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Slide 1
Computer Confluence 6/e
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 2
Computer Confluence 6/e
Chapter 6
Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 3
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6Objectives
Compare and contrast several types of computer graphics programs used by artists, photographers, designers, and others
Explain how computers are changing the way professionals and amateurs work with video, animation, audio, and music
Describe several ways that computers are used to create multimedia materials in the arts, entertainment, education, and business
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 4
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 1
Objectives (continued)
Explain the relationship between hypermedia and multimedia, describing applications of each
Describe several present and future applications for multimedia technology
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 5
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 1
Tim Berners-Lee Weaves the Web for Everybody Born in London in 1955 Wanted to create an open-ended
distributed hypertext system with no boundaries, so scientists everywhere could link their work together
Invented the World Wide Web and gave it to all
Now works at MIT Heads the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C)
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 6
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Painting: Bitmapped Graphics
Painting software:Paints pixels on the screen with a
pointing devicePointer movements are translated
into lines and patterns on the screenStores an image at 300
dots per inch or higher
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 7
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Pixels: tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up images on the screen
The palette of tools mimics real-world painting tools Also contains other tools that are unique to computers
Bitmapped graphics (or raster graphics): pictures that show how the pixels are mapped on the screen
Color depth: the number of bits devoted to each pixel Resolution: the density of the pixels
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 8
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Image Processing: Photographic Editing by Computer
Allows the user to manipulate photographs and other high-resolution images with tools such as Adobe Photoshop
Far more powerful than traditional photo-retouching techniques Can distort and combine photos as demonstrated in the tabloids Can create fabricated images that show no evidence of tampering
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 9
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer GraphicsDigital photo management software programs such as Apple
iPhoto and Microsoft PictureIt! simplify and automate common tasks associated with capturing, organizing, editing, and sharing digital images
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Take an imageCombine it with
other objects Make a statement
Slide 10
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer GraphicsDrawing: Object-Oriented Graphics
Drawing software stores a picture as a collection of lines and shapes (called object-oriented or vector graphics)
Memory demands on storage are not as high as for bit-mapped images
Many drawing tools–line, shape, and text tools–are similar to painting tools in bitmapped programs
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 11
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer GraphicsPostScript: a standard page-description language for
describing text fonts, illustrations, and other elements of the printed pageUsed by professional drawing programs such as Adobe
Illustrator and Macromedia FreehandBuilt into many laser printers and other high-end output
devices so those devices can understand and follow PostScript instructions
PostScript-based drawing software constructs a PostScript program as the user draws
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 12
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Bit-mapped painting (pixels) gives you these advantages:
More control over textures, shading and fine detail
Appropriate for screen displays, simulating natural paint media and embellishing photographs
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 13
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Object-oriented drawing gives you these advantages:
Better for creating printed graphs, charts, and illustrations
Lines are cleaner and shapes are smoother
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 14
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Some integrated programs contain both drawing and painting modules
Allows you to choose the right tool for each job Some programs merge features of both in a single application
Blurring the distinction between types Offers new possibilities for amateur and professional illustrators
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 15
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Rules of Thumb: Creating Smart Art
Reprogram yourself . . . relax Choose the right tool for the job Borrow from the best Don’t borrow without permission Protect your own work
U.S. Copyright Office Web Site:http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 16
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics3-D Modeling Software
Used to create three-dimensional objects with tools similar to those in drawing software
Goal for some applications: to create an animated presentation on a computer screen or videotape
Flexible: can create a 3-D model, rotate it, view it from different angles
Can “walk-through” a 3-D environment that exists only in the computer’s memory
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 17
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Images in wireframeview; those on the right are fully rendered to add surface textures
Slide 18
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
CAD/CAM: Turning Pictures into Products
Computer Aided Design (CAD) software:Allows engineers, designers, and architects to create
designs on screen for products ranging from computer chips to public buildings
Can test product prototypesCheaper, faster, and more accurate than traditional
design-by-hand techniques
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 19
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the process by
which data related to the product design are fed into a program that controls the manufacturing of parts
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) refers to the combination of CAD/CAM and is a major step toward a fully automated factory
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 20
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
Presentation Graphics: Bringing Lectures to Life
Automates the creation of visual aids for lectures, training sessions, sales demonstrations, and other presentations
Create slide shows directly on computer monitors or LCD projectors, including still images, animation, and video clips
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 21
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
You start by creating an outline of the main points of your talk, arranging headings and points in the appropriate order
Slide 22
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
You can design the background, borders, and text format yourself, or select a professionally designed template from the collection that comes with PowerPoint
The program places your text on this template for each slide in the presentation
Slide 23
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
You can print overhead transparencies or have slides made, but since there is a big screen computer system in the lecture room, you opt to create an interactive slideshow with animated visual transitions between slides
Slide 24
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Focus on Computer Graphics
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Microsoft Producer lets you combine a presentation with a video of the speaker and a table of contents
Slide 25
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Rules of Thumb: Making Powerful Presentations
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Remember your goal Remember your audience Outline your ideas Be stingy with words Keep it simple Use a consistent design Be smart with art Keep each slide focused Tell them what you’re going to tell them, then tell them,
then tell them what you told them
Slide 26
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Modern media contains dynamic information, which is
information that changes over time or in response to user input Animation Desktop Video Audio Hypertext and hypermedia
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
We’re on the threshold of a moment in cinematic history that is unparalleled. Anything you can imagine can be done. If you can draw it, if you can describe it, we can do it. It’s just a matter of cost.—James Cameron, filmmaker
Slide 27
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Animation: Graphics in Time
Each frame of computer-based animation is a computer-drawn picture; the computer displays these frames in rapid succession
Tweening: Instead of drawing each frame by hand, the animator can create key frames and objects and use software to help fill in the gaps
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 28
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV
Analog and Digital Video A video digitizer can convert analog video signals from a television
broadcast or videotape into digital data
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 29
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Many video digitizers can import signals from televisions,
videotapes, video cameras, and other sources Signals displayed on the computer’s screen in real time—at the
same time they’re created or imported
Digital video cameras capture footage in digital form Digital video can be copied, edited, stored, and played back
without any loss of quality Digital video will soon replace analog video for most
applications
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 30
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Video Production Goes Digital
Today most video editing is done using nonlinear editing technology
Video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere, makes it easy to eliminate extraneous footage, combine clips from multiple takes, splice together scenes, create specific effects and other activities
Morphs are video clips in which one image metamorphoses into another
Data compression software and hardware are used to squeeze data out of movies so that they can be stored in smaller spaces
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 31
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Many Web sites deliver streaming video content to viewers with fast broadband Internet connections
Slide 32
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page The Synthetic Musician: Computers and Audio
Audio digitizer – captures sound and stores it as a data fileSynthesizer – an electronic instrument that
synthesizes sounds using mathematical formulas
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) – standard interface that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate with each other
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 33
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
The iTunes Music Store helps Mac and Windows users purchase music by their favorite artists in protected digital format
Music is digitized on audio CDs at a high sampling rate and bit depth—high enough that it’s hard to tell the difference between the original analog sound and the final digital recording
Slide 34
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Rule of Thumb: Digital Audio Dos and Don’ts
Don’t steal Understand streaming and downloading Know your file formats Don’t over-compress
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 35
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Format Downloadable Streamable Typically used for...
MP3 Yes Yes Ripping (copying) CDs to the computer and to portable audio players
WMA Yes Yes Ripping CDs to the computer and for purchased music from online music stores
AAC Yes Yes Purchased music from online music stores
RealAudio Yes Yes Audio streams from commercial Web sites like CNN
MIDI Yes Yes Contains no audio—just sequences of commands to control musical instruments and music samples on a PC
Popular Digital Audio Formats
Slide 36
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Samplers, Synthesizers, and Sequencers:
Digital Audio and MIDIMultimedia computers can control a variety of
electronic musical instruments and sound sources using MIDI
MIDI commands can be interpreted by a variety of:Music synthesizers Samplers
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 37
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page A piano-style keyboard sends MIDI signals to the computer
Computer interprets the MIDI commands using sequencing softwareSequencing software turns a computer into a musical
composing, recording, and editing machineElectronica—music designed from the ground up with digital
technology Some of the most interesting sequenced music
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 38
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
A growing number of musicians depend on sequencers to play along with live musicians in performances
• Abelon’s Live is a sequencer with special features for bridging the communication gap between human players and computer in concert
Slide 39
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page Hypertext and Hypermedia
Hypertext refers to information linked in non-sequential ways
Hypermedia combines text, numbers, graphics, animation, sound effects, music, and other media in hyperlinked documents Useful for on-line help files Lets the user jump between documents all over the Internet
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 40
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page
Hypermedia documents can be disorienting and leave readers wondering what they’ve missed Documents don’t always have the links readers want Authors can’t build every possible connection into documents Some readers get frustrated because they can’t easily get “here” from
“there”
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 41
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page
Documents sometimes contain “lost” links, Especially on the Web, where even a popular page can
disappear Documents don’t encourage scribbled margin notes,
highlighting, or turned page corners for marking key passages
Hardware can be hard on humansThe art of hypermedia is still in its infancy
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 42
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Interactive Multimedia: What Is It? A combination of text, graphics,
animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects that allows the user to take an active part in the experience
Requirements: high-quality color monitors, fast processors, large memory, CD-ROM drives, speakers, and sound cards
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 43
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Multimedia Authoring: Making Mixed MediaUses authoring programs such as
HyperStudio and MetaCardBinds source documents together to
communicate with users in an aestheticallypleasing way
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 44
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Multimedia authoring involves programming objects on the screen to react, or behave, in particular ways under particular circumstances
Macromedia Director MX, one of the most popular of such packages, includes pre-written behaviors that can be attached to on-screen buttons, images, and other objects
Slide 45
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Rules of Thumb:Making Interactive Multimedia Work
Be consistent in visual appearance Use graphical metaphors to guide viewers Keep the screen clean and uncluttered Include multimedia elements to enliven the presentation Focus on the message Give the user control Test your presentation with those unfamiliar with the subject
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 46
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Inventing the Future: Shared Virtual Spaces Virtual reality combines virtual worlds with networking
Places multiple participants in a virtual spacePeople see representations of each other, sometimes called avatarsMost avatars today are cartoonish, but they convey a sense of presence and
emotion
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 47
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Tele-immersion: Uses multiple cameras and high-speed networks to create a
videoconferencing environment in which multiple remote users can interact with each other and with computer-generated objects
Combines the display and interaction techniques of virtual reality with new vision technologies that allow participants to move around in shared virtual spaces, all the while maintaining their unique points of view
Augmented reality (AR): The use of computer displays that add virtual information to a person’s
sensory perceptions
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 48
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Lesson Summary Computer graphics today encompass more than quantitative
charts and graphs generated by spreadsheets Computers today aren’t limited to working with static images;
they’re widely used to create and edit documents in media that change over time or in response to user interaction
The interactive nature of the personal computer makes it possible to create nonlinear documents that enable users to take individual paths through information
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 49
Computer Confluence 6/e Chapter 6
Lesson Summary (continued) Today we can create or explore hypermedia documents—
interactive documents that mix text, graphics, sounds, and moving images with onscreen navigation buttons—on disk and on the World Wide Web
Multimedia computer systems make a new kind of software possible—software that uses text, graphics, animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects to communicate
Regardless of the hardware, interactive multimedia software enables the user to control the presentation rather than just watch or listen passively
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.