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Slide 2 Groupings
Slide 3 Cooperative Behaviour
Slide 4 Altruism
Slide 5 Breeding
Slide 6 Mating Systems
Slide 7 Parental Care
Slide 8 Communication
Slide 9 Intraspecific Competition
Slide 10 Other grouping aspects
Slide 11 Predator Avoidance
Slide 12 Mimicry
Slide 13 Predation Tools
ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS
GROUPINGS
Advantages:
Improving young rearing Protection from predation Effective migration Shared learning Breeding success Division of labourEnvironmental manipulation Shared Feeding
Disadvantages:
Disease Competition Predators attracted
Many animals live in groups. Examples?
There must be some sort of survival advantage from doing this.
COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR
Social behaviour involves a closed group working together.
Clumping is simple; short term, and completely innate - e.g.
Cooperative behaviour is generally innate, but can be modified. It involves members of the same species living together for mutual benefit. There are various types…
ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR
Altruistic behaviour is where a member of a group reduces their chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their group.
This is called kin selection.
Whoa...does this make sense evolutionarily?
Many Pukekos will not breed as they do not have dominance in the group.
Even so they will help gather food, rear others young and protect the territory.
Lab Manual pg 205/6, 225
BREEDINGMost animals synchronise their breeding with courtship rituals. This may involve a combination of…
Bringing gifts,
physical stimulation,
synchronised movement,
visual cues and
Voice.Why do this?
• ensures that the individuals are the same species
• suppresses aggressive behaviour
• develops pair bond
• ensures readiness for breeding
Some may do all of these things…
MATING SYSTEMSExternal fertilization
(usually response to environmental cues) e.g. fish
Monogamy
e.g. most birds (and people)
Polygamy
• Polygyny - 1 male has breeding rights with many females
e.g. Lions, Baboons
• Polyandry - 1 female has rights over males
e.g. Bees. This is much less common... Why?
• Polygynandry
e.g. Pukekos, Bonobos
PARENTAL CAREThis is an energy cost for the parent, and limits the number of offspring but results in improved survival rates.
Lab Manual pg 226-229
The more time you spend looking after your offspring, the fewer you can have.
COMMUNICATIONImportant for maintaining any social system. Could be:
• Aural (whale song),
• visual (peacock),
• chemical (cats), etc...
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Agonistic behaviour within the species - threats and submission to establish dominance (no physical harm - usually).
Aggressive behaviour - harming or killing a competitor (not just predation).
Hierarchy - a complex dominance order. A simple linear one is called a pecking order.
OTHER GROUPING ASPECTSSexual dimorphism - results from selection pressures such as males bigger/stronger to defend territory, or sexual selection.
Lab Manual pg 215/6, 219/20 look at 223-224 or Pukeko vid
Other terms you need to know:
Territory - defended area.
Home range - roaming area used to gather resources, may overlap with other groups.
INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONSAlso remember some of the stuff from 2A...
You already know about:
Predation Parasitism Herbivory
Mutualism Commensalism Competition
Stuff you maybe haven't seen yet...
Predation avoidance:
Prey species may try to deter predators using:
• A startle display – to look as big as possible
• Poison (and warning colours)
MIMICRY
This is another predator avoidance strategy.
What does a monarch taste like?
Bee HoverflyBatesian mimicry: one poisonous - the other is harmless
Mullerian mimicry:both species share the same warning
A moth
A caterpillar
PREDATION TOOLS
Concealment
Tools
Traps
Lab Manual pg 211/2, 213/4, 217/8
Check out the Pukeko video. Stunning!
Predators use a variety of strategies to get prey.