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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI IMARE University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven Germany)
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Page 1: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 2: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Research Fields Involved

Page 3: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 4: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Mytilus edulis

Blue Mussel

Saccharina latissima (Laminaria saccharina)

Sugar Kelp

Crassostrea gigas

Pacific Oyster

Ostrea edulis

European Oyster

Candidate Species

Laminaria digitata, Solieria chordalis,Palmaria palmata, Gracilaria vermiculophylla

Page 5: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Production depends on the availability of spat.

How is the spat fall in the next year?

No expansion possible, due to stakeholder conflicts.

natural mussel bed

mussel dredge seabed after dredging

mussel cutter

On‐Bottom Cultivation of Mussels

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Poches‐Culture of Oysters

Production depends on the availability of juveniles (Ireland).

Transfer of species allows hitchhiking of other organisms.

Strom events and ice can damage the constructions.

Regulations...

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Other Aquaculture Species & Techniques

Longlines cultivation

tank cultivation

fixed off‐bottom longline technique

Page 8: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

land based IMTA

Page 9: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

IMTA – in one System

In‐Pond‐Raceways” (IPR) and “Recirculation‐Aquaculture‐Systems” (RAS) in one ecologically compatible, floating plant 

Page 10: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

IMTA – Kiel Bight

Mytilus‐Laminaria‐Farm Kiel Bight

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

‐ shallow sea (low depth)

‐ high sediment load (Wadden Sea)

‐ harsh conditions ‐ high waves (‐ 8m)‐ strong currents ( 1.8 m∙s‐1)‐ wind speed

‐ high tidal level (4 m)

‐ conflicts‐ user and consumer‐ regulations‐ environment (impacts and quality)‐ health

Is nearshore aquaculture in Germany stagnating?

Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.Buck et al. (2003), Kluwer Law International

Problems & Limitations of Aquaculture in Germany

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

EEZ

12 nm

Denmark

Germany

The Netherlands“Regional SES”

“Offshore SES”

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 14: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 15: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 16: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 17: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Page 18: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

1st Offshore Wind Farm Horns Rev

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Construction of the Alpha Ventus wind farm in the EEZ 60 km off the coast of Germany.

Bard Eng

ineering

 GmbH

 (200

9), w

ww.bard‐offsho

re.de

Alpha Ventus Wind Farm in Germany

Page 20: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Tripod and Tripile grounding constructions.

Bard Eng

ineering

 GmbH

 (200

9), w

ww.bard‐offsho

re.de

Alpha Ventus Wind Farm in Germany

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Multi‐use ideas to maximize the benefit of an offshore area:

1.Ecology• Creating MPA‘s (nursery, sustainable fisheries…)• Set‐up artificial reefs

2.Tourism3.Additional energy resources4.Offhore Aquaculture

Buck (2007)

Maximizing the Benefit

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Why ...

...Offshore Aquaculture?1.increasing limitation of favourable coastal and nearshore sites2.demise of ocean fisheries vs. rising demand on marine aquaculture products3.little spatial regulations & better water quality

…Aquaculture in Offshore Wind Farms?1.lack of legislation in EEZ → window of opportunity for concerted innovative multiple‐use schemes2.quest for spatial efficiency3.maximizing return from a unit of sea4.solid turbine foundations may provide support for mariculture devices

Research Motivations

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Beck‘s beer coaster

First Vision 2001

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.

Multi‐Use Concept

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Image: B. H. Buck (AWI)

What is an Exposed Location?

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Potential Uses of Laminarian Species

Page 28: slides by H. AWI – IMARE oflongislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Buck...All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE –University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven –

All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Check basic criteria for kelp & mussel cultivation:(site‐selection process) 

(1) Check water chemistry

(2) Check oceanographic and topographic datadepth

O2, temperature , salinity and attenuation

hydrodynamic conditions

(3) Check surrounding biota

=> Start with further investigations following the list

Basic Aspects of Site‐Selection

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Site‐Selection‐Crietria

Parameters for site‐selection‐criteria

1. candidate

larval concentration 

settlement/seeding success

growth rates

2. health and fitness

infestation of macro‐ and 

microparasites, bactaria

toxicity

lysosome stability, EM

RNA/DNA ratio

3. water chemistry

nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, 

ammonia, phosphate, etc.)

chlorophyll

C/N‐ratio

4. oceanographic parameters

current velocities & waves/swell

depth

temperature & salinity

attenuation & fluorescence

O2

5. techniques

submerged and floating devices

mooring system and connectedness

substrate development

harvest techniques

6. ICZM

7. infrastructure

8. commercial feasibility

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Biological Investigations:

After seeding: young sporophytes should be transferred to sea at an early stage.

30

Laminaria Cultivation

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Biological Investigations:

offshore                           sheltered             rotation

=> Blades adapt and develop a streamlined morphology=> Juveniles resist storm conditions (kauloids & phylloids )

Biological Investigations

0

5

10

15

20

0 1 20

5

10

15

20

0 1 2

Drag Force [N]  K1 = 161 cm

K2 = 101 cmK3 =   67 cmK4 =   49 cmBunch

Offshore Sheltered

Current velocity [m/s]

Buck & Buchholz (2005), Aquaculture

2W

W v A F 2 C⋅⋅

⋅=ρ

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Extensive investigation of site characteristics

• Environmental conditions

• Concentration of pollutants

• Distribution of pollutants

Health assessment

•Lysosomal membrane stability

Settlement/growth rates

Health and Growth Performance

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Harmless to consumersHigh loads restrain growth (macro‐) or condition (micro parasites) of musselsTrematods are known to hamperattachmentCopepods are also an aesthetical problem

Metacercaria of thetrematode  Renicula roscovita

Adult copepode Mytilicola intestinalis

Marteilia sp. from the digestive gland

Consumption Suitability

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Biological Investigations

Biological Aspects (Mytilus edulis):

1. Mussels grow faster than inshore cultivated mussels.

2. Mussels have a better fitness and health status (CI).

3. Availability of spat (lower density than inshore).

4. Candidates can adapt to high energy environments.

Brenner et al. (2006), Glo. Aqua. Adv.Buck et al. (2005), J. Appl. IchthyologyWalter & Buck (in press) Aqua. Int.Eggers (2007), Thesis

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Buck & Buchholz (2004), J. Appl. Phycol.

Techniques & System Design

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Techniques and System Design

Technical Investigations and System Design:

=> Ring‐Systems can withstand harsh conditions=> Type of fenders prevent loss and support buoyancy=> Can be harvested easily

Buck & Buchholz(2004), J. Appl. 

Phycol.

(3) Offshore devices for kelp culture

Patent No DE 10 2004 010 652.5(Buck & Buchholz, AWI)

Patent. No PCT/DE2005/000234(Buck & Buchholz, AWI)

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Technical Investigations and System Design:

Buck & Buchholz(2004), J. Appl. 

Phycol.

Techniques & System Design

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Technical Aspects (Mytilus edulis):

1. Systems have to be submerged up to 5 m below the surface.

2. Segmental modes will ease handling.

Buck (2007), Helg. Marine Research

Results

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Technical Aspects (Mytilus edulis):

1. Systems have to be submerged up to 5 m below the surface.

2. Segmental modes will ease handling.

3. Type of fenders prevent mussel from loss / support buoyancy.

4. Type of surface and system design allow good settlement.

Pechura (2007), Thesis

Brenner & Buck (2009), submitted

Results

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Brenner & Buck (2009) submitted

Technical Requirements for Artificial Substrates

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Fleece substrate/ AQU

Filamentous substrate/ GAR

new substrate after 2 weeks of exposure after dislodgement

new substrate after 2 weeks of exposure after dislodgement

Brenner & Buck (2009) submitted

Technical Requirements for Artificial Substrates

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

•Fleece like substrates are attractive to larvae

•No suitable foothold for growing mussels

•Loose most mussels during grow out

•Filamentous substrates less attractive to larvae

•Good foothold for grow out

•Mussel conglomerates interweave with appendices

• Suitable offshore substrates must combine different characteristics

• Fleece like part around the core rope• Numerous and long appendices for interweaving

• Proportions  of  fleece  and  parts with  appendices  vary  according  to 

cultivation aim

NFL fleece

ASW filamentous

Brenner & Buck (2009) submitted

Technical Requirements for Artificial Substrates

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

Longline

Consideration of mechanical loads on 

grounding constructions of windmills

by aquaculture devices

System Design for Grounding Constructions

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All slides by Bela H. Buck, AWI – IMARE – University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven  – Germany)

former test pile

from BSHdistance approx. 56 m

test bodies(see right side)

test bodies in V-shapeapprox. 2,5 m

(5 kg/m and with 3 kg weight)single collectors

approx. 2,5 m(with 3 kg weight)longline

approx. 50 m (lines 2x 28 m,

distance only 50 m) buoyancymore buoyancy will be attached when weight increases through mussel growth

(only by single collectors, V-shape test bodies have a buoyancy of approx. 15 kg)

force sensors attached to longline and collectors

ca. 5 matmean low water level

metalcuff

test bodiesforce sensorcollector ropes

Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering

Longline at Offshore Test Location

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x

y

α

W

SW

S

S0

O

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8 Windrichtungen8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen

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S0

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8 Windrichtungen8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen

Development of static models(for 3‐5 MW turbine class)

Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering

Loads on Grounding Structures

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S1 [N/mm²] S1 [N/mm²]LC 5

S1 [N/mm²]

LC 5

Discussion of alternativeconnection points of foundationstructure

Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering

Loads on Grounding Structures

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Generation of representativeloads of wind energyinstallations

EF 4 EF 5 EF 6EF 4 EF 5 EF 6

Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering

Loads on Grounding Structures

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Research & Seasickness

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Mooring System

Jetty Station

Offshore Test Field

Koch (2007) Thesis

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Buck et al. (2008), Helg. Marine Research

Offshore AQ‐Projects in the German Bight

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Fishery, oil companies, marine missions, shipping, wind farms, authorities, nature conservation, tourism, sand extraction, etc.

Krause et al. (2003), Rights & DutiesBuck et al. (2004),  

Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.

Involved Stakeholders‐ Authorities:

‐ 6 Water and Shipping Agencies‐ 2 Federal Water Ways Directorates‐ Federal Fisheries Agency‐ Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency‐ Food Quality Testing Laboratories

‐ 12 Mariculturists‐ approx. 30 Fishermen‐ 4 Offshore Wind Farm Planers & Operators(local player, int. player)

‐ 9 Research Institutes‐ 10 Companies (Engineers, Economists,Food Production…) 

‐ Senate of the City State of Bremen

Involved Parties

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1

2

3

4

5

6

bird’s‐eye view of an offshore wind farm

Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt., Buck et al. (2003), Law International, Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.

Waterway Management

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1

2

3

4

5

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bird’s‐eye view of an offshore wind farm

Wind Farm Nordergründe

Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt., Buck et al. (2003), Law International, Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.

Waterway Management

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Vision

all‐in‐one device, suitable for every purpose

Co‐Management as a Solution

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Future

one boat: service, harvest and maintenance

Co‐Management as a Solution

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Technology/Biology

• e.g. Interrelations of existing or new technologies

Organization & Social

• Collective ocean use scheme• Interrelations of knowledge, skills, routines, regulatory demands…

Infrastructure

• e.g. ‘Free‐Cable’ Areas• Geared Platforms

Co‐Evolution of Socio‐Technical 

Regimes

Wind farm ‐aquacultureinteraction

Involved Changes

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Co-Management Scheme for Interrelated Operation & Maintenance Activities

Michler‐Cieluch et al. (2009)Ocesan & Coastal Mgmt.

SWOT-matrix

Management Constraints

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• IndispensableAssessment of Stakeholder Perception Integration of “Local” Knowledge

• Offshore Co‐managementOvercoming domains of uncertaintyContributing to negotiate agreements 

• Government’s RolePolitical support Institutional umbrella

Recommendations

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OutlookOffshore fish culture

Projects in other EU countries

Perspectives

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Expansion along the European Coast

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Perspectives

Opportunities

1. employ opportunities2. maintain ecosystem functions3. sustainable resource use4. Eco‐innovations                               

(ETAP ‐ Environmental Technologies Action Plan )

Visions

1. Use (in a sustainable manner) the immense areas off the coastal sea

2. Constructions of both users (wind farm & AQ) should not develop independently. 

3. Decentralisation, “backyard farming”

wind farm with 

fish

1. defense line:“mussels”

2. defense line“seaweed”

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Senator für Bau, Umwelt und Verkehr

CGUnternehmensberatung

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Thank youProf. Dr. Bela H. BuckAWI IMAREUniversity of Applied Sciences [email protected]

Dr. Adrian Bischoff, Dr. Tanja Michler,   Dr. Matthias Brenner, Dipl. Biol. Tim Heusinger, Dipl. Biol. Jens Brüggemann, Dipl. Biol. Bernadette Pogoda


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