Slide 1: Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts & … · 2021. 1. 5. · Slide 7:...

Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts & Exposure Assessment

Figure 1: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Figure 2: Seal for the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts & Exposure Assessment

Bren School of Environmental Science and Management

University of California, Santa Barbara

August 2018

Figure 3: Picture of Doctor Sangwon Suh

Figure 4: Picture of Doctor Arturo Keller

Slide 2: Application of Life Cycle and Exposure Assessment Tools to Alternatives Analysis

Dr. Sangwon Suh & Dr. Arturo Keller

Slide 3: Application of Life Cycle Tools to Alternatives Analysis

Dr. Sangwon Suh (Aug 9th, 3:00pm-3:30pm)

Slide 4: Outline

• Identification of relevant factors• LCA resources• Limitations of LCA approach to AA

Slide 5: Relevant Factors

Slide 6: Identify Relevant Factors

Figure showing a step relationship between Step 1: Adverse impacts, Step 2: Life cycle segments, and Step 3: Relevant factors. In Step 1, information is gathered to answer the question “What are the adverse impacts?”. Results from Step1 feed into Step 2 where the

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question “What are the relevant life cycle segments?” is answered. Results from Step 1 and 2 are then used to answer the question in Step 3 “What are the relevant factors identified?”

Slide 7: Figure showing Relevant Life Cycle Segments and Factors

Figure showing Table 5-1 on page 59 of the DTSC AA Guide. This table is a graphical example where the column headers are life cycle segment, factor, Priority Product, Alternative 1, Alternative 2, and Alternative 3 and the rows list the results by factor and product for a specific life cycle stage. For this example, each factor for a product in a specific life cycle stage was assigned either a red H for high impact observed, yellow M for medium impact observed, or green L for low impact observed. A solid black circle indicated data was not available to quantify the impact. A hollow circle indicated data was not available. A circle with a diagonal line indicated the life cycle stage was not applicable.

Slide 8: Exercise

Choose a chemical of your interest and answer the following questions.

Slide 9: Things to Consider - Raw Materials Extraction

Raw Materials Extraction

Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1) raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3) manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7) waste and recycling.

• Are rare materials involved in the extraction?• Is there a new risk introduced in the extraction process with the alternatives (e.g., use of

explosives)?

From the AA Guide page 82

Slide 10: Things to Consider-Intermediate Materials Processes

Intermediate Materials Processes


• Are there any intermediate processes different? (e.g., refining, milling, spinning, etc.)

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Things to Consider-Manufacturing Part 1

Manufacturing (part 1)


• Are additional materials required to manufacture the alternatives?• Will there be significant increases in the use of energy or water?• Will there be additional air emissions or releases to water or soil?

Slide 12: Things to Consider-Manufacturing Part 2

Manufacturing (part 2)


• Will solid waste generation be increased due to the selection of an alternative?• Were manufacturing worker exposures important as a basis for listing the Priority

Product?

Slide 13: Things to Consider-Packaging

Packaging


• Will there be differences in the type and quantity of materials used for packaging?• Does the packaging need to be changed to be compatible with any of the alternatives

under consideration?

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Things to Consider-Transportation

Transportation


• Is a different mode of transport required for the alternatives?• How far are the materials to be transported?• Will there be an increase in greenhouse gases due to increased transportation distance?

Slide 15: Things to Consider-Use Part 1

Use (part 1)


• What are the impacts during use?• What are the exposure pathways?• Has the method of application changed exposure duration or intensity?

Slide 16: Things to Consider-Use Part 2

Use (part 2)


• Has the quantity of product required changed?• Have new routes of exposure been introduced by an alternative?

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Things to Consider-Operation and Maintenance

Operation and Maintenance


• What kinds of chemicals or products are necessary for maintenance?• How much energy is used to operate or maintain?• Is there a difference in the reliability or durability of the alternatives?

Slide 18: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management Part 1

Waste Generation and Management (part 1)


• How much waste is generated?• Is hazardous waste generated?• Are there releases required to be reported under the Toxic Release Inventory program?

Slide 19: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management Part 1

Waste Generation and Management (part 2)


• Is there any special handling required?• Does the responsible entity mitigate waste generation impacts by participating in

extended producer responsibility programs?

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Things to Consider-Reuse and Recycling

Reuse and Recycling


• Will there be a change in how the product can be reused or recycled?• Is there a potential for exposure to a Chemical of Concern during reuse or recycling?

Slide 21: Things to Consider-End-of-Life Disposal

End-of-life Disposal


• How is the product used and where does it end after its use, i.e., landfill, POTW, air,soil?

• What is the potential for releases of Chemicals of Concern to air or water bodies fromthe identified disposal?

• Is the Priority Product or the alternative a hazardous waste at end- of-life?

Slide 22: Appendix 3-2 Checklists for Identification of Relevant Factors

Figure of a portion of Table 3-2 A, Example checklist for identification of relevant life cycle segments on page 175 of the DTSC Alternatives Analysis Guide. The portion of the table shown contains three columns and two rows. The headers for Column 1, Column 2, and Column are as follows: "Life cycle segments to be considered-Changes between the Priority Product and the alternative being considered"; "Likely to be a relevant segment that requires further assessment? Yes/No/Unknown;" and "If "no," reason why the certain life segment not relevant." The entries for row 2 under each column are as follows: "Could the alternative change raw materials extraction and processing (e.g., process involved, energy used, resources consumed, and discharge to air/water/soil)?", blank, and blank. The entries for row 3 under each column are as follows: "Could the alternative change intermediate materials production processes (e.g., process involved, raw materials used, energy used, resources consumed, and discharge to air/water/soil)?", blank, and blank.

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Review Example from AA Guide

Figure shows part of Table 7-3, Matrix for a Simplified Evaluation of Alternatives at Various Life Cycle Stages from page 87 of the DTSC Alternatives Analysis Guide. Emphasis is placed on the blanks listed for the packaging, transportation, distribution, operation and maintenance, waste generation and management, and reuse and recycling life cycle segments when evaluating the Priority Product and alternatives for human health impacts and air quality impacts.

Slide 24: LCA Resources

Slide 25: Some LCI Data Sources

• Process:o Ecoinvent (www.ecoinvent.org)o US LCI (www.nrel.gov/lci/)o Open LCA (http://www.openlca.org/)o GREET Model (https://greet.es.anl.gov/)o BEES 3.0 (https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees)o CLiCC LCI (http://clicc.net)

• Economic input-outputo CEDA (https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/CEDA)o Carnegie Mellon (www.eiolca.net/)

Slide 26: Some LCA Software

• Gabi (http://www.gabi-software.com/america/index/)• SimaPro (https://simapro.com/)• Quantis Suite (https://quantis-intl.com/)• CMLCA (http://www.cmlca.eu/)• openLCA (http://www.openlca.org/)• Umberto (https://www.ifu.com/en/umberto/?)

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http://www.openlca.org/https://greet.es.anl.gov/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/beeshttp://clicc.net/https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/CEDAhttp://www.gabi-software.com/america/index/https://simapro.com/https://quantis-intl.com/http://www.cmlca.eu/http://www.openlca.org/https://www.ifu.com/en/umberto/?

CLiCC LCI Example

Sample of Emission

Figure 1: Screenshot of the tabulated emission results for a Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Inventory using the Chemical Life Cycle Collaborative (CLiCC) software. The example is for the estimated total inputs and emissions from producing 1 kilogram of dichloromethane. The table lists five columns in the following order: Chemical Name, Chemical amount, Units (in kilograms for this example), Type (listed as Emissions for this example), and Compartment such as soil, air, or water. Each row lists the chemical amount for a specific chemical compound. For example, 1,4-butanediol is listed under Chemical Name. The amount is 1.2 E to the minus 10. The units are kilograms. The type is Emissions. The compartment listed is Water.

Sample of Input

Figure 2: Screenshot of the tabulated input parameters used to calculate the emissions for 1 kilogram of dichloromethane using the Chemical Life Cycle Collaborative (CLiCC) software. The table has five columns in the following order: Chemical Name, Chemical amount, Units, Type, and Compartment. For this example, Aluminum, 24% in Bauxite, 11% in Crude Oil, in ground is listed under Chemical Name. The amount is 5.79 E to the minus 7. The units are in kilograms. The type is listed as Input. The compartment is listed as Natural Resources.

Slide 28: Some LCIA Methods

A table listing thirteen impact categories and seventeen life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) methods is shown. Each row lists a LCIA methods in the following order: CML (baseline), CML (non-baseline), cumulative energy demand, eco-indicator 99 (E), eco-indicator 99 (H), eco-indicator 99 (I), Eco-Scarcity 2006, ILCD 2011 endpoint, ILCD 2011 midpoint, ReCiPe endpoint (I), ReCiPe Midpoint (E), ReCiPe Midpoint (H), ReCiPe Midpoint (I), TRACI 2.1, and USEtox. Each column lists fourteen parameters in the following order: Methods, Acidification, Climate Change, Resource depletion, Ecotoxicity, Energy Use, Eutrophication, Human Toxicity, Ionizing Radiation, Land Use, Odor, Ozone Layer depletion, Particulate Matter/ Respiratory inorganics, and photochemical oxidation. Under the columns representing an impact category, a check mark is shown if the LCIA method contains that impact category. A summary of each LCIA method and their associated impact categories are provided.

CML (baseline) contains all the impact categories except Energy Use, Ionizing Radiation, Land Use, Odor, and Particulate Matter/ Respiratory inorganics.

CML (non-baseline) contains all the impact categories except Energy Use and Particulate Matter/ Respiratory inorganics.

Cumulative Energy Demand only contains the Energy Use impact category.

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eco-indicator 99 (E), eco-indicator 99 (H), and eco-indicator 99 (I) contain all impact categories except Energy Use, Odor, and Photochemical Oxidation.

Eco-Scarcity 2006 only contains the Resource Depletion impact category.

ILCD 2011 endpoint contains all the impact categories except Resource Depletion, Ecotoxicity, Energy Use, and Odor.

ILCD 2011 midpoint contains all the impact categories except Energy Use and Odor.

ReCiPe endpoint (I), ReCiPe Midpoint (E), ReCiPe Midpoint (H), and ReCiPe Midpoint (I) contain all the impact categories except Energy Use and Odor.

TRACI 2.1 contains all the categories except Energy Use, Ionizing Radiation, Land Use, and Odor.

USEtox only contains the ecotoxicity and human toxicity impact categories.

Source: GreenDelta, LCIA methods, 2015

Slide 29: LCA Limitations

Slide 30: Limitations of LCA approach to AA

• A full LCA study is costly and time-consuming;• Data gaps in life cycle inventory of chemicals;• Data gaps in characterization factors of chemicals;• LCA alone does not meet all of the requirements in AA;• What else?

Slide 31: Exposure and Risk Assessment in Support of Alternatives Analysis

Dr. Arturo Keller (Aug 9th, 3:30pm-4:00pm)

Slide 32: AA Simple Diagram

Figure showing how the Chemical of Concern and the Priority Product Categories are narrowed down to a Chemical of Concern in a specific product (the Priority Product). Manufacturers of the Priority Product conducted either a two-stage Alternatives Analysis or an Abridged AA. The two-staged AA process consists of a first-stage AA which is qualitative and a second-stage AA which is quantitative.

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Step 3: Identification of Relevant Factors

Figure showing the six steps associated with the first-stage AA. Step1 is the Identification of product requirements and chemical function. Step 2 is the Identification of alternatives. Step 3 is the Identification of relevant factors. Step 4 is the Initial Evaluation and screening of alternatives replacement chemicals. Step 5 is the Consideration of additional information. Step 6 is the Preliminary Alternatives Analysis report. The figure highlights Step 3 where the user can apply their knowledge of exposure pathways from risk assessment to identify relevant factors.

Slide 34: First Stage AA Step 4: Initial Evaluation and Screening of Alternative Replacement Chemicals

The figure highlights Step 4 in the first-stage AA. the user can apply their knowledge of toxicity and environmental fate from risk assessment during the initial evaluation and screening of alternative replacement chemicals.

Slide 35: Second Stage AA: Step 1. Identification of Relevant Factors and Step 2. Comparison of Priority Products and Alternatives

Figure shows the five steps for a second-stage AA where an in-depth analysis is conducted. The five steps are: Step 1, identification of relevant factors; Step 2, comparison of the Priority Product and alternatives; Step 3, consideration of additional information; Step 4, alternatives selection decision, and Step 5, Final AA report. The figure highlights Steps 1 and 2 where the user can apply their knowledge of toxicity assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization used in risk assessment to identify relevant factors and compare the Priority Product and alternatives.

Slide 36: Toxicity for Emissions Across All Life Cycle Stages


Source: Jordan Chamberlain, Kristen Magnuson, Carolin Meier, Yu, Arturo Keller, Incorporating life cycle screening into Alternatives Analysis.

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Comparing Alternatives

• Toxicity considerationso Modes of actiono Acute vs. chronico Ecological risk

• Exposure considerationso Releaseo Persistenceo Routes

Photo of a scale.

Slide 38: Toxicity Considerations

• Carcinogenic toxicity:o Are one or more of the alternative chemicals carcinogenic?o How well established is the carcinogenicity?

Established vs. Preliminary results Consumer perception

Slide 39: Classification of Carcinogens (IARC)

Group Classification Agents Definition

1 Carcinogenic to humans 120 Sufficient evidence in humans, or very strong evidence in animals

2A Probably carcinogenic to humans 82 Limited evidence in humans, sufficient in animals

2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans 302 Limited evidence in humans, less than sufficient in animals

3 Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans 501 Inadequate evidence in humans and inadequate or less than sufficient in animals

4 Probably not carcinogenic to humans 1 Evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity

Source: IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer

https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CurrentPreamble.pdf

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https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CurrentPreamble.pdf

Toxicity Considerations-Non-carcinogens

• Non-carcinogenic toxicityo Modes of injury

Relevance to route of exposure E.g. toxic effect = skin sensitivity Inhalable? Ingestible?

o Thresholds Reference Dose (RfD) No Observed Adverse Exffect Level (NOAEL) vs Low Observed Adverse

Effect Level (LOAEL) Endocrine disruption Skin sensitivity

Slide 41: Toxicity Considerations-Acute versus Chronic

• Acute vs. chronico Severity of acute risko Chronic risks may not be observed until large liability existso Consumer behavior

Personal protective equipment

Slide 42: Toxicity Considerations-Example of Human Health Toxicity Considerations for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol

• Methylene chlorideo Classification: 2B; probable human carcinogen. Basis for classification

Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence ofcarcinogenicity in animals

o Oral cancer slope factor = 7.5 x 10-3 (mg/kg/d)-1o Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.06 mg/kg-d

based on liver toxicity in ratso Acute toxicity: anesthetic effects, nausea and drunkenness

• Benzyl alcoholo Carcinogenicity: not classifiedo Acute Ingestion: LD50 (rat) 1230 mg/kgo Irritating to the skin at levels 3% or greatero Rats given oral doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 13 weeks

high dose produced clinical signs indicative of neurotoxicity includingstaggering, respiratory difficulty, and lethargy

Source: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Toxicity Considerations-Example of Ecotoxicity Considerations for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol

• Methylene chlorideo Daphnia magna

Chronic value (ChV) = 12.0 mg/Lo Fish

ChV = 24.8 mg/L Lethal concentration to kill 50% of test subjects (LC50) fathead minnow =

193 mg/L for 96 hro Green algae

Ecotoxicity concentration to kill 50% of algae (EC50) (4 day) = 84.4 mg/L ChV = 19.3 mg/L

o Earthworm ChV = 173.0 mg/kg• Benzyl alcohol

o Daphnia magna LC50 = 18.3 mg/l ChV = 24.1 mg/L

o Fish ChV = 53.1 mg/l LC50 fathead minnow = 460 mg/L for 96 hr

o Green algae ChV = 35.5 mg/L

Slide 44: Exposure Considerations

• Adverse impacts of potential exposure are influenced byo Frequencyo Extent (number of exposure pathways)o Level (concentration of the Chemical of Concern or replacement chemical)o Duration (amount of time)

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Exposure Considerations-Factors to Consider

• Factors to considero Differences in use/release amounts due to

Effectiveness for a given function Chemical properties

• Volatility• Solubility• Bioaccumulation (octanol/water partitioning)• Reactivity

Slide 46: Exposure Considerations-Example of Physicochemical Properties to Consider for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol

• Methylene chlorideo VP = 4.70E+04 Pao Sol = 1.30E+04 mg/Lo Kow = 1.78E+01o Half-life:

Air = 1.81E+03 hr Water = 9.00E+02 hr

• Benzyl alcoholo VP = 1.25E+01 pao Sol = 4.29E+04 mg/Lo Kow = 1.26E+01o Half-life:

Air = 1.12E+01 hr Water = 3.60E+02 hr

Slide 47: Fate & Transport

Dominant pathwayso How much are they influenced by change in mode of release?o Where will the majority of the mass of chemical released end up?o Differences in persistence?o Different media contaminated?

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Predicted Concentrations - Outdoor Air

Figure 1: A trend graph for predicting methylene chloride concentrations in outdoor air is shown. Sample collection time is plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015 while outdoor air concentrations, in milligrams per cubic meter, are plotted along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between zero to 0.003 milligrams per cubic meter. Concentration values fluctuate between 0.0005 milligrams per cubic meter to 0.00275 milligrams per kilogram for the 10-year period.

Figure 2: A trend graph for predicting benzyl alcohol concentrations in outdoor air is shown. Sample collection time is plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015 while outdoor air concentrations, in milligrams per cubic meter, are plotted along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between zero to 0.003 milligrams per cubic meter. Concentration values fluctuate between 0.0004 milligrams per cubic meter to 0.0012 milligrams per kilogram for the 10-year period.

Slide 49: Predicted Concentrations – Freshwater

Figure 1: A trend graph for predicting methylene chloride concentrations in freshwater is shown. Sample collection time is plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015 while freshwater concentrations, in grams per liter, are plotted along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between 0.00000001 to 0.00001 grams per liter. Concentration values fluctuate around 0.00000005 grams per liter for the 10-year period.

Figure 2: A trend graph for predicting benzyl alcohol concentrations in freshwater is shown. Sample collection time is plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015 while outdoor air concentrations, in grams per liter, are plotted along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between 0.00000001 to 0.00001 grams per liter. Concentration values fluctuate between 0.00001 grams per liter to 0.0001 grams per liter for the 10-year period.

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Indoor Air

The left-side of the slide shows a conceptual model for modelling indoor air quality using a material balance "box model". A mathematical equation is shown for calculating the accumulation rate. The accumulation rate (V multiplied by the differential of C over the differential t) is equal to the input rate (S) plus the sources (product of C subscript "A" times I times V) minus the output rate (product of C times I times V) minus the decay (product of K times C times V). C equals the indoor concentration in milligrams per cubic meter. V equals the volume of conditioned space in the building in cubic meters per air change. I equals the flow (Q) divided by V which is equal to the infiltration rate as air change. S equals the pollutant source strength in milligrams per hour. C subscript "A" equals the ambient or outside concentration of the pollutant in milligrams per cubic meter. K equals the decay rate or reaction rate of the pollutant in 1 per hour. Source: Docsity.com

At steady state,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= 0

𝑑𝑑 =𝑆𝑆 + 𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼

S is direct function of vapor pressure

Slide 51: Predicted Concentrations - Indoor Air

An X-Y graph showing concentration as a function of ventilation ratio. Two curves representing two products are shown; one curve for Product 1 and the other for Product 2. The ventilation ratio is plotted along the x-axis while the concentration, in milligrams per cubic meter, is plotted along the y-axis. Product 1’s curve starts at a concentration of 55 milligrams per cubic meter when the ventilation ratio equals zero. As the ventilation ratio increases, the concentration is reduced to approximately 45 milligrams per cubic meter at a ventilation ratio of 0.3. Product 2’s curve starts at a concentration of 3 milligrams per cubic meter when the ventilation ratio equals zero. At a ventilation ratio of 0.05, the concentration drops to zero and remains at zero for ventilation ratios between 0.05 and 0.3.

Slide 52: Exposure Assessment

• “Exposure assessment evaluates whether alternatives have the same, higher, or lessexposure level than the Chemical of Concern”

• Need to take into consideration differences in toxicity, in addition to exposure level

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http://www.docsity.com/

Exposure Assessment-Difference in exposure frequency and duration

• Differences in exposure frequency or duration• Higher functionality may require less frequent application• Time to apply the product is faster• Easier application leads to less exposure• New methods of application reduce exposure

Slide 54: Relevant Exposure Factors

Chemical of Concern Potential Chemical Alternatives

Used in the same relative amounts? At what point during the life cycle, could human populations or ecological receptors be exposed to the potential releases?

Used in the same manner? What are the use patterns?

What are the potential types of use and end-of-life exposure scenarios?

What are the expected differences regarding exposure frequency, extent, level, duration, and routes?

Will any engineering or administrative controls be used?

What are the differences in how the product contains chemical?

Blank Could physicochemical properties substantively affect exposure pathways?

Modified from the AA Guide page 39

Slide 55: Key Points

• Exposure & risk assessment can be used as part of alternatives analysis• Toxicity information may not be fully available

o May need to consider other factors• Exposure can differ significantly due to:

o Chemical propertieso Changes in amount released and release pathwayso Differences in persistenceo Differences in exposure factors

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Question & Answer Session

Dr. Sangwon Suh & Dr. Arturo Keller

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Slide 1: Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts & Exposure AssessmentSlide 2: Application of Life Cycle and Exposure Assessment Tools to Alternatives AnalysisSlide 3: Application of Life Cycle Tools to Alternatives AnalysisSlide 4: OutlineSlide 5: Relevant FactorsSlide 6: Identify Relevant FactorsSlide 7: Figure showing Relevant Life Cycle Segments and FactorsSlide 8: Exercise

Slide 9: Things to Consider - Raw Materials ExtractionSlide 10: Things to Consider-Intermediate Materials ProcessesSlide 11: Things to Consider-Manufacturing Part 1Slide 12: Things to Consider-Manufacturing Part 2Slide 13: Things to Consider-PackagingSlide 14: Things to Consider-TransportationSlide 15: Things to Consider-Use Part 1Slide 16: Things to Consider-Use Part 2Slide 17: Things to Consider-Operation and MaintenanceSlide 18: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management Part 1Slide 19: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management Part 1Slide 20: Things to Consider-Reuse and RecyclingSlide 21: Things to Consider-End-of-Life DisposalSlide 22: Appendix 3-2 Checklists for Identification of Relevant FactorsSlide 23: Review Example from AA Guide

Slide 24: LCA ResourcesSlide 25: Some LCI Data SourcesSlide 26: Some LCA SoftwareSlide 27: CLiCC LCI ExampleSlide 28: Some LCIA Methods

Slide 29: LCA LimitationsSlide 30: Limitations of LCA approach to AA

Slide 31: Exposure and Risk Assessment in Support of Alternatives AnalysisSlide 32: AA Simple DiagramSlide 33: Step 3: Identification of Relevant FactorsSlide 34: First Stage AA Step 4: Initial Evaluation and Screening of Alternative Replacement ChemicalsSlide 35: Second Stage AA: Step 1. Identification of Relevant Factors and Step 2. Comparison of Priority Products and AlternativesSlide 36: Toxicity for Emissions Across All Life Cycle StagesSlide 37: Comparing AlternativesSlide 38: Toxicity ConsiderationsSlide 39: Classification of Carcinogens (IARC)

Slide 40: Toxicity Considerations-Non-carcinogensSlide 41: Toxicity Considerations-Acute versus ChronicSlide 42: Toxicity Considerations-Example of Human Health Toxicity Considerations for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl AlcoholSlide 43: Toxicity Considerations-Example of Ecotoxicity Considerations for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol

Slide 44: Exposure ConsiderationsSlide 45: Exposure Considerations-Factors to ConsiderSlide 46: Exposure Considerations-Example of Physicochemical Properties to Consider for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol

Slide 47: Fate & TransportSlide 48: Predicted Concentrations - Outdoor AirSlide 49: Predicted Concentrations – Freshwater

Slide 50: Indoor AirSlide 51: Predicted Concentrations - Indoor Air

Slide 52: Exposure AssessmentSlide 53: Exposure Assessment-Difference in exposure frequency and duration

Slide 54: Relevant Exposure Factors

Slide 55: Key PointsSlide 56: Question & Answer Session

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