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Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR BAHRAIN KUWAIT JORDAN OMAN OMAN IRAN IRAQ SYRIA TURKEY ARMENIA BLACK SEA GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN CASPIAN SEA Figure 14-1 Page 305 CHAPTER 14: WATER RESOURCES AND WATER POLLUTION
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Page 1: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1

MEDITERRANEANSEA

GAZAWEST BANK

LEBANON

EGYPT

AswanHigh Dam

Lake Nasser

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

SOMALIA

SAUDIARABIA

YEMEN

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

QATAR

BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

JORDAN

OMAN

OMAN

IRANIRAQ

SYRIA

TURKEY ARMENIA

BLACK SEA GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN

CASPIANSEA

Figure 14-1Page 305

CHAPTER 14: WATER RESOURCES AND

WATER POLLUTION

Page 2: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2

Figure 14-2Page 307

All water Fresh water Readily accessible fresh water

Oceans andsaline lakes97.4%

Fresh water2.6%

Groundwater0.592%

Ice capsand glaciers1.984%

Lakes0.007%

Soilmoisture0.005%

Biota0.0001%

Rivers0.0001%

Atmosphericwater vapor0.001%

0.014%

Lakes

Soil Moisture0.005%

Oceans andSaline lakes

97.4%

Ice caps andglaciers 1.984%

Page 3: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3

Evaporation and transpiration

Evaporation

Stream

Infiltration

Water tableInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer

Lake

Well requiring a pump

Flowingartesian well

Runoff

Precipitation

ConfinedRecharge Area

Aquifer

Less permeable materialsuch as clay

Confining permeable rock layer

Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

Figure 14-3Page 308

Page 4: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4

5,500

5,000

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Wat

er u

se (

cub

ic k

ilom

eter

s p

er y

ear)

Total use

Agricultural use

Industrial use

Domestic use

YearFigure 14-4Page 309

Page 5: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5

United States China

Industry 11% Public 10%

Powercooling

38%

Agriculture41% Agriculture 87%

Public 6% Industry 7%

Figure 14-5Page 309

Page 6: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6

1 automobile

1 kilogramcotton

1 kilogramaluminum

1 kilogramgrain-fed beef

1 kilogramrice

1 kilogramcorn

1 kilogrampaper

1 kilogramsteel

400,000 liters(106,000 gallons)

10,500 liters(2,400 gallons)

9,000 liters(2,800 gallons)

7,000 liters(1,900 gallons)

5,000 liters(1,300 gallons)

1,500 liters(400 gallons)

880 liters(230 gallons)

220 liters(60 gallons)

Figure 14-6Page 309

Page 7: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7

Figure 14-7 (1)Page 310

Average annual precipitation (centimeters)

Less than 41

41-81

81-22

More than 122

Page 8: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8

Figure 14-7 (2)Page 310

Acute shortage

Shortage

Adequate supply

Metropolitan regions with populationgreater than 1 million

Page 9: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9

High None

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica Stress

Africa

Europe

Asia

Australia

Figure 14-8Page 311

Page 10: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded landdestroys forestsor cropland anddisplaces people

Downstreamflooding is reduced

Downstreamcropland andestuaries aredeprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir isuseful forrecreationand fishing

Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)

Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

Figure 14-9Page 312

DAMS ARE A SOLUTION AND CREATE MANY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Page 11: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11

• Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries

• Deposit silt that maintains deltas

• Purify water

• Renew and nourish wetlands

• Provide habitats for aquatic life

• Conserve species diversityFigure 14-10

Page 312

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL

SERVICES PROVIDED BY FREE FLOWING

RIVERS

Page 12: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Figure 14-11Page 313

China’s Three Gorges Dam

Advantages Disadvantages

Generates 10% of China’s electricity

Reduces dependence on coal

Reduces air pollution

Reduces CO2 emissions

Reduces chances of downstream flooding for 15 million people

Reduces river silting below dam by eroded soil

Increases irrigation water for cropland below dam

Floods large areas of cropland and forests

Displaces 1.9 million people

Increases water pollution because of reduced water flow

Reduces deposits of nutrient-rich sediments below dam

Increases saltwater introduced into drinking water near mouth of river because of decreased water flow

Disrupts spawning and migration of some fish below dam

High cost

Page 13: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13

KAZAKHSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

ARALSEA

2000

1989

1960

Figure 14-12Page 313

OVERUSE HAS CAUSED THE

FORMER ARAL SEA (LAKE) TO BECOME

A DRY, SALTY, BARREN LAND

THAT SPREADS AIR POLLUTION TO

NEARBY FARMLAND. THE

REMAINING WATER IS BRINE

Page 14: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14

North BayAqueduct

South BayAqueduct

California Aqueduct

CALIFORNIA

NEVADA UTAH

MEXICO

Central ArizonaProject

Colorado RiverAqueduct

Los AngelesAqueduct

Shasta Lake

Oroville Dam andReservoir

FeatherRiver

Lake Tahoe

Sacramento

Fresno

Hoover Damand Reservoir(Lake Mead)

Salton SeaPhoenix

Tucson

ARIZONA

ColoradoRiver

SacramentoRiver

San Francisco

San Luis Damand Reservoir

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

San Diego

Figure 14-13Page 314

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TAKES WATER FROM NORTH CA., THE COLORADO RIVER

AND GROUND WATER

Page 15: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15

Figure 14-14Page 315

Withdrawing Groundwater

Advantages Disadvantages

Good source of water for drinking and irrigation

Available year- round

Exists almost everywhere

Renewable if not overpumped or contaminated

No evaporation losses

Cheaper to extract than most surface waters

Aquifer depletion from overpumping

Sinking of land (subsidence) when water removed

Polluted aquifers unusable for decades or centuries

Saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies near coastal areas

Reduced water flows into streams, lakes, estuaries, and wetlands

Increased cost, energy use, and contamination from deeper wells

Page 16: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16

Major irrigationwell

Well contaminatedwith saltwater

SaltwaterIntrusion

NormalInterface

Freshgroundwater

aquifer

Interface Interface

Saltwater

Sea LevelWater table

Figure 14-16Page 316

EXAMPLE OF SALT WATER INTRUSION

Page 17: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17

Figure 14-17Page 316

Groundwater Depletion

Prevention Control

Waste less water

Subsidize water conservation

Ban new wells in aquifers near surface waters

Buy and retire groundwater withdrawal rights in critical areas

Do not grow water-intensive crops in dry areas

Reduce birth rates

Raise price of water to discourage waste

Tax water pumped from wells near surface waters

Set and enforce minimum stream flow levels

Page 18: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18

WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA

NEBRASKA

COLORADO

KANSAS

OKLAHOMA

NEW MEXICO

TEXAS

0 100Miles

Kilometers

Less than 61 meters (200 ft)

61-183 meters (200-600 ft)

More than 183 meters (600 ft)(as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft.in places)

0 160

Figure 14-18Page 317

OGALLALA AQUIFER SUPPLIES MUCH OF THE

CENTRAL U.S. WITH WATER FOR AGRICULTURE

Page 19: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19Slide 19

Gravity Flow(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)

Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.

Drip Irrigation(efficiency 90-95%)

Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to

individual plant roots.

Center Pivot(efficiency 80% with low-pressure

sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler)

Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from

mobile boom with sprinklers.

Figure 14-19Page 319

IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY CAN BE IMPROVED TREMENDOUSLY

Page 20: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20

• Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches

• Leveling fields with lasers

• Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation

• Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary

• Polyculture

• Organic farming

• Growing water-efficient crops using drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties

• Irrigating with treated urban waste water

• Importing water-intensive crops and meat Figure 14-20Page 319

WAYS TO IMPROVE IRRIGATION. MANY OF THE SUPERIOR WAYS

OF IRRIGATING CROPS REQUIRE A LARGE

INITIAL CAPITAL OUTLAY PREVENTING SMALL FARMERS AND

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FROM

USING THEM.

Page 21: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21Slide 21

• Redesign manufacturing processes

• Landscape yards with plants that require little water

• Use drip irrigation

• Fix water leaks

• Use water meters and charge for all municipal water use

• Raise water prices

• Require water conservation in water-short cities

• Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and front- loading clothes washers

• Collect and reuse household water to irrigate lawns and nonedible plants

• Purify and reuse water for houses, apartments, and office buildings

WE SAW XERISCAPING AND RAINFALL CATCHMENTS ON

OUR FIELD TRIP TO CARKEEK PARK

Page 22: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22

Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir

Figure 14-23Page 322

NATURAL FLOODPLAINS ARE GOOD FARMLAND DUE TO THE ANNUAL INCREMENT OF SILT PROVIDED BY THE FLOOD WATER. TO PREVENT FLOODS LEVEES ARE BUILT AND

THE RIVERS AND STRAIGHTENED, CHANNELIZED AND DAMMED. THIS ENCOURAGES PEOPLE TO MOVE ONTO FLOODPLAINS BUT THEN FLOODS RETURN IN EVEN LARGER

PROPORTIONS WHEN HEAVY RAINS OVERWHELM THE SYSTEMS AND INCREASES FROM URBAN DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF OCCUR. MANY FLOOD PROBLEMS ARE SIMPLY

TRANSFERRED DOWNSTREAM.

Page 23: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23

Oxygenreleased byvegetation

Diverseecological

habitat

Evapotranspiration

Trees reduce soilerosion from heavyrain and wind

Agriculturalland

Steadyriver flow

Leaf litterimprovessoil fertility

Tree rootsstabilize soil andaid water flow Vegetation releases

water slowly andreduces flooding

Forested Hillside

Figure 14-24 (1)Page 322

FORESTS PROVIDE NATURAL FLOOD CONTROL AND MODERATE THE

CLIMATE

Page 24: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24

Tree plantation

Evapotranspiration decreases

Ranchingacceleratessoil erosion bywater and wind

Winds removefragile topsoil

Gullies andlandslides

Heavy rain leachesnutrients from soiland erodes topsoil Rapid runoff

causes flooding

After Deforestation

Roadsdestabilizehillsides

Agriculture landis flooded andsilted up

Silt from erosion blocksrivers and reservoirs andcauses flooding downstream

Figure 14-24 (2)Page 322

DEFORESTATION RESULTS IN MANY PROBLEMS AND IN THE PNW THESE

INCLUDE THE DESTRUCTION OF SALMON HABITAT

Page 25: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Figure 14-26Page 325

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION. IT IS EASIER TO IDENTIFY, CONTROL AND PAY FOR

SOLVING POINT SOURCE PROBLEMS COMPARED TO NONPOINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Page 26: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Figure 14-27Page 326

Types of

organisms

Dissolved

oxygen

(ppm)

Biological

oxygen

demand

Normal clean water organisms

(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

8 ppm

Trash fish

(carp, gar,

leeches)

Fish absent,

fungi, sludge

worms,

bacteria

(anaerobic)

Trash fish

(carp, gar,

leeches)

Normal clean water organisms

(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

8 ppm

Clean ZoneDecomposition

Zone

Septic

Zone

Recovery

Zone

Clean

Zone

POLLUTION OF FRESHWATER STREAMS, LAKES AND GROUNDWATER. POINT SOURCE STREAM POLLUTION OFTEN CAUSES AN OXYGEN SAG IN STREAMS. DUE TO STRATIFICATION AND LESS FLOW LAKES ARE

MORE EASILY POLLUTED THAN STREAMS AND RIVERS

Page 27: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Water0.000002 ppm

Stepped Art

Figure 14-28Page 328

Phytoplankton0.0025 ppm

Zooplankton0.123 ppm

Rainbow smelt1.04 ppm

Lake trout4.83 ppm

Herring gull124 ppm

Herring gull eggs124 ppm

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF BIOMAGNIFICATION AND

BIOACCUMULATION

Page 28: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Figure 14-29Page 329

Discharge of untreated municipal sewage

(nitrates and phosphates)

Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage

(primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates)

Dissolving ofnitrogen oxides

(from internal combustion engines and furnaces)

Lake ecosystemnutrient overload

and breakdown of chemical cycling

Discharge of detergents

(phosphates)

Natural runoff(nitrates and phosphates) Inorganic fertilizer runoff

(nitrates and phosphates)

Manure runoff from feedlots

(nitrates, phosphates, ammonia)

Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction

lots (nitrates and phosphates)

Runoff and erosion(from cultivation,

mining, construction, and poor land use

CAUSES OF CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

Page 29: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Great Lakes drainage basin

Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board

“Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments

Eutrophic areas

CANADA

WISCONSIN

MINNESOTA

IOWA

ILLINOISINDIANA OHIO

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

MICHIGAN

MICHIGAN

Nipigon Bay

Thunder Bay

Silver Bay

St. Louis R.

Jackfish Bay

St. Mary’s R.

Spanish R.

Penetary Bay

Sturgeon Bay

SaginawBaySaginaw R.

SystemSt. Clair R.

Detroit R.Rouge R.Raisin R.

Maumee R.

Black R.Rocky R.

Cuyahoga R.Ashtabula R.

Thames R.

Grand R. Niagara Falls

Niagara R.Buffalo R.

St. Lawrence R.

Figure 14-30Page 330

THE GREAT LAKES HAVE A SORDID HISTORY OF POLLUTION AND A POSITIVE RECORD OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS WORKING TO CLEAN

THEM. WHY IS SUPERIOR THE CLEANEST AND ERIE THE MOST POLLUTED?

Page 30: Slide 1 MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR.

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Coal strip mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Water pumping well

Landfill

Figure 14-31Page 331

CAUSES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

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IndustryNitrogen oxides from autosand smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavymetals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.

CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.

Urban sprawlBacteria andviruses from sewersand septic tankscontaminate shellfishbeds and closebeaches; runoffof fertilization fromlawns adds nitrogenand phosphorus.

Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.

FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causes explosivegrowth of toxic microscopic algae,poisoning fish and marine mammals.

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses,use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.

Closed shellfish bedsClosed

beach Oxygen-depletedzone

Figure 14-33Page 334

CAUSES OF POLLUTION OF COASTAL WATERS AND BAYS FROM

DEVELOPMENT (RESIDENTIAL AREAS, FACTORIES AND FARMS

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MississippiRiver Basin

MissouriRiver

OhioRiver

MississippiRiver

LOUISIANAMississippi

River

Depleted

Oxygen

Gulf of Mexico

Figure 14-34Page 335

DEPLETED OXYGEN (2 PPM) DUE TO NITRATE AND

PHOSPHATEINPUT

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Drainagebasin

No oxygen Low concentrationsof oxygen

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

WESTVIRGINIA

MARYLAND

DELAWARE

NEWJERSEY

ATLANTICOCEAN

VIRGINIA

Cooperstown

Harrisburg

Baltimore

Washington

Richmond

Norfolk Chesapeake Bay

Figure 14-35Page 335

CHESAPEAKE BAY IS A

DEGRADED ECOSYSTEM

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Figure 14-36Page 337

Prevention

Reduce input of toxic pollutants

Separate sewage and storm lines

Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material

Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping

Regulate coastal development

Recycle used oil

Require double hulls for oil tankers

Cleanup

Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities

Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage or use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other sewage treatment methods

Require improved air pollution cleanup to reduce input from the atmosphere

WAYS TO DEAL WITH COASTAL WATER POLLUTION

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Householdwastewater

Perforatedpipe

Distributionbox

(optional)

Septic tank

Manhole (forcleanout)

Drainfield

Vent pipe

Nonperforatedpipe

Gravel orcrushedstone

Figure 14-37Page 339SEPTIC TANKS TO BE INSTALLED PROPERLY IN SOILS WITH ADEQUATE

DRAINAGE, NOT TOO CLOSE TOGETHER OR TOO NEAR WELL SITES AND PUMPED OUT WHEN THE SETTLING TANK BECOMES FULL

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Raw sewagefrom sewers

Bar screenGritchamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tank

Chlorinedisinfection tank

Sludge

Sludge digester

Activated sludge

Air pump

(kills bacteria)

To river, lake,or ocean

Sludge drying bed

Disposed of in landfill orocean or applied to cropland,pasture, or rangeland

Primary Secondary

Figure 14-38Page 340TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE


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