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Chapter 7Skeletal Tissues

Chapter 7Skeletal Tissues

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IntroductionIntroduction

Description of boneActive living TissueOrgan

Functions of boneMuscle attachmentProtectionSupportBlood cell productionMineral storage

Description of boneActive living TissueOrgan

Functions of boneMuscle attachmentProtectionSupportBlood cell productionMineral storage

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Types of Bones - varied structure to meet varied

needs

Types of Bones - varied structure to meet varied

needsFour Types

Long bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones

Four TypesLong bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones

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Types of Bone TissueTypes of Bone Tissue

Compact bone

Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone)

Compact bone

Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone)

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DiaphysisEpiphysesArticular

CartilagePeriosteumMedullary

cavityEndosteum

DiaphysisEpiphysesArticular

CartilagePeriosteumMedullary

cavityEndosteum

Parts of a long boneParts of a long bone

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Short, flat and irregular bones

Short, flat and irregular bones

Inner portion - Cancellous boneOuter portion - compact boneSome with bone marrow

Inner portion - Cancellous boneOuter portion - compact boneSome with bone marrow

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Bone Tissue Characteristics

Bone Tissue Characteristics

Connective tissue Great Tensile strengthComposition of bone matrix

Inorganic saltsCrystals of calcium and phosphateMagnesium and sodium ground substance

Connective tissue Great Tensile strengthComposition of bone matrix

Inorganic saltsCrystals of calcium and phosphateMagnesium and sodium ground substance

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Dancing skeleton PuppetDancing skeleton Puppet

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Bare bonesBare bones

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Microscopic Structure of the Bone (Figure 7-3)

Microscopic Structure of the Bone (Figure 7-3)

Compact boneOsteons, or Haversian systemsCanals connecting cells and osteons-

Canaliculi and Volkmann’s Osteocytes Purpose

Compact boneOsteons, or Haversian systemsCanals connecting cells and osteons-

Canaliculi and Volkmann’s Osteocytes Purpose

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The structure of boneThe structure of bone

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Microscopic Structure of the Bone

Microscopic Structure of the Bone

Compact boneFour types of structures make up

each osteon:LamellaLacunaeCanaliculiHaversian canal (central canal)

Compact boneFour types of structures make up

each osteon:LamellaLacunaeCanaliculiHaversian canal (central canal)

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Microscopic Structure of the Bone

Microscopic Structure of the Bone

Cancellous bones (spongy)No osteons

Trabeculae - support marrowNutrients and waste transported by

diffusion

Cancellous bones (spongy)No osteons

Trabeculae - support marrowNutrients and waste transported by

diffusion

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Types of bone cellsTypes of bone cells

Osteocytes OsteoblastsOsteoclasts

Osteocytes OsteoblastsOsteoclasts

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The life of an osteoclastThe life of an osteoclast

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Bone MarrowBone Marrow

Made of myeloid tissueRed marrow - produce of blood cellsLocated in medullary cavities of long

bones and in the spaces of spongy bone

Two types of marrow Red marrowYellow marrow

Made of myeloid tissueRed marrow - produce of blood cellsLocated in medullary cavities of long

bones and in the spaces of spongy bone

Two types of marrow Red marrowYellow marrow

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Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels

Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels

Cells that maintain constancy of blood calcium levels

Osteoblasts -take calcium from blood to build bone

Osteoclasts - remove calcium from bone

Homeostasis essentialBone formation, remodeling, and repairBlood clottingnerve impulsesMuscle contraction

Cells that maintain constancy of blood calcium levels

Osteoblasts -take calcium from blood to build bone

Osteoclasts - remove calcium from bone

Homeostasis essentialBone formation, remodeling, and repairBlood clottingnerve impulsesMuscle contraction

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Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis

Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis

Parathyroid hormone - primary calcium regulatorStimulates osteoclasts to break down bone Increase renal absorptionStimulates vitamin D synthesis

Calcitonin - produced in thyroidStimulates bone deposit by osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts

Parathyroid hormone - primary calcium regulatorStimulates osteoclasts to break down bone Increase renal absorptionStimulates vitamin D synthesis

Calcitonin - produced in thyroidStimulates bone deposit by osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts

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Development of BoneDevelopment of Bone Osteogenesis Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)

Osteoblasts formedOsteoblasts secrete matrix and collagenCalcium is depositedTrabeculae form

Endochondral ossification (long bones) - begin as cartilageDiaphysis ossifies before epiphysisEpiphyseal plate - growth plate

Layers Resting cartilage Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification

Osteogenesis Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)

Osteoblasts formedOsteoblasts secrete matrix and collagenCalcium is depositedTrabeculae form

Endochondral ossification (long bones) - begin as cartilageDiaphysis ossifies before epiphysisEpiphyseal plate - growth plate

Layers Resting cartilage Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification

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FracturesFracturesFracture - damages tissues and

blood vesselsVascular damage initiates repair

Fracture healing

Fracture - damages tissues and blood vesselsVascular damage initiates repair

Fracture healing

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stepssteps

Callus forms - specialized repair tissue - binds broken ends together

Fracture hematoma - blood clot - occurs after fracture, then resorbed and replaced by callus

Callus forms - specialized repair tissue - binds broken ends together

Fracture hematoma - blood clot - occurs after fracture, then resorbed and replaced by callus

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Compression fractureCompression fracture

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Depression fractureDepression fracture

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Impacted fractureImpacted fracture

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Spiral fractureSpiral fracture

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Greenstick FractureGreenstick Fracture

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Simple fractureSimple fracture

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Compound fractureCompound fracture

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DislocationDislocation

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CartilageCartilageCharacteristics

AvascularFibers embedded in gelFlexibility of firm plasticChondrocytes - nutrients, oxygen by

diffusionPerichondrium- covering

CharacteristicsAvascularFibers embedded in gelFlexibility of firm plasticChondrocytes - nutrients, oxygen by

diffusionPerichondrium- covering

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Cartilage - differ because of amount of matrix and

fibers

Cartilage - differ because of amount of matrix and

fibersTypes of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage - most commonArticular surfaces, found in trachea,

bronchi, tip of noseElastic cartilage - external ear,

epiglottis, eustachian tubesFibrocartilage - occurs in

symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs

Types of cartilageHyaline cartilage - most common

Articular surfaces, found in trachea, bronchi, tip of nose

Elastic cartilage - external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tubes

Fibrocartilage - occurs in symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs

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CartilageCartilage

Histophysiology of cartilage - permits cartilage to sustain great weight/serve as shock absorber

Growth of cartilageInterstitial or endogenous growth -

cartilage cels divide/secrete matrix - during childhood/adolescense

Histophysiology of cartilage - permits cartilage to sustain great weight/serve as shock absorber

Growth of cartilageInterstitial or endogenous growth -

cartilage cels divide/secrete matrix - during childhood/adolescense

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Cycle of Life: Skeletal Tissues

Cycle of Life: Skeletal Tissues

Ossified by mid-twenties Adults—changes occur from specific

conditions Increased density and strength from exerciseDecreased density and strength from

pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, and illness Advanced adulthood—apparent

degenerationHard bone matrix replaced by softer

connective tissueExercise can counteract degeneration

Ossified by mid-twenties Adults—changes occur from specific

conditions Increased density and strength from exerciseDecreased density and strength from

pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, and illness Advanced adulthood—apparent

degenerationHard bone matrix replaced by softer

connective tissueExercise can counteract degeneration

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Skeletal movementSkeletal movement

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