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WESTERN
THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES ONEDUCATION
NABILAH ABDUL RAHMAN [0919644]
IFFA NUR SYAFIQAH BT AHMAD FARIS [0910144]
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is a broad perspective in sociology
and anthropology which sets out tointerpret society as a structurewith interrelated parts
structure primarily refers to normativepatterns of behaviour (regularizedpatterns of action in accordance withnorms)
function explains how suchpatterns operate as systems
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was an Englishsocial
anthropologist
attendedCambridge where
he studied moral
earned the nicknameAnarch Brown
because o his political
interests & a liations
conductedieldwork in
AndamanIslands &WesternAustralia
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Society is viewed as :
a complex system of parts(structures) that interact to performvarious necessary functions
macrosociological theory:
focuses on large-scale socialpatterns and social systems
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Structural Functionalism ma es 7 main
assumptions:
1)Systems have a property of order
and an interdependence of parts
2)Systems tend toward self-
maintaining order, or equilibrium
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3)The system may be static or
involved in an ordered process ofchange
4)The nature of one part of thesystem has an impact on the formthat the other parts can ta e
5)Systems maintain boundaries withintheir environments
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6) llocation and integration are two
fundamental processes necessary for agives state of equilibrium within asystem
7)Systems tend toward self-maintenanceinvolving control of boundaries andrelationships of parts to the whole,
control of the environment, and controlof tendencies to change the system fromwithin
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CONFLICT THEORY VIEW OF SOCIETY
Conflict theories are perspectives in social science which
emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a
social group .
Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, suchas class conflict and generally contrast historically dominant
ideologist.
The two main contributors to the formation of the conflict
perspective are :
(1)Karl Marx
(2)W. E. B. Du Bois.
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Karl Marx
(1818-1883) a German
philosopher,politicaleconomist,historian,political theorist,
sociologist, andcommunist revolutionary
Founder of political /economic theory ofsocialism (communism)
Wrote the CommunistManifesto and co wroteDas Kapital(withFriedrich Engels)
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-Karl Marx explained that conflicts between classes of society are
inevitable, since workers will always be exploited as a result of
capitalism.
-societies there are two major social groups: a ruling class and a
subject class.
-The ruling class derives its power from its ownership and control of
the forces of production.
-The ruling class exploits and oppresses the subject class.
-As a result there is a basic conflict of interest between the two
classes.
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W.E.B DU BOIS
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois(February 23, 1868 August 27, 1963)
intellectual leader of the black communityin America. In multiple roles as civil rights
activist, Pan- Africanist, sociologist,historian,author, and editor.
graduated from Harvard
founder and editor of the NAACP's(NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored
People) journal The Crisis. Du Bois contributed to the conflict
perspective by studying society in referenceto blacks and their struggles within society
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-According to Conflict Theory, society is:
-A struggle for dominance among competing social
groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc.).- When conflict theorists look at society, they see the
social domination of subordinate groups through the
power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups.
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-In the conflict view, the most powerfulmembers of dominant groups create the rules
for success and opportunity in society,
-often denying subordinate groups such success
and opportunities;
- this ensures that the powerful continue to
monopolize power, privilege, and authority.
-many conflict theorists focus on capitalism asthe source of social inequalities
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Interactionist View Of Society
Definition
In sociology, a theoretical perspective that
derives social processes (such as conflict,
cooperation, identity formation) from human
interaction.
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George Herbert Mead
George Herbert Mead (18631931) was an American.
Philosopher, sociologist and psychologist
He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychologyand the American sociological tradition in general.
George Herbert Mead is most often credited with foundingthe interactionist perspective.
Mead was a professor at the University of Chicago, and hefocused on the analysis of one-to-one situations and othersmall groups.
He paid particular attention to body language such as afrown or nod,and he also asked the questions of how other groupmembers effectedthese gestures.
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The interactionist view of society is that weinfluence each other'severyday social interactions.
the interactionist perspective studies societyon a microsociological level.
In other words they study on a small scale inorder to understand the large scale.
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Interactionists believe that an individual creates theirown social world through his or her interactions, and itis thought that social order is maintained when peopleshare their understanding of everyday behavior.
Interactionists say that social change occurs when thepositions and communication with one anotherchange.
The main idea of an interactionist sociologist is to studynonverbal communication and small groups payingparticular attentions to objects and symbols