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Presentation Notes Nutritional Needs: Preschool to School-Age

Nutritional Needs: Preschool to School-Age (Revised)

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

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Child Development




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Copyright and Terms of Service

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. These materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the

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Contact TEA Copyrights with any questions you may have.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. (Revised)

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Growth During the Preschool Years

There is a wide range of "normal" growth. Between the ages of two and five, the average child grows about 2½ inches taller each year, and also gains four to five pounds each year.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. (Revised) 3

The parent(s) and the preschooler's doctor are partners in maintaining the child's health. The preschooler's growth over time is an important sign of good health and nutrition. Growth charts

are a good way to monitor a child's growth and health.

A doctor will weigh and measure the child during routine visits. He or she can then plot the child's information on a growth chart. Over time, the curve of the growth chart will show the

child's growth pattern and whether height and weight growth are increasing at the same rate. The doctor will monitor the growth chart to be sure the child continues to follow the same

"curve" over time and the growth pattern does not unexpectedly change.




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What influences growth?

4Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. (Revised)

Growth is one of the best indicators of good health and nutrition in children. Heights and weights differ depending on:

Family History - Tall parents tend to have tall children. Short parents tend to have short children.

Health status - Chronic illness or other special needs in children can also affect growth. Children who are sick often or have special needs should be closely monitored by their doctor.

Nutrition - Healthy food choices are necessary for a child's growth. Sex - Preschool boys tend to be taller than preschool girls. Boys and girls tend to have similar

weights until puberty.

Sleep - Preschoolers need 11-14 hours of sleep a day, including naps and nighttime sleep.




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School-age child development is a range from 6 to 12 years of age. During this time period

observable differences in height, weight and build of children may be prominent. The language skills of children continue to grow and many behavior changes occur as they try to find their

place among their peers. As always, safety is important in school-age children and proper safety

rules should be enforced in and out of the school area.




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ChooseMyPlate

Put the plan into action by:

Choosing a variety of foods

Choosing healthy snacks

Making smart beverage choices

Serving small portions


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Source: ChooseMyPlate.gov

MyPlate, the government’s newest symbol for healthy eating, uses a dinner plate icon as a simple visual reminder of what to serve yourself, and your family for meals and at snack time.

MyPlate is useful for promoting healthy eating habits in more ways than one. It’s colorful, so

kids and adults are attracted to it, and a plate is an icon that everyone understands. In addition

to the plate, a circle at the side of the plate, labeled “dairy,” alerts you to include eight ounces of fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk or yogurt with meals and snacks. The MyPlate program reflects

the suggestions for healthy foods made in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

The Plan will show what and how much your child should eat to meet his or her needs. Us e the Plan as a general guide to help you feed a preschool or school-age child.

Put the Daily Food Plan into action with meal and snack ideas by: • Offering different foods from day to day. Encourage children to choose from a variety of

foods. • Serving foods in small portions at scheduled meals and snacks. • Choosing healthy snacks for preschoolers. • Making smart beverage choices.




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Eat a Variety of Nutrient-Rich Foods

Servings are based on:

Activity level

Age

Gender


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Eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods -- such as whole grains, fat-free and low-fat dairy foods, lean protein, fruits, and vegetables -- at meals and snacks provides the calories and nutrients a

school-age child needs to learn and play.

MyPlate, the latest edition of the government's food guidance system, can help. MyPlate reflects the recommendations in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). MyPlate

suggested servings are based on age, gender and activity level.

The examples below illustrates how school-age children's’ needs differ. A six-year-old girl who

gets less than 30 minutes of exercise needs this every day:

• four ounces from grains group

• 1 1/2 cups from vegetable group • one cup from fruit group

• 2 1/2 cups from dairy group • three ounces from protein foods group

• four teaspoons oils




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Caloric Needs of Children

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. (Revised) 8

Age Caloric Needs

Two –year-old 1,000 calories

Five-year-old 1,400 calories

Ten-year-old 1,800 calories

By age nine, calcium needs increase to 1,300 milligrams a day. MyPlate recommends three cups of fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk for everyone nine and older to help satisfy the need for calcium

and vitamin D, which works with calcium to promote fracture-resistant bones in adolescence

and beyond. Females form about 90% of the bone mass they will ever have by age 18, and

males achieve that by age 20.

Drinking milk is the easiest way to build bone because it provides both calcium and vitamin D. Eight ounces of yogurt or 1 1/2 ounces of hard cheese each contain as much calcium as a glass

of milk. However, most yogurt and hard cheeses lack vitamin D.

Orange juice and soy beverages fortified with calcium and vitamin D are other worthy bone-

building beverages. Children who do not get enough dairy or alternatives may need supplemental calcium and vitamin D.




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Snacks for Preschool and School-Age Children

Hummus or peanut butter and whole-grain crackers

Sandwiches prepared with whole-grain bread

Trail mix made from low-sugar cereal, dried fruit, chopped nuts, and mini chocolate chips


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School-age children are notorious noshers (someone who eats lightly or eats snacks between meals). Not to worry, as long as between-meal snacking is nutritious. The best snacks offer

significant nutrients for the calories they provide.

Hungry kids will eat what you have on hand, so stock the kitchen with the fixings for healthy snacks like these, many of which are great to take on the go:

• Bowl of whole-grain cereal and low-fat milk • Fruit and yogurt for dipping

• Low-fat cottage cheese and whole-grain crackers

• Low-fat microwave popcorn and 100% juice

• Nuts

• Reduced-fat mozzarella cheese sticks and low-fat crackers • Roasted soybeans

• Vegetables and low-fat dip




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Kids Rock Nutrition in the Kitchen

Are you ready to have some fun in the kitchen? Teaching kids to cook is a great way for everyone to learn about different foods and how nutritious they are. Watch a chef and registered dietitian show children how easy it is to make chicken or fish veggie packets and yogurt parfaits. https://youtu.be/YRylRNVxPj4

You may opt to visit ChooseMyPlate.gov to discuss ten tips for making healthy foods more fun

for children- http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-

groups/downloads/TenTips/DGTipsheet11KidFriendlyVeggiesAndFruits.pdf

Can you think of more ideas for making veggies and fruits appetizing for children?

https://youtu.be/YRylRNVxPj4

http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/downloads/TenTips/DGTipsheet11KidFriendlyVeggiesAndFruits.pdf

http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/downloads/TenTips/DGTipsheet11KidFriendlyVeggiesAndFruits.pdf




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Healthy Habits for Children

Cut children’s portion sizes by 0ne-half to one-third of an adult’s serving size.

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We develop food habits as young children—likes, dislikes, and portion sizes. Healthy eating calls for portion control. Offer smaller portions to a three to six year old. They will ask for more, if

they’re still hungry. Dietary guidelines from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide

portion sizes for adults. Cut these by one-half to one-third when feeding young children. If an

apple is an adult portion, offer a young child one-half, or a slightly older child two-thirds, of an apple.




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Teacher note: Demonstrate each item as you talk about the portion size.

Were you surprised to learn what a portion of each food item is? Why is it important to make healthy food choices and portions for children?

Are parents responsible for the obesity epidemic in our nation? Why or Why not?




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Serving vs. Portion Sizes


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A small fist = one-half of a cup of fruit, vegetable, cooked cereal, pasta or rice

Your thumb tip = one teaspoon of margarine or butter

Are food ads responsible for the obesity epidemic in our nation? Why or Why not?




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A baseball =

one medium apple or orange

A computer

mouse = one small baked potato

A small plate (7

inch) = one tortilla


Are restaurants responsible for the obesity epidemic in our nation? Why or Why not?




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The width of a small

soft drink lid = one-half of a bagel

Four checkers =

four small cookies (like

vanilla wafers)

A golf ball =

two tablespoons

of peanut butter


Who is responsible for the obesity epidemic in our nation?




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To see if you know how today's portions compare to the portions available 20 years ago, quiz

yourself on Portion Distortion I and Portion Distortion II. As a group, take the portion distortion interactive quiz. You will also learn about the amount of physical activity required to burn off the extra calories provided by these larger portions. Click on each answer you choose and check the answer. You will be asked to guess the amount of physical activity required to burn off the extra calories. Discuss the results.

Are the portions your family eats under control? Do family members eat snacks when they’re

not hungry? Do family members stop eating when they’re not hungry anymore? Does your family have healthy eating habits when it comes to portion control?

Choosemyplate.gov Anyone eating on the run or at restaurants has probably noticed that food portions have gotten larger. Some portions are called "super-size," while others have simply grown in size and provide enough food for at least two people. With this growth have come increases in waistlines and body weight. http://www.choosemyplate.gov/supertracker-tools/portion-distortion.html




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Portion Distortion

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Many Americans suffer from "portion distortion." It’s not so much what we eat that’s unhealthy; rather, it's that we eat too much of it. The "super-size" generation is growing up

obese.

How can we plan for healthy eating?

How can we steer our preschoolers away from the idea that "bigger is always better"?




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According to Love Our Children USA, if a child weighs higher than 20 % of their ideal weight for children their age, gender and height – they are obese. Childhood obesity is a growing national

crisis affecting children of all ages, races, gender, cultures and economic means. It does not discriminate and is increasing at an epidemic rate. More than nine million children between the ages of 6 - 19 are overweight or obese. Childhood

obesity has more than doubled for preschool children aged two to five years and adolescents 12

- 19. It has more than tripled for children aged six to eleven years. Overweight children and adolescents have a 70% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults. If one or more parent

is overweight, this increases to 80%.

Child obesity increases a child's risk for serious childhood medical problems which can include:

• Bone disease

• Depression • Early puberty

• Gastrointestinal disease

• Heart disease • High cholesterol

• Hypertension • Poor self-esteem • Pre-diabetes and diabetes • Reproductive problems

• Sleep apnea




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Child MalnutritionCan cause:

Bone disease

Death

Depression

Poor self-esteem

Reproductive problems

Seizures

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Fifteen percent of youth in the United States are considered overweight or obese. Yet hunger

remains a serious problem in the United States. Not feeding children enough or not giving them

the essential nutrients they need to develop and grow is a constant issue.

Child malnutrition can cause seizures, bone disease, reproductive problems, depression, poor

self-esteem and worse -- death.

Almost 14 million children in the United States are hungry. Many families can’t afford to buy healthy and nutritious food and scrape by with enough to avoid actual hunger. Some families

are so neglectful that they feed their children little if anything at all.

Whether its child obesity or malnutrition, feeding America’s children has become a major issue

and one that has fast become neglect against children.




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ReviewWhat influences physical growth?

What are four examples of nutritious snacks for a preschool child? School-age child?

What are the health risks for obese children?

What is portion control and give three examples.

What is child malnutrition?

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