescence– Leisure:

• Pleasant times after work or school when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their choosing

• U.S. adolescents spend more time than those in other industrialized countries

– Most time in unstructured leisure activities– Most time in voluntary structured activities

• Critics: too much unstructured leisure activity — TV and “hanging out”

Slide 23


Play and Leisure

• Adulthood– Leisure

• Can include reading, hobbies, sports• Many adults do not engage in activities• Mid-life changes may produce expanded opportunities

for leisure• Adults at midlife need to begin preparing psychologically

for retirement• Vacations extend life span, lowers risk of heart disease

Slide 24


Aging and the Social World

• Social theories of aging– Disengagement theory

• To cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society

• Lessen emotional ties, have more self-preoccupation• Outdated for today’s world

– Activity theory• The more active and involved older adults are, the more

likely they are to be satisfied with their lives• Today’s older adults are more active than ever before

Slide 25



• Stereotyping of older adults– Ageism

• Prejudice against other people because of age, especially prejudice against older adults

• Most based on assumed frailty and ailments of age

– Personal consequences of negative stereotyping can be serious

Slide 26



• Social Support and Social Integration– Important physical and psychological impact

• Social convoy model of social relations — go through life embedded in personal network of individuals that give social support

• Helps those of all ages cope• Improves mental and physical health• Linked to reduced symptoms of disease• Linked to longevity• Emotionally positive contact lowers depression

Slide 27



• Successful aging– Positive dimensions ignored too long

• Proper diet, technology, medical advances, and active lifestyle prolong and enhance quality of life

• Related to perceived control over one’s environment (self-efficacy)

– Social integration is very important• Being lonely and isolated – a significant health factor• Centenarians – optimistic and very happy

Slide 28


Sociocultural Influences

• Culture– A broad concept

• Behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

• Ideas, values, assumptions that guide one’s behavior

– Global interdependence is inescapable reality• All are citizens of the world• Better understanding promotes effective interactions

Slide 29



• Culture– Relevance for life span development

• Individualism — giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; emphasizing values that serve the self

• Collectivism — emphasizing values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of members, and harmonious relationships

Slide 30



• Culture– Consider self-terms of psychology

• Individualistic focus – Self-actualization, self-awareness– Self-efficacy, self-doubts– Self-reinforcement, self-criticism– Self-serving, selfishness

• Individualistic cultures– Personal choice, intrinsic motivation, self-esteem,

and self-maximization

Slide 31



• Technology, media and culture– Major impact on many children in the world

• Positive and negative effects• Criticisms:

– Books about today’s youth — Dumbest Generation– Employers spending $1.3 billion to teach employees

writing skills– iPods and YouTube impair thinking skills?

Slide 32



• Aging and Culture– Older persons

• Have valuable knowledge• Control key family/community resources• Remain useful and valued as long as possible• Have role continuity throughout yje life span• Engage in age-related role changes• Is integrated into the extended family• Get greatest respect in collectivistic cultures

kollmlar

what's this word supposed to be?

Slide 33



• Socioeconomic Status– Grouping of people with similar occupational,

educational, and economic characteristics• Number depends on community’s size, complexity• Low SES and middle SES

– Each could have many subcategories– SES variations in neighborhoods, schools

• Each level views education differently

Slide 34



• Psychological Ramifications of Poverty– Poverty: U.S. rates continue to increase

• Tends to follow ethnic lines• Highest for children of all industrialized nations

– Psychological effects of poverty• Powerless, vulnerable, no financial resources• Inadequate housing, at-risk environment, etc.• Long term effects: chronic health problems

Slide 35



• Ramifications of Poverty– Who is poor?

• Women — feminization of poverty– Single mothers; single fathers

• Families and poverty– Economic pressure linked with parenting– Benefits to parents help children

• Poverty, aging, and ethnicity– Overall more among women and ethnic minorities;

more than 25% of older women– Ethnic diversity continues to increase

Slide 36



• Ethnicity– Ethnicity and socioeconomic status

• Difficult to separate influences of ethnicity and SES• Minorities overrepresented in lower SES may cause

exaggeration of negative ethnic influences• Links between acculturation and adolescent problems

– Poverty higher among minority immigrants

Slide 37



• Ethnicity– Ethnicity and families

• Families vary by size, structure, composition, levels of income and education, kinship networks, and how family monitors/regulates behaviors

• More single families in some groups• Ethnic minority parents are less educated• Children experience double disadvantage

– Do not escape prejudice and discrimination– Stressful effects of poverty felt

Slide 38



• Ethnicity– Ethnicity and differences

• Recognizing differences important to getting along in diverse world

• Differences among ethnic groups too often conceived by majority as deficits of minorities

– Damaging to minorities• Diversity within ethnic groups

Slide 39


The End

Date post:	31-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	roland-duane-williamson
View:	221 times
Download:	1 times

Slide 1 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Topical Approach to Life-Span...

Documents