The 19th Century

19th Century Reform Movements In the 19th Century people from all walks of

life participated in various Reform Movements

Why?

What motivated them?

What motivates people today?

Factors That Inspired 19th Century Reform Movements

Increased Male Suffrage

Industrialization & Urbanization

Growing Dissatisfaction

The 2nd Great Awakening

19th Century Reform Movements

Abolition-Ending Slavery

Temperance

Education

Reform Institutions

Catherine Beecher-Educational Reform Women require a FULL education

Women are best suited to become teachers

19th Century American Life

Middle Class Women

Victorian Morality

Increased Education

Decreased responsibilities

Club Movement

Women’s Christian Temperance Union & Francis Willard

Francis Willard felt a calling to spread the word on the evils of alcohol

In 1879, She became president of the WCTU

Willard’s Motto….”Do Everything!”

The WCTU- Became the center of community civic reform

Campaigns around: public health, world peace, purity campaigns, and women's suffrage and of course Temperance!

Settlement Houses & Jane Addams Middle class, educated women (of

leisure) were unsatisfied with their lives

Addams & friend Ellen Starr decided to open a charity house in the heart of Chicago

Hull House became a community center for the urban poor of Chicago

Addams became a star with “saint like” status, she was household name

Over 100 settlement houses popped up in cities all over the country

In 1931, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

The New South Former slaves reunited their

families

Many legally married the partners of their choosing

Then went on to try and gain economic independence

Sharecropping system resulted in reliance on land owners and constant indebtedness of former slave families

Former Slaves: Education & Voting Free Black and White women from the North came South to

teach newly freed children even before the war was over

Black communities came together to build schools

During Reconstruction 1865-1877, the Freedmen’s Bureau funded schools and teachers for black children in the South

African American Universities emerged under Reconstruction

They educated future teachers and created a small black middle class in the South

During Reconstruction, women played a large role in politics, and despite not have a vote themselves, influenced who the men in their lives voted for

The New South: Planter Class

Economically devastated by the Civil War

The loss of their slaves meant a lot of these women had to do house work for the first time

Kept a distance from the suffrage movement, which they associated with abolitionists of the North

Took up the task of memorializing the Confederacywhich gave them a public & civic role unlike any they’d had in the past

New South: Poor Southern White Farmers

The economic hardships of the Civil War resulted in a lot of the poor white farmers losing their land

Most became sharecroppers and joined former slaves in the endless cycle of debt

Some women worked in new Southern textile mills

Those who continued to farm joined the Granger Movement

Granger clubs encouraged female participation and sometimes leadership

Southern Racial Violence

During slavery, rape of slaves by slaveholders was a common incident and resulted in many mulatto children

Following the war, violence towards and rape of black women was used by the KKK and others to demonstrate that white men still had control in Southern society

Furthermore, White men charged black men with being predators of the virtue of white women, a charge for which the punishment was often death

From Abolition to Women’s Suffrage

Lucy Stone, “We resolved to make common cause with the colored class, the only other disfranchised class, and strike for equal rights for all.”

Suffragettes split over the 15th Amendment

National Women’s Suffrage Association N.W.S.A. –

Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton (top)

Broke away from those in favor of the 15th Amendment

American Women’s Suffrage Association A.W.S.A.-

Lucy Stone (bottom)

Those still in league with abolitionists and in favor of the 15th Amendment